Microbiology I and II 2013
Transcript of Microbiology I and II 2013
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2013 EDITION
Microbiology I And II: Prokaryotes,
Viruses, and Protistans
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Did Alexander the Great Die from West Nile Virus?
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Historical Review Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis
John S. Marr* and Charles H. Calisher†
Table. Medical history and physical examination of Alexander the GreatPatient characteristics
Onset of final illness May 29, 323 BC
Death June 10, 323 BC
Escalating fever associated with chills
Excessive thirst, diaphoresis
Acute abdominal pain
Single episode of back pain at onset of fever
Increased weakness leading to prostration with intermittent periods of energy
Delirium
Aphonia
Terminal flaccid paralysis
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Microorganisms
Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen
without a microscope
Bacteria are the smallest living organisms
Viruses are smaller but are not alive
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The Prokaryotes
Only two groups
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Arose before the eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic Characteristics
No membrane-bound nucleus
Single chromosome
Cell wall in most species
Prokaryotic fission
Metabolic diversity
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Prokaryotic Body Plan
bacterialflagellum
pilus
capsulecell wall
plasmamembrane
DNA
ribosomesincytoplasm
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Bacterial Shapes
coccus bacillus
spirillum
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Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
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Archaebacteria Habitats
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Eubacteria
Includes most familiar bacteria
Have fatty acids in plasma membrane
Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycanClassification based largely on metabolism
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Metabolic Diversity
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
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Bacterial Genes
Bacteria have a single chromosome Circular molecule of DNA
Many bacteria also have plasmids Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes
Can be passed from one cell to another
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Prokaryotic Fission
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Video: E. coli Reproduction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc
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Conjugation
nicked plasmid
in donor cell
conjugation tube
to recipient cell
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CDC Warning CRE
http://www.cdc.gov/features/vitalsigns/hai/cr
“Some germs are beating even our strongest antibiotics. Rapid action by clinicians and
healthcare leaders is needed to stop the riseof lethal CRE infections.”
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The Normal Flora
The normal flora of humans is exceedingly complexand consists of more than 200 species of bacteria.
The mixture of organisms regularly found at any
anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
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A Friendly Bacteria: E. coli
Commonly inhabits the intestines of vertebratesE. coli does not normally infect usMany benefits: vitamin K and the B complex
are produced by E. coliprevent colonization by pathogensstimulate the production of cross-reactive
antibodies
t 157 7
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. co stra n 157: 7. A Dangerous Form
This mutant can be transmitted in food or water
Think “White Water” and the “Jack in the Box”hamburger incidents
Both made national news when many people becameill and some died.
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Sewage Pollution Indicator
E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface waters of all kinds may indicate a problem withsewage and or farm runoff.
Testing for unusual levels of these organisms isroutinely done by public health officials
Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may beclosed if E. coli is detected
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E. coli Photos
EM cells Culture plate
htt ://www.bact.wisc.edu/bact330/nfE.coli colonies. e
ar sett es ast co su t
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ar sett es ast . co su t
Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of childrensickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's
White Water park, has been settled out of court for an
undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday.The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whosesymptoms were among the most severe of the 26 childrensickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-courtsettlement.The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be
disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents……
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm
ecrot z ng asc t s: e es eat ng
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ecrot z ng asc t s: e es -eat ng bacteria"
Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others)rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”
These infections are extremely serious
Sometimes necessitate amputation or result in severedisfigurement.
otom crograp o treptococcus
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otom crograp o treptococcus pyogenes
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0410/5acbc4f5795fa/5acbc505c9560.jpg
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Unexpected Consequences
One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moorewas camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged
properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either,she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore,1999).
du:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
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Warning!
The next two slides are very graphic. They show theresults of necrotizing fasciitis!!
You don’t have to look at them if you are squeamish!
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Severe Case
http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
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Amputee
n s contam nate r n ng water
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n s contam nate r n ng wateron planes
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprisingnumber of drinking water systems ondomestic and foreign commercial aircraft
tested this summer by the government didnot meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday.
(Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AMEDT (1446 GMT) )
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Microbes in the News
Recently in Georgia More Flesh Eating Bacteria
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R ecently in Georgia…More Flesh Eating Bacteria
http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A0o
You can also check this out:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/13/1451790
(5/16/2012) (5/24/2012)
Aeromonas Infections
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Aeromonas Infections
Aeromonas is a common aquatic potential deadly infectious bacteria.
