Microbiology Review

Bacteria, viruses, diseases

1. What natural host do we use to mass-produce vaccines?

• Chicken eggs/embryos

2. Why don’t we have a vaccine for the common cold?

• Cold virus is always changing/mutating

3. What killed 1/3 of the population in Europe?

• Bubonic plague• Virus or bacteria?• BACTERIA • (make sure you know your bacterial illnesses

versus viral illnesses)• Transmitted from fleas on rats

4. What farm animals help cause the mutations in the flu virus?

• Ducks and pigs• The virus gets transferred between species

and each time, it changes a little• When it gets re-transferred back to that

species, it has changed enough that the body doesn’t recognize it and sickness occurs

5. What does CDC stand for? Where is it?

• Center for Disease Control• Atlanta, GA

6. What was the Salk vaccine used for?

• Polio• Virus or bacteria?• VIRUS!

7. What did scientists do with mosquitoes they caught in the rain forest, and why?

• Caught them, froze them, crushed them up into a liquid

• Inject the liquid into rats• Observe how the rats react (do they have any

symptoms of an “emerging virus”?)• Have found 40 viral strains the world never

knew about

8. What causes AIDS?

• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)• Retrovirus (makes DNA copy to inject into a

cell. The DNA lays hidden and cannot be targeted by any vaccine (yet!) )

• Origin: Mutation of monkey virus (monkey blood used in sacrifices/rituals)

9. What microorganism that makes you sick can you get from undercooked hamburger?

• E. coli• Virus or bacteria?• BACTERIA

10. What percent of bacteria is ‘pathogenic’? What is ‘pathogenic’?

• Less than 1%• Pathogenic = causes disease

11. What did Sadam Hussein have that we were so concerned about?

• Anthrax (biological weapon)

12. This type of bacteria causes one of the most dangerous toxins on the earth

• Botulinum bacteria – causes botulism

13. What is the specific name for how bacteria reproduce?

• Binary Fission

14. How often do bacteria reproduce?

• Every 20 minutes

15. What virus is carried by field mice?

• Hanta virus

16. Rod shaped bacteria are called?

• Bacillus (plural bacilli)

17. Spherical bacteria are called

• Coccus (plural cocci)

18. Spiral bacteria are called

• Spirilla (plural spirilli)

19. What medical treatment is used to prevent bacterial and viral infections?

• Vaccine!• Get a weakened/dead form of the virus or

bacteria• Body recognizes it and builds immune

response, but you don’t get sick• If you encounter it in the future, body has

immunity ready to go

20. What medical treatment is taken to kill a bacterial infection?

• Antibiotic• Kills the cells specifically targeted by the

antibiotic• Some bacteria develop adaptations that

protect them from the antibiotic = • Antibiotic resistance

21. The outside of a virus is called:

• Capsid

22. What is a worldwide epidemic called?

• Pandemic• Name a few pandemics that have occurred

throughout history or currently• Influenza, AIDS, malaria

23. What disease is associated with the iron lung?

• Polio• Iron lung is a pressurized chamber to help

breathing (esp children)

24. Where do you find bacteria?

• Everywhere• Soil, anywhere there is water, the air

25. How many cold viruses do people usually come in contact with in their lifetime?

• 50 different strains in your lifetime• It is an ever-changing virus so although it feels

the same each time, you are actually getting a slightly different version of the virus

26. Who discovered the first vaccine?

• Edward Jenner

27. What was the first vaccine made for?

• Small pox – how did he do it?• Edward Jenner saw that milk maids who worked

closely with cows were not getting small pox (cow pox in cows is similar to smallpox)

• He took pus from blisters of people infected with cowpox and inoculated his own son

• His son initially showed sickness, but fought it off and never contracted cowpox or smallpox again

28. What piece of equipment is necessary to view a virus?

• Electron Microscope• 7000x magnification

29. What caused the pandemic in 1918 that killed 20 million people?

• Influenza• Bacteria or virus?• VIRUS!• Why did it kill so many…

30. What was the name of the first antibiotic? Who discovered it?

• Penicillin• Alexander Fleming (British scientist)

31. Where did the first antibiotic come from?

• Mold called penicillium

32. What did bacteria remove from the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, SD?

• Cyanide – used to dissolve gold into solution• Bacteria removed cyanide before the water

went back to the environment• Trout proved it worked

33. Describe the lytic cycle of a virus

Inyourbook…

34. Structure of a bacterium (20.2)

In your book

35. What did you learn from the bacteria lab?

• Think about…• Techniques – sterile practices, making a streak

plate, using agar to grow bacteria, using an incubator, taking bacteria samples from various locations

• Analyzing results – how do you know the product was effective?

Measuring antibiotic resistance

• Testantibiotics on

differentbacteria• Which

antibiotics areeffective?

Each disc is soaked in an antibiotic and placed on the bacteria cultureIn this case, only 1 species of bacteria is being tested to determine its resistance to various antibiotics

What kinds did you see?