Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation - Amazon Web...
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Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Global Food Security
• MDG-1, Halving number of undernourished by 2015;
• World Population at 8 billions by 2030;
• Future food security dependent on use of Natural Resources particularly water.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Global Freshwater
5717448007835.92025
7370448006079.02000
10058448004454.31980
17532448003039.71960
Potential water availability (m3/yr)
Average annual renewable global
water resources (km3)
Population (millions)
Year
(Source: Marios, 2004)
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Water for Agriculture
• Agriculture is the biggest user of water, accounting world wide for about 69% of all withdrawals.
• Domestic use amounts to about 10% and industry uses some 21% (Fao, 2003).
• In 2025, 48 countries with about 3 billion people are projected to face water shortages.
• As climate change exacerbate risks, water users will need to adopt Water Saving approaches.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Water crisis in IndiaIn India only 36% of total annual surface runoff (188 million hectare metres) is put to use -
Total annual utilisable water resources of the country estimated at 113 million hectare metres.
Projected demand by the year 2010 – 120 million hectare metres.
Need for appropriate management strategies to increase availability of utilizable fresh water sources
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Augmenting fresh water resources
Live storage of surface runoff water harvesting structures.
Artificial recharge of ground water to augment its availability.
In-situ moisture conservation through watershed interventions.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
To address the need for:
•Optimising Storage, Conveyance and Distribution of water;
•Greater equity in water distribution;
•Higher productivity per unit of water;
•Long term sustainability;
•Improving the ecology and environment.
Integrated Watershed Management
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Integrated Watershed Management
The concept is based on:
• local area specific total land and water use planning
as against current command area wide crop and water use
planning.
• The concept assumes closer community involvement in all
aspects of the land and water use management including
planning, execution and maintenance of the systems.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Micro Watershed to Micro IrrigationMicro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Watershed development measures include:
(a) Soil Conservation Measures:Contour bunding, land levelling, contour farming etc. to prevent and arrest sheet erosion of topsoil.
(b) Water Conservation Measures:Structures to prevent run-off rainwater for conservation wherever possible so that it permeates into substrata and recharges the ground water in the entire watershed area.
Micro Watershed to Micro IrrigationMicro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Watershed development measures include:
(c) Biomass Generation Measures - Planting of trees, bushes and grasses along steep hill slopes, wastelands, field boundaries etc. to prevent soil erosion and meet fuel and fodder requirements.
(d) Reuse planning for used domestic water.(e) Groundwater Recharge with Rainwater
Cont….
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
• Soil quality enhancement measures to improve Water Holding Capacity
• Use of improved seed and plant material,
• Maximum use of organic manures and other solid waste generated from farming.
• Use of modern irrigation techniques for achieving higher water use efficiency of the harvested/percolated water
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Integration of Measures for Efficient Water Usage:
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
•Organic Manuring.
•Green Manuring
•Vermicompost Application
•Crop Rotation
•Addition of tank/lake silt
•Intercropping
•In-situ Crop residue decomposition
Soil improvement and amendments
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
A Model Micro Watershed Harvesting SystemPolylined Pond
• It is based on the concept of storing the water where it falls.
• Rainwater falling in the field is allowed to flow within the field.
• The runoff water is diverted and stored in the storage tank or farm pond.
• Storage tank or pond is either lined or unlined depending upon soil type.
• Farm land becomes the micro catchment area.
• Catchment area is lined in areas where infiltration rate is high e.g.
sandy/sandy loam soil and annual rainfall is low (about 300mm).
