Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS) to Evaluate …...Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS) to...

Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS) to Evaluate Technical

and

Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS) to Evaluate Technical

andandEconomical Aspects of MIS

andEconomical Aspects of MIS

A .A. Ghaemi1, A. Tabarzad2A .A. Ghaemi1, A. Tabarzad2

1-Associate Professor, Water Engr. Dept., College of Agric. Shi U i Shi I R I

1-Associate Professor, Water Engr. Dept., College of Agric. Shi U i Shi I R IShiraz Unive., Shiraz, I.R.Iran

2-Ph.D student, Water Engr. Dept., College of Agric. Shiraz Unive., Shiraz, I.R.Iran

Shiraz Unive., Shiraz, I.R.Iran2-Ph.D student, Water Engr. Dept., College of Agric.

Shiraz Unive., Shiraz, I.R.Iran

1

IntroductionIntroductionwater crisis is one of the most important problems worldwide.water crisis is one of the most important problems worldwide.

Water is essential in the production of food and energyWater is essential in the production of food and energyWater is essential in the production of food and energyWater is essential in the production of food and energy

water plays as a key role in a country’s political, social, and economical water plays as a key role in a country’s political, social, and economical i d di d dindependenceindependence

limited water sources, growing population and consecutively drought limited water sources, growing population and consecutively drought g g p p y gg g p p y gconditionsconditions

it is necessary to optimize water supplyit is necessary to optimize water supplyit is necessary to optimize water supply. it is necessary to optimize water supply.

it is crucial to preserve water sources, economize and optimize water it is crucial to preserve water sources, economize and optimize water tili ationtili ationutilizationutilization

Applying modern irrigation systems (micro irrigation system) is a beneficial Applying modern irrigation systems (micro irrigation system) is a beneficial irrigation method irrigation method

World population:)2003 first century; Alan Wild,-Source: Managing the land during the twenty( )2003 first century; Alan Wild,Source: Managing the land during the twenty(

3

World water resourcesWorld water resources

Oceans, seas, lakes 96.5%Fresh water 2.5%Fresh water 2.5%Completely salty water 1%---------------------------------------------TOTAL 100%TOTAL 100%

4

Global fresh-water resourcesTotal Volume = 35029 (103 Km3)

0.86 % Ground ice / permafrost

10530 (103 km3)68.7%

24064 (103 km3)30.1%

Glaciers and permanent snow + Ground water deep = 98.8%

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The rest of resources = 1.2%

Fresh water consumption

Agricultural water use (69%) 3240 (k 3)Agricultural water use (69%) 3240 (km3)

Industrial water use ( 23%) 1080 (km3)

Home water usage (8%) 376 (km3)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

T t l 100% 4696Total 100% 4696km3

If there was no any renewal fresh waterin a hydrological cycle the fresh waterin a hydrological cycle, the fresh waterwould be finished in 7.5 years

6

Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantagesof MISof MIS

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

high primary costhigh primary cost–– high primary cost high primary cost –– installation and performance installation and performance –– System reparationSystem reparation–– complexity in design and time consumingcomplexity in design and time consuming

Advantages:Advantages:Advantages:Advantages:–– high application efficiency high application efficiency –– lack of need for field smoothing lack of need for field smoothing –– ability to be injected with fertilizers and chemicals ability to be injected with fertilizers and chemicals –– ability to produce all its devices and fittings in most countries. ability to produce all its devices and fittings in most countries. –– computer programs are successfully used in a variety of situations tocomputer programs are successfully used in a variety of situations tocomputer programs are successfully used in a variety of situations to computer programs are successfully used in a variety of situations to

solve various complex equations solve various complex equations

Iran at a glanceIran at a glancea at a g a cea at a g a cePopulation, roughly Population, roughly 72 72 million ( million ( 11..33% of world population)% of world population)

Located in an arid and semiLocated in an arid and semi--arid beltarid belt

Water shortage is at a crisesWater shortage is at a crises

Percentage renewal water is Percentage renewal water is 00..3636% of the global water% of the global water

Average precipitation Average precipitation 230 230 mm ( mm ( 3131..55% of the world ave. precipitation)% of the world ave. precipitation)

I i t i f ll di t ib ti i ti dI i t i f ll di t ib ti i ti dInappropriate rainfall distribution in time and areaInappropriate rainfall distribution in time and area

7070% of rainfall occurred in% of rainfall occurred in 2525% of the country area% of the country area ((16480001648000 kmkm22))7070% of rainfall occurred in % of rainfall occurred in 2525% of the country area % of the country area ((1648000 1648000 kmkm ))