Victims usually are infected in deep lacerations that
are exposed to fresh water, either standing orrunning.
Warning: This video has a series of graphic images which some my find disturbing.
http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?fr=my-myy&ei=UTF-8&c=2&p=aeromonas+infections&vid=44d6d34134d23d40eefb5c25da19a8b4&dt=1336680021&l=25&t
url=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fvideos
E coli outbreak alarms Germany as
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E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)
“Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli foodpoisoning outbreak which is thought to have killed threepeople and may have infected hundreds more.”
Salads suspected… health conscious women….
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E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at Germanclaims BBC 31 May 2011
“Spain has expressed anger at links being made between Spanish cucumbers and a deadly E. colioutbreak.”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13605910
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Reaction to the cucumber crisis
Country Action
Germany Consumers told not to eatcucumbers, lettuces and raw tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coliconfirmed; 14 deaths
Sweden One death and 36 suspectedE. coli infections, linked totravel in northern Germany.
Spain Top European cucumberproducer - threatens to seek compensation from theEuropean Union for lost
vegetables sales
Russia Ban on all imports of cucumbers, tomatoes andfresh salad from Spain andGermany pending furthernotice
Czech Republic Some Spanish-growncucumbers removed from sale
France Some Spanish-growncucumbers removed from sale
Austria Ban on sale of cucumbers,tomatoes and auberginesimported via Germany
Belgium Reported to have banned
cucumber imports from Spain
Netherlands Halted all cucumbershipments to Germany
Denmark Testing cucumbers for
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Egyptian Fenugreek Seeds Source of EU Outbreak?
By Mary Rothschild | June 29, 2011 Fenugreek sprouts are “the most likely connection” between theoutbreaks of E. coli O104:H4 in France andGermany, theEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and theEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (Ereported Wednesday
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/06/egyptian-fen
The Source:
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The Source:Suspected Egyptian Sprout Seeds Still on Sal
“Egyptian sprout seeds suspected to becontaminated with the deadly E.coli bacteria whichhas caused a rampaging outbreak in Europe are still
believed to be on sale. The EU has belatedly announced a blanket ban on more imports.“ 4000 ill;51 dead
– July 6, 2011 Posted in: Health News
http://www.ygoy.com/2011/07/06/suspected-egyptian-sprout-seeds-still-on-sale/
Bacteria-rich hailstones add to
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Bacteria rich hailstones add to'bioprecipitation' idea (BBC 25 May 2011)
“A study of hailstones has found large numbers of bacteriaat their cores.”
The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggeststhat bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation.
The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze atrelatively warm temperatures.
acter a n e to ar nson s
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acter a n e to ar nson sdisease (BBC 22 May 2011)
“The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have beenlinked to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers inthe US.”
“Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson'slike symptoms.…Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow
movements and a tremor”.
The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which aretoxic to the brain.
“Dr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical
to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had beenshown totrigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.”
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Preventing Septis
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/university-of-chicago
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FOODBORNE ILLNESS
Salmonella
Characteristics of Salmonella
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Gram negativeRod shaped (bacillus)
Non-spore forming
Motile (many flagella)Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of many
animals)
Chemoorganotrophs
Salmonella infections are zoonotic
Characteristics of Salmonella
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
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Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria
Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterialculture
Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple
Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink
Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retainthe crystal violet dye in their cell walls
Gram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they do not retain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye
Does not work on all types of bacteria
Gram Staining
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BEST Gram Staining Video Ever!!!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1doJk
Second Besthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&fe
Gram Staining Video
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Under the Microscope
A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive cocci) and Escherichia coli (Gramnegative bacilli)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining
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“The Salmonella family includes over 2,300 serotypes of bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small to beseen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are themost common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. Strains that cause no symptomsin animals can make people sick, and vice versa. If present in food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell,or appearance of the food. The bacteria live in the
intestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.” http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/in
dex.asp
Salmonella and Disease
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“Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella.Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea,fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection.The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover
without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrheamay be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. Inthese patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from theintestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sitesand can cause death unless the person is treated promptly
with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impairedimmune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.”
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/
Salmonellosis
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“About 142,000 (reported) Americans areinfected each year with Salmonellaenteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30die.[18] The shell of the egg may be contaminated
with salmonella by feces or environment (common),or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shellor from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminatethe egg during egg formation (unlikely).”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
Deaths
FDA ties chicken feed to salmonella in egg
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“WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Bacteria found inchicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been linkedto a salmonella outbreak that prompted the recall of more than a half billion contaminated eggs, U.S.regulators said on Thursday.”