• Catchment area need not be lined in areas where clay content of the soil
is high and/or annual rainfall is medium to good (more than 500 mm)
• Most Importantly, Harvested Water to be judiciously used with either drip
or sprinkler irrigation systems.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Design of a Polylined Pond• Gross farm area of 1 ha• Poly lined pond of 1500 m3 capacity constructed at lowest point.• Pond dimensions: 21m x 21m of bottom and 27m x 27m of top with 3m
depth• Pond is lined using polyethylene film of 250 GSM (grams per square
meter).• 1.40 acres of the available land adjacent to the Pond is converted into a
catchment area for the pond. • Catchment area is covered with thin polyethylene film of 80 to 100 GSM. • In the catchment area as well as in the balance area of 1 acre, ie in an area
of 2.30 acres; arid fruit crops such as Pomegranate be taken up.• Rainwater falling in the farm will flow into the pond. • 1500 m3 or 1.5 million litres of water can be collected with rainfall of
300mm.• Stored water will be used for irrigating the plants with drip irrigation system.• 1.5 million litres of water can irrigate the plants in 2.30 acres for a period of
3 months after the rainy season.• During the rainy season, rainfed short duration crops can
be taken up as intercrop between the fruit plants.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Poly Lined Pond
Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System for Rainfed Areas
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System for Rainfed Areas
Picture Shows:
•Lined Pond,
•Part of Catchment with Lining and
•Remaining Catchment without lining
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Some Water Harvesting Projects(Acres)
• Jain Agri Park, Jalgaon, Maharashtra (1200)
• Kasturiba Health Society, Sevagram, Maharashtra (200)
• Jain Terra Farm, Udumalpet, Tamilnadu (1200)
• Hindustan Coca - Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd., Thane (70)
• Hindustan Coca Cola, Kheda, Gujarat (30)
• Hindustan Coca Cola, Bhopal, M.P. (12)
• Hindustan Coca Cola, Bhubneshwar, Orissa (25)
• Pepsico Holding, Chembur, Maharashtra (4)
• Green Valley, Panvel, Maharashtra. (30)
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
• Problem : Scarcity of water, the essential raw material for the industry
• Average rainfall : 1300-1500 mm
• Impact of Watershed Development works
Total runoff generated : 162636 m3 per annum
From roof water : 28000 m3 per annum
from the premises : 38506 m3 per annum
From the Gully : 95290 m3 per annum
• Recharging Possibility: Moderate to Good
Impact of Watershed development Project for Hindustan Coca - Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd., Thane
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation is a modern method of irrigation in which:
• Water is applied directly to the root zone of the plants.
• Water is applied at frequent intervals at precise quantities based on Crop Water Requirements.
• Water is applied through a low-pressure pipe network comprising Mains, Submains, Laterals and Emitting Devices.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Drip Irrigation System -Advantages
• Crop Yield Enhancement• Saving in Irrigation Water• Saving in Energy in pumping• Savings in Fertilizer consumption –
Fertigation or Nutrigation• Quality Improvement of Produce• Improved Pest & Disease Control• Improves Soil Health• Reduced Weed Growth• Reduced Labour Costs• Suitable for Difficult Land Terrains• Suitable and Marginal lands• Suitable for inferior quality water.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
FRUIT CROPS :Almond, Apple, Arecanut, Indian Gooseberry, Ber (Zizyphus), Banana, Cashew, Custard Apple, Cherry, Durian, Fig, Guava, Grape, Litchi, Lemon, Sweet Lime, Mango, Orange, Olive, Papaya, Pomegranate, Pear, Peach, Pistachio, Pineapple, Sapota, Strawberry, Star Fruit, Jack Fruit, Tamarind, Water Melon, Musk Melon.VEGETABLE CROPS :Brinjal, Cucumber, Lettuce, Pepper, Potato, Pea, Tomato.FIELD & OTHER CROPS:Corn, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Betel vine, Mulberry.OIL SEEDS :Groundnut, Sunflower, Jojoba, Castor.FORAGE CROPS :Lucerne, Pastures, Turfs, Fodder.PLANTATION CROPS :Cardamom, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Spices, Oil Palm, Coconut.ORNAMENTALS :Floricultural Plants; Rose, Gerbera, Carnation, Gladioli, Poinsettias, Chrysanthemum.FOREST TREES :Eucalyptus, Casuarinas, Teak, Acacia, Bamboo, Neem, Dalbergia.(Partial list of crops for which drip irrigation has been successfully commercialised. Crops of species similar to the above will also be ideally suitable for drip irrigation systems.)
