Microbial Habitats, nutrient cycles, and interactions with...

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Lecture 15-1 Microbial Ecology Microbial Habitats, nutrient cycles, and interactions with Plants and Animals School of Life Science and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University http://micro.sjtu.edu.cn Chapter 19 in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS

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Lecture 15-1 Microbial Ecology

Microbial Habitats, nutrient cycles, and interactions with Plants and Animals

School of Life Science and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong Universityhttp://micro.sjtu.edu.cn

Chapter 19 inBROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS

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I. MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS

15.1 Populations, Guilds,and Communities p.614

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Components of Microbial Ecosystem

Populations• Individual cells grow to form populations群体由单个细胞共同

组成

Guilds种群

• Metabolically related populations constitute groupings called guilds代谢相关的一群同种生物构成种群

Communities群落

• Sets of guilds conducting complementary physiological processes interact to form microbial communities一系列种群相互作用及

生理互补构成群落

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Guilds and communities 种群与群落

Various microbial community structure in a lake ecosystem. 湖泊生态

系统中的群落组成

For the sediment community, major guilds are indicated.层积

层群落中的主要种群

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Microbial ecology 微生物生态学

Microbial ecologists primarily focus on two areas of study:

• Biodiversity: biodiversity of microorganisms in nature and how different guilds interact in microbial communities微生物的多样性

• Activities: activities of microorganisms in nature and monitor their effects on ecosystems微生物的活性

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15.2 Environments and Microenvironments 环境与微环境

Growth of microorganisms in nature• Resources (nutrients available)• Proper Conditions

• Temperature • pH• Water availability• Light• Oxygen

Slow growth in nature than in pure culture• E. coli doubling time: 12 hour in intestine, 20 min in culture

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Microenvironment 微环境

Niche for microorganism微生物的小生境(生

态位)• Prime niche: a habitat defined by the type and

quantity of different resources and the physicochemical conditions in which a microorganism is most successful原始小生境:自然界中微生物最适宜的小环境

Think small-microenvironment (p.635)• 3 mm to E. coli just as the same of 2 km to a man

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15.3 Microbial Growth on Surfaces and Biofilms 表面生长与生物膜p.617

Surfaces are important microbial habitats because固体表

面是重要的微生物生活环境:• Nutrients can adsorb to them;营养可吸附于表面;

• In the microenvironment of a surface, nutrient level may be muchhigher than they are in the bulk solution. 微环境的固体表面有

更高的营养物水平(与水环境相比)。

• A surface may itself also be a nutrient, such as a particle of organic matter.固体表面可能本身就是营养

Microscope slides can be used as experimental surfaces to which organisms can attach and grow.显微用玻片可作为

微生物附着和生长的表面

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Fig. 19.3 Bacterial microcolonies developing on a microscope slide immersed in a small river. The bright particles are mineral matter. 小河中玻片长出的微菌落,亮颗粒是矿物颗粒.

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(b) Fluorescence photomicrograph of a natural microbial community colonizing plant roots in soil. Note microcolonydevelopment. 荧光照片:土壤根际的自然微生物群落,注意其中的微菌落.

(stained with acridine orange)丫啶橙染色

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Biofilms 生物膜

Biofilms are encased microcolonies of bacterial cells attached to a surface by way of adhesive polysaccharides excreted by the cells. 生物膜:通过细胞分泌的粘性

多糖,附着在物体表面的被包裹的细菌微型菌落。

• Biofilms typically contain many layers.生物膜通常由许多层

次组成。

Function: trap nutrients and prevent detachment of cells on surfaces when presenting in flowing systems.作用:便于捕获营养及防止细胞的分散

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Fig. 19.4 Microbial biofilms.

A biofilm of iron-oxidizing prokaryotes on the surface of iron-rich rocks. 富铁岩

石表面由铁氧化菌形成的生物膜

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Sequence of biofilm formation生物膜形成过程

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Fig.19.5 Formation of a bacterial biofilm

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Elasticity of Biofilm 生物膜的弹性

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Fig. 19.5 A DAPI-stained biofilm that developed on a stainless steel pipe.不锈钢管中的生物膜

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In medicine• Biofilms formed on human tissue surface or on medical

implants can lead to serious problems生物膜可有人体组

织或医学植入物表面形成,带来问题

• Cells inside the biofilm are not reached by immune systemand highly resistant to antibiotics生物膜对免疫系统及抗

生素有抗性

• Dental plague-a typical biofilm of acid producing bacteria to cause cavities牙斑是一种产酸菌的典型生物膜

Significance of biofilms

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In industry• Blockage of pipelines• Corrosions of pipes or submerged objects

Significance of biofilms

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Biofilm control 生物膜的控制p.619

Interference with cell-cell communicationin clinical medicine: discoveries of new antibiotics that can penetrate biofilms and drugs that prevent biofilm formation by interfering with intercellular communication.E.g. Furanone produced by red alga Delisea pulchra can bind to AHL receptor to prevent binding of AHL, disable communication and switch off surface colonization.Furanone可结合于AHL受体,使之不能与

AHL结合,从而扰乱细菌间信息传递和生物膜形成

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II. SOIL AND FRESHWATER MICROBIAL HABITATS

土壤与淡水微生物生境

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15.4 Terrestrial EnvironmentsSoil formation: a result of combined physical, chemical, and biological processes.1. Algae, lichens or mosses-phototrophic, produce

organic matter, which supports the growth of chemoorganotrophic bacteria and fungi.藻类、地衣、苔

藓产生有机物,支持了化能有机营养细菌和真菌生长。

2. Chemoorganotrophic bacteria and fungi-produce carbonic and organic acids, which promote the dissolution of rock into smaller particles

3. Pioneering higher plants: promote the development of a rhizosphere microflora(根际微生物区系)

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Lower than at A horizon

Figure 19-6

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Microenvironments in soil particles土壤颗粒微环境

Very few microorganisms are found free in the soil solution; most of them occur asmicrocoloniesattached to the soil particles.土壤颗粒

上的微菌落

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Fig 19.8 Microorganisms on the surface of soil particles

(a) short, rod-shaped bacteria

(b) Actinomycete spores

(c) Fungal hyphae

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15.5 Freshwater habitats 淡水生境

Primary producers初级生产者

• Algae• Phytoplankton浮游生物

• Benthic algae 深水藻类

• Phototrophic bacteria• Oxygenic phototrophic Cyanobacteria• Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

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Oxygen availability is a key factor in aquatic environments 氧气是关键因素

lake during the summer in temperate climates is a Stratified water body温带的夏季湖泊是一种分层的水体

• Warmer, less dense surface layer-epilimnion变温层

• Layer that temperature change quickly-thermocline温跃层

• Colder, denser bottom layer-hypolimnion均温层

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Macroprofiles of O2, H2S and Tm

Figure: 19-09

均温层

温跃层

变温层

Oxic-anoxic-oxic: summer-winter-summer

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River: Response of O2 level and bacterial numbers to a spike of organic matter

Figure: 19-10a Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

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A eutrophic lake: algae, cyanobacteria, and macrophytesdevelop in response to pollution by inorganic nutrients.

富营养化湖:因无机营养物(污染)的加入,

藻类、兰细菌、大型植物大量生长,

Degradation of Dead plant and algal material results in large-scale O2 depletion, then sulfate-reducing bacteria, and many other anaerobes will develop.

而死亡植物及藻类的腐化导致

氧气耗尽。

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