Microbe Metal
Transcript of Microbe Metal
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THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN
METAL TRANSFORMATION
Irfan D. Prijambada
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METAL TRANSFORMATION
Metal lower valence+ Metal higher valence+
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
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CHARACTERS OF
LOWER VALENCY METAL ION Soluble and stable
Accumulated under reductive condition Readily oxidized into its higher valence
metal ion
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CHARACTERS OF
HIGHER VALENCY METAL ION Soluble at lower pH
Insoluble at neutral and alkalinecondition
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PROBLEMS REGARDING
IONIC METAL Unavailability of metal ion under
oxidative condition at neutral to alkalinepH (higher valence of metal ioninsoluble at neutral to alkaline pH)
Toxicity of metal ion under oxidative
condition at acidic pH (higher valence ofmetal ion soluble at acidic pH)
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THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN SOLVINGTHE UNAVAILABILITY OF METAL ION UNDEROXIDATIVE CONDITION AT NEUTRAL TO
ALKALINE PH
Local acidulation by producing acid(lowering local pH)
Local reduction of higher valence metal(lower valence metal soluble at any pH)
Chelation by producing chelating agent(transporting metal ion into plantwithout changing their valence)
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LOCAL ACIDULATION BY
PRODUCING ACID Done by any kind of microbes
As intermediate products of microbesmetabolism
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LOCAL REDUCTION OF
HIGHER VALENCE METAL Done by many kind of microbes such as
Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus,Alcaligenes, Clostridia, andEnterobacteria
Link to nitrate reduction system
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CHELATION OF HIGHER VALENCE METAL
BY PRODUCING CHELATING AGENT
Chelating agents entrapped the insolublehigher valence metals
Enterobacteria produce Enterobactin andEnterochelin (derivatives of Phenol-Catechol)
Streptomyces and other bacteria produceFerrioxamine (derivatives of Hydroxamic
acids) Chelating agents have multiple hydroxyl or
carbonyl groups
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THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN SOLVINGTHE TOXICITY OF METAL ION UNDER
OXIDATIVE CONDITION AT ACIDIC pH
Producing carboxylic acids such as citric
acid, malic acid, oxalacetic acid, succinicacid, lactic acid, and acetic acid
Carboxylic acids have a chelatingcapability, increasing metal content ofplant (which means increasing metalabsorption by the plant) withoutharming them
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CHELATING CAPABILITY OF
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Can be used to increase plant absorption
of metal (for bio and phytoremediatingmetal polluted land)
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ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN
THE ROOT OF DICOTYLPlants Lead Accumulated in
the Root (mg/g)
Brassica juncea 136
B. oleracea 134
Helianthus annuus 140
Nicotiana tabacum 132
Spinacea oleracea 95
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ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN
THE ROOT OF MONOCOTYLPlants Lead Accumulated in
the Root (mg/g)
Secale cereale 136
Sorghum bicolor 134
Zea mays 140
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ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN THE ROOT
OF WINTER GRASSES AND SHRUBS
Plants Lead Accumulated in theRoot (mg/g)
Agrostis tenuis 169
A. palustris 146
Eragrostis curvula 142
Poa pratensis 165
P. trivialis 100
Lolium perenne 134
Festuca ovina 125
F. Rubra 86
F. Arundinacea 85
Dactilys glomerata 60
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ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN THE ROOT
OF SUMMER GRASSES AND SHRUBS
Plants Lead Accumulated inthe Root (mg/g)
Eremochloa ophiuroides 124
Buchloe dactyloides 118
Panicum virgatum 116
P. Amarum 109
Cynodon dactylon 90
Zoysia japonica 56
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OTHER ROLE OF MICROBES IN
REDUCING METAL POLLUTION
Absorbing metal ion by utilizing functional groupsexist in the cell wall
INTERACTION MACROMOLECULES FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
IONIC Phosphomannan Phosphates
POLAR Polysaccharides,Chitin, Chitosan
Hydroxyls, Aminos,Carboxyls
COMBINATION Proteins Aminos, Hydroxyls,Amides, Carboxyls, Thiols
MINERAL Anion Polymers Phosphates, Carboxylic
acids
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STRONG-WEAK ANION-CATHION
INTERACTION (According to Lewis)
Strong Cathion Medium Cathion Weak Cathion
H+
, Na+
, K+
, Be2+
,Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+,Al3+, Fe3+, Co3+,
As3+, Cr3+
Pb2+
, Zn2+
, Al2+
,Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,Cu2+
Cu+
, Ag+
, Au+
, Ti+
,Hg2+, Cd+
Strong Anion Medium Anion Weak Anion
OH-, F-, Cl-, PO43-,
SO42-, CO3
2-, O2-,
CO2-
Br-, NO2-, SO3
2- SH-, S2-, RS-, CN-,SCN-, CO, R2S, RSH
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METAL ABSORPTION BY
MICROBES Uranium is absorbed by the cells of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopusarrhizus, and Aspergillus niger
Thorium is absorbed by the cells of R.arrhizus, and A. niger
Mercury is absorbed by the cells of S.cerevisiae
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METAL ABSORBING
MICROBES Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopusarrhizus, and Aspergillus niger
ALGAE: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, C.vulgaris, Chaetoceros calcitrans,
Stichococcus bacillaris, Chlamydomonasreinharti, Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Ascopenyellum sp., and Sargassum sp.