Micro Irrigation – Indian ExperienceMicro Irrigation is Commercially and Economically Viable in:
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Comparison with Conventional Practices, Case from Akola1 Area, acres 12 Drip type: Turboline with integral drippers spaced at 0.75 m
S.No. ParticularsDrip Conventional
1 Fixed Cost 25000 0a. Life (years ) 10 0b. Depreciation, Rs (10% of [1]) 10% 2500 0c. Interest rate, Rs (15% of [1]) 15% 3750 0d. Repair & Maintenance, Rs (2% of [1]) 2% 500 0e. Total (1b+1c+1d) 6750 0f. Fixed cost for the season Rs =(1e/Area)*0.4 2700 0g. Fixed cost per acre, Rs =(1e/Area) 2700 0
2 Cost of Cultivation per acre, 12100 12100 108003 Total Cost of Cultivation, Rs = (2)*Area 12100 108004 Seasonal Total Cost (1e+3), Rs 18850 10800
ECONOMICS OF ONION CULTIVATION WITH DRIP IRRIGATIONMicro Irrigation – Case Studies (Onion)
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
5 Water Consumption,mm 775 14106 Yield of Produce, MT/acre 13.5 7.07 Total Yield of Produce, MT (6)*Area 13.5 7.08 Selling Price,Rs./Ton 3500 35009 Gross Income from produce,Rs = (7x8) 47250 24500
10 Net Seasonal Income,Rs = ( 9-4 ) 28400 1370011
Additional Area Cultivable due to saving in water,ac. 0.82 0
12Additional Expenditure due to Additional Area,Rs=[(11)*(2+1f)] 12126 0
13Additional Income due to Additional Area,Rs = (6x11x8) 38715 0
14 Additional Net Income,Rs = (13-12 ) 26588 015 Gross Cost of Production,Rs = (4+12) 30976 1080016 Total Gross Income,Rs = (13+9) 85965 2450017 Output to Input Ratio = (16/15) 2.78 2.2718 Total Net Income, Rs = (14+10) 54988 1370019 Benefit Cost Ratio = (18/1)# 2.20 1.2720 Net Extra Income Due To Drip Over
Conventional Irrigation 41288 0
21 Pay-Back Period, Years =(1/18) 0.6122 Water Use Efficiency, kg/ha mm. 43.03 12.26
Micro Irrigation – Case Studies (Onion) contd…
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
1 Area, acres 12 Row to Row Spacing, ft 2.53 Spacing between pairs of Rows, ft 54 Drip type: Turboline with integral drippers spaced at 0.75 m
S.No. Particulars Spacing:2.5'x3.5'x2.5'Drip Flood
1 Fixed Cost 25000 0a. Life (years ) 10 10b. Depreciation, Rs (10% of [1]) 10% 2500 0c. Interest rate, Rs (15% of [1]) 15% 3750 0d. Repair & Maintenance, Rs (2% of [1]) 2% 500 0e. Total (1b+1c+1d) 6750 0f. Fixed cost per acre, Rs =(1e/Area) 6750 0
2 Cost of Cultivation per acre, 20000 240003 Total Cost of Cultivation, Rs = (2)*Area 20000 240004 Seasonal Total Cost (1e+3), Rs 26750 240005 Water Consumption,mm 1200 20006 Yield of Produce, MT/acre 59 367 Total Yield of Produce, MT (6)*Area 59 368 Selling Price,Rs./Ton 780 7809 Gross Income from produce,Rs = (7x8) 46020 28080
10 Net Seasonal Income,Rs = ( 9-4 ) 19270 408011 Gross Cost of Production,Rs 26750 2400012 Total Gross Income,Rs 46020 2808013 Gross Benefit Cost Ratio = (12/11) 1.72 1.1714 Net Extra Income Due To Drip Over Conventional Irrigation = [10drip-
10conventional]15190 0
15 Pay-Back Period, Years =(1/14) 1.6516 Water Use Efficiency, kg/ha mm. 121.44 44.46
** The Mill reports a recovery % of 12.16 under drip and only 11.81 under conventional Irrigation
Farmer- K.K.R. Tamilarasu, Chokkanathapuram, Sivagangai, TN ** (2001-2002)Micro Irrigation – Case Studies (Sugarcane)
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Micro Irrigation
• Provide infrastructure status to Micro Irrigation.
• No ‘Lift’ without ‘Drip’
• Watershed / Command area to be integrated with
Micro Irrigation.
Enhancing coverage of MIS
‘JAIN Integrated Model’®
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation
Objectives• Irrigation as per crop need• Substitution of open canal conveyance losses by pipe
network, followed by on-farm micro irrigation system.• Increase coverage by integrating micro irrigation with
lift irrigation.• Saving water upto 50%.• Higher yield/productivity.
“On Demand” Irrigation
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation