Microbial Ecology Limnic habitats - Uni Oldenburg (N), phosphor (P) und iron (Fe) mostly in very low...
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Transcript of Microbial Ecology Limnic habitats - Uni Oldenburg (N), phosphor (P) und iron (Fe) mostly in very low...
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Microbial Ecology
Limnic habitats
Standing water:Lakes, ponds, swamps, highmoors
Flowing water:Springs, ditches, rivers
Limnology: Study of fresh water environmentsComprise biology, chemistry and physics
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- High specific heat :High amount of energy necessary to change water temperature
- High latent heat of fusion :High amount of energy necessary to change phase
- Highest latent heat of evaporation :Most of the light energy (sun) is used for evaporation
- Anomaly of density :Highest density at 4˚C
- Low thermal conductivity :Heat is mainly transported by motion of the water
Other important physical features:Solubility of gases decrease with temperature and pressure (Henry’s law).
Unique thermic properties of water
Covers about 2% of Earths surface
Less deep, less volume than the Ocean
Not connected to each other
Higher diversity with regard to physical,chemical and biological parameters
Salt content (Except some miniral springs)Inland waters < 0.05% (Ocean 3.5%)Anions: CO3
2- und HCO32-
Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+
Nitrogen (N), phosphor (P) und iron (Fe)mostly in very low concentrations
Limnic habitats
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Standing water: Lakes
Formation of gradients and different mixing-patterns (stratified lakes)
Small size => enhanced impact of terrestrial and sediment input
Higher productivity and sediment accumulation than in the marine habitate(per area and volume)
Strong climatic influences
Minor influence on biogeochemical cycles
Often young (post glacial)
Major influence on terrestrial life
Abbildung aus: www.waterquality.de
Different types of lakes
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(Odum ‘Ökologie’)
Ecological guildes in standing waters
Euphotic zone
(Odum ‘Ökologie’)
Primary producers in standing and slow flowing waters
Plants with floating leaves
Filamentousalgae (8+9)
Phytoplankton
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Oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes
Ab
b.
aus
Haf
ne
r u
nd
Ph
ilip
p,
1987
EutrophicOligotrophic
Depth deep shallowEpil./Hypolimnion <= 1 > 1Primary production
mg C m-2 d-1 50 - 300 ≈ 1000Algal biomass
mg C l-1 0.02 - 0.1 > 0.3µg Chl a l-1 0.3 - 3 10 - 500
Total-Pµg l-1 < 10 > 30
Light radiation decrease with depth
Light heat up upper layers
Turbulences of the upper water bodyresults in equal heat distribution
Distribution of light and temperature in a lake
(La
mpe
rt u
nd
Som
mer
‘Li
mn
oöko
log
ie’)
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Winter stagnation
Winter stagnation caused by ice cover (density anomaly)
Physico-chemical structure of stratified lakes
Spring circulation
Spring circulation after disappearanceof density and temperature gradients
Physico-chemical structure of stratified lakes
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Summer stagnation
Solar radiation => Light gradient => Temperature gradient
Physico-chemical structure of stratified lakes
Epilimnion turbulently mixed (Eddy-Diffusion)
Density gradient forms a mixing barrier within the metalimnion
Accumulation of POC (detritus), P, Fe2+, NH4+ within the hypolimnion and the sediment
Formation of chemical gradients via microbial activ ity
Elektron acceptors are consumed in order of the respective redoxpotential
Consumption of O2 => anoxic conditions rise up from the sediment
Gradients of NO3-, NH4
+, CH4, SO42-, H2S, Pi, Fe2+, exiting at oxycline
Summer stagnation
Physico-chemical structure of stratified lakes
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Modofiziert nach Wetzel
Algae, Cyanobacteria
Protozoa, Copepodes, Fish
Metalimnion
Bacterial remineralization
Sediment, anocix sludge
CH4 H2S CO2 minerals
Purple and Green Sulfurbacteria
CO2 minerals
Primary productionoxygenic photosynthesis
Secondary productionDegradation & recycling
Secondary primary productionanoxygenic photosynthesis
Anaerobic degradationFermentation, sulfate
reduction, methanogenesis
Vertical zonation in an eutrophic lake
Allochtoneus DOC, POC Discharge DOC, POC
Modofiziert nach Wetzel
CO2 HCO3
Littoral flora, phytoplanktonPhototrophs and chemolithotrophs
CO2 CH4
Aerobic heterotrophs
Methylotrophs
Anaerobic degradationHeterotrophic fermenters
CO2
Org. acids
CH4
H2
Methanogens
Sedimentation
Simplified carbon cycle of a lake
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Autumn circulation
Autumn circulation afterdisappearance
of temperature gradient
Physico-chemical structure of stratified lakes
(Odum ‘Ökologie’)
Seasonal progression of phytoplankton in a standing water (temperate climate)
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Phototrophic bacteria
Why am I not a phototroph ?
Oxigenic phototrophic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Ab
b.:
Sch
lege
l, 1
992
Single cells:
Gloeothece
Colony forming:
Dermocarpa
Filamentous:
Oscillatoria
Filamentousheterocystic:
Anabena
Filamentousbranched:
Fischerella
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Purple non-sulfur bacteriaRhodospirillaceae
Green sulfur bacteriaChlorobiaceae
Phototrophic ArchaeaHeliobacter
Purple sulfur bacteriaChromatiaceae
Ab
b.:
Sch
lege
l, 1
985
Anoxigenic phototrophic bacteria
Light attenuation:
- Reflection at the surface of the water (3-30 %)
- Absorption water itself, dissolved organic compounds,photosynthetic pigments (colour of the water)
- Deflection at particles (elongation of the wave length)
Decrease of phosyntheticallyusable radiation (400-700 nm)
Color λλλλ Abs. lightt (nm) (% m -1)
Infrared 800 85Red 720 65Yellow 565 4Green 504 1Blue 473 0.5 Purple 408 1UV 365 4
Light in aquatic systems decreases with depth!
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Ab
b.:
Sch
lege
l, 1
992
Abb.: Perry & Staly, 1997
Absorption spectra of different phototrophic bacteria
Ab
bild
ung
aus
: Rhe
inhe
imer
, 19
85
(ver
än
dert
)
Lake Plußsee,
Osthostein
(Oktober 1964)
Vertical distribution of microorganisms in a stratified lake
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Ecophys-course 2002
Sergei Winogradsky (1856 – 1953)
Winogradsky columns
Ab
b.:
Sch
lege
l, 1
992
Enrichment ofRodospirillaceae
Halophilic phototrophs
A saltern in South africa
Staining of water byphotosynthesis pigments(Bacterio-rhodopsin)
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10 µm
Water from thesaline
Colonies of phototrophic Archaea(Halobacteria)
Acidic mining-lakes
Remediation:
Recycling of acid-forming sulfate to sulfite in form of pyrite (precipitation)
Problem:
Oxygen and oxygen-rich rain led to an oxidation of pyrite in the subsurface:
2FeS2 + 7O2 +2H2O = 2Fe 2+ + 4SO4 2- + 4H+
Example Restloch 111Lake volume 500.000 m3
Sulfate 1.200 mg/L pH 2.5
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Fe III +organic substrate
iron reduction Fe II
H+
Remediation
sulfate +organic substrate
H2S
H+
sulfate reduction
H2S +FeII FeS, FeS2
sediment
Concept of remediation
Variants:E1 controlE2 Straw + Carbokalk (2,4 mM TOC)E3 Straw + Carbokalk (24 mM TOC)E4 Straw + Ethanol (2,4 mM TOC)Straw 35 kg each
Abb
ildun
g: I
nes
Pöh
ler,
200
2 (v
erä
nder
t)
Experimental design
- Current represent regulating and limiting factor
- Significant exchange of nutrients between land and water
- Constant oxygen content, only minor zoning of temperature and chemical conditions
Features of flowing waters
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Horizontal zoning along rivers and ditches
comparable to vertical distribution in standing waters
Self-purification of flowing waters
Input of organic material and salt
Succession of key-organisms(Saprobia tables)
Increasing numbers of Organisms1.Bacteria2. Protozoa
Increase of O2-consumption
MineralisationRelease of phospate and nitrogen compounds
Increasing growth of Algae
Normalisation to initial situation
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Digestion tower
Waste water treatment plants (e.g. Schwerte)
Clarifier
Aeration tank
Primary clarifier
Sand catcher
Rack
Rain clarifier
Operationalbuilding
The waste water treatment plant in Oldenburg(Wehdestraße in Donnerschwee)
Sewage mechanical and biological clearing Hunte
Raw sludge Fouling and methane exploitation Agriculture
Heat Energy (powerplant)
Municipal sewage:Effluent from Small companiesIndustry Agriculture Water from rainfalls
Dimensioned for 210.000 population equivalents => 5 .000 m³ h -1
Cleaning capacity per day:Carbon (BSB5) 98 % = 10.500 kg Phosphorous (Ptot.) 95 % = 300 kg Nitrogenic compounds (Ntot.) 88 % = 1.800 kg
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Bestimmung von Inhaltsstoffen des Abwassers
Definition:
Der BSB5 ist die Menge Sauerstoff in mg/l, die für den biologischen Abbau
im Dunklen bei 20°C nach 5 Tagen verbraucht worden ist.
Definition:
Der CSB ist die Menge Sauerstoff in mg/l, die für die vollständige Oxidation
eines Substrates verbraucht worden ist.
Bei kommunalen Abwässern: Verhältnis BSB : CSB = 1,5 - 2
Erfassung von schwer abbaubaren Substraten (CSB):
Naturstoffe (Bsp.: Lignin, Huminstoffe) und Xenobiotika
Erfassung von leicht abbaubaren Substraten (BSB 5):
Zucker, Proteine und Aminosäuren, org. Säuren, Fettsäuren, Lipide
BSB5 Bestimmung des Abwassers
Rechenbeispiel:
Bei der Veratmung von 1 Mol Glucose werden 6 Mole Sauerstoff verbraucht:
1g Glucose erfordert 1,07 g O 2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Verbrauch von O2 bei oxidierten Substraten < 1g O2/g Substrat
bei reduzierten Substraten > 1g O2/g Substrat
Essigsäure (0,94); Proteine (1,46); Buttersäure (1,82); Methan (4)
Einige BSB 5 Werte:
industrielle Tierproduktion (Gülle):
Molkereien und Brauereien:
Kommunales Abwasser:
biologisch gereinigtes Abwasser:
reines Flußwasser:
10 000 – 25 000 mg/l
500 – 2 000 mg/l
200 – 300 mg/l
15 – 40 mg/l
1 – 3 mg/l