By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh – Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET
ggrecall
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“Eggs from that massive salmonella outbreak could stillend up on a store shelf near you.
CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs are being sent to egg processing facilities, along with fresh
ones that infected hens are still producing.
The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used inproducts like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA saysit's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk to
consumers.”http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835
eggs and the fresh ones?
Surprise: Antibiotics May Be
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p yContributing to the Obesity Epidemic
“Microbiologists at New York University havepublished a new study that says the overprescribing of antibiotics could be making us fat! Researchers fed infantmice low doses of penicillin; after 30 weeks, penicillin-fed
mice were between 10 and 15 per cent bigger and twice asfat as drug-free mice.”
“This affirms research from Copenhagen which found thatinfants given antibiotics within the first six months of life
were more likely to be overweight at age 7, even if theirmother was of a healthy weight.” http://www.anh-usa.org/antibiotics-may-be-contributing-to-the-obesity-
epidemic/
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The Good Guys….
Food Production:Probiotics
Probiotics are living organisms that, when consumed, have beneficial health benefits outside their inherent nutritional
effects. There is a growing body of evidence for the role of probiotics in gastrointestinal infections, irritable bowelsyndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.[3][4]
Lactobacillus species are used for the production of yogurt,
cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi,chocolate and other fermented foods, as well as animalfeeds such as silage. In recent years, much interest has beenshown in the use of lactobacilli as probiotic organisms and
their potential for disease prevention in humans andanimals.[3][6]
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“Bifidobacteria are considered as important probiotics, andare used in the food industry to relieve and treat many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of
intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infectthe gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemicimmune responses, the repression of procarcinogenicenzymatic activities within the microbiota, the productionof vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.[4][6]”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology#Probiotics
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How to Prevent Salmonella Poisoning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M7yM7tI3Jc
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Virus
Noncellular infectious agent
Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleicacid core
Cannot reproduce itself; can only bereproduced using a host cell
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Enveloped Virus (HIV)
lipid envelope; proteins span
the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it
viral coat
(proteins)
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Viral Multiplication - Basic Steps Virus attaches to host cell Whole virus or genetic material enters host Viral DNA or RNA directs host to make viral genetic
material and protein Viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembledNew viral particles are released from cell
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Lytic Pathway
Virus injectsgenetic material
Production of viral components
Assembly
Lysis Assembly
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Lysogenic Pathway
Latent periodextends the
cycle
Viral DNAbecomes
part of hostchromosomefor a time
Viral materialintegrated
Viral materialpassed on
Stimulus may cause cellto enter lytic pathway
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Replication of anEnveloped
Virus
DNA replication
Transcriptionof viral genes
Translation
Proteins
Assembly
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sney s p oc s w t 195
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y p
PORT CANAVERAL, Florida (CNN) -- Sunny skiesgreeted the Disney cruise ship Magic as it dockedhere early Saturday, carrying 195 sick passengers
and crew members. Norwalk virus. (2002)
htt ://www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/11/30/disne .sick.cruise/
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P li
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Polio
Small water-food borne RNA virusIn about 1% of the infected population, the virus
attacks and kills motor neurons
This results in various degrees of paralysis
http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html
P li ’ Eff t
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Polio’s Effects
http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htmhttp://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html
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UK's Mad Cow Disease on Asiandiscovery channel
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discovery channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQk5UnWgqUE
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Video: Amoeba
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Video: Amoeba
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn1aSz36Ra0&list
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Other Ameboid Protozoans
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b
Foraminiferans
Calcium carbonate shell
Radiolarians and Heliozoans Shells of silica
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Ciliated Protozoans
Phylum Ciliphora
All heterotrophs
Arrays of cilia allow
movement and direct
food into oral cavity Hypotrich
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Video: Ciliates
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=YGZ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk&feat
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Toxoplasma
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Cysts may be ingested with raw or undercookedmeat
Exposure to cysts from cat feces
Symptoms are usually mild in people with normalimmune function
Infection during pregnancy can kill or damage theembryo
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Chlamydomonas Life Cycle
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Nuclear
fusion
Cytoplasmic
fusion
Meiosis,
germination
Mitosis
Zygote
Diploid
Haploid
Asexual
reproduction
Asexual
reproduction
Sexual
reproduction
Gametes meet
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