30 30 % in the rest% in the rest of the countryof the country

Agriculture in IranAgriculture in Irangg37 37 million ha dry and irrigated landmillion ha dry and irrigated land

1818..5 5 million ha suitable agricultural landmillion ha suitable agricultural land

5959% % irrigated land irrigated land ((≅≅ 11 11 million ha) ,million ha) ,produceproduce 8989% agricultural food% agricultural food

4141% Dry land (% Dry land (≅≅ 77..5 5 million ha)million ha)••produced produced 1111% of agricultural food% of agricultural foodpp gg

Water and Irrigation ProblemsWater and Irrigation ProblemsWater and Irrigation ProblemsWater and Irrigation Problems

L i d il il bl t tL i d il il bl t tLow price and easily available water causes wastage Low price and easily available water causes wastage waterwater

Low precipitation, inappropriate distribution, high Low precipitation, inappropriate distribution, high evapotranspirationevapotranspirationevapotranspirationevapotranspiration

Low efficiency in surface irrigationLow efficiency in surface irrigation

Unstructured ground water harvest Unstructured ground water harvest

Disuse of backwater in agricultureDisuse of backwater in agriculture

Iran’s future need for Iran’s future need for 20202020Needs to increase Needs to increase 5656 ton to ton to 120 120 million ton Agric. production in million ton Agric. production in

20202020

Needs Needs 150 150 billion mbillion m33 of Irrig.Water/yr.of Irrig.Water/yr.

Needs to increase the WUE from Needs to increase the WUE from 00..75 75 to to 11..33

Needs to change the water use strategies in agric. SectionNeeds to change the water use strategies in agric. Section

Special care needs for water conservationSpecial care needs for water conservation

Necessity and essential use of modern irrigation method Necessity and essential use of modern irrigation method specially pressurized irrigation systemsspecially pressurized irrigation systemsp y p g yp y p g y

WhyWhyWhy Why Pressurized Irrigation systemPressurized Irrigation systemPressurized Irrigation systemPressurized Irrigation system(Micro and sprinkler irrigation)(Micro and sprinkler irrigation)(Micro and sprinkler irrigation)(Micro and sprinkler irrigation)

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Developed a computer modelDeveloped a computer model

BasedBased onon aforementionedaforementioned slidesslides developingdeveloping aacomputercomputer modelmodel withwith thethe abilityability toto designdesign aacomputercomputer modelmodel withwith thethe abilityability toto designdesign aamicromicro irrigationirrigation systemsystem isis essentialessential

Micro Irrigation Design SoftwareMicro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS)(MIDS)Micro Irrigation Design Software Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS)(MIDS)introduce here, was developed to design a MIS introduce here, was developed to design a MIS

in various topography climate andin various topography climate andin various topography, climate and in various topography, climate and environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions

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Previous literature

Cook et al (Cook et al (20062006))Cook et al. (Cook et al. (20062006))Meshkat and Warner (Meshkat and Warner (20062006))Allen et al. (Allen et al. (20072007))MolinaMolina Martineza et al (Martineza et al (20092009))MolinaMolina--Martineza et al. (Martineza et al. (20092009))WCADIWCADIIRRICAD (IRRICAD (19961996--20102010))

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A b i th thA basic theory governs the development of the MIDS model

Some equations and parameters th t h b d i th d lthat have been used in the model are as follow:are as follow:

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Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo)

I. Penman - FAOII. FAO – Penman – Montieth III. Hargreaves - SamaniIII. Hargreaves SamaniIV. Blaney - CridleV. PAN EvaporationV. PAN EvaporationVI. User Option

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Estimation ETo by FAO – Penman - Montieth( ) ( ) ( )⎡ ⎤( ) ( ) ( )

( )n 2 a d

02

0.408Δ R -G +γ 900/ T+273 U e -eET =

Δ+γ 1+0.34u⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦

( )( )2

4098{0.6108 exp 17.27T T+237.3 }Δ=

T+237.3

⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦ m i nd

m i n

1 7 .2 7 Te = 0 .6 1 1 e x pT + 2 3 7 .3

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠( )

Pγ=0.00163λ

( )-3λ=20501- 2.361×10 T

( )arccoss tag tagω φ δ= −

2d r= 1 + 0 .0 3 3 co s Jπ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟( )

5 .26293-0 .0065ΖP = 101 .3293

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

d r 1 + 0 .0 3 3 co s J3 6 5⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠2δ=0.409sin J-1.39365π⎛ ⎞

⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

a1 7 .2 7 Te = 0 .6 1 0 8 e x p

T + 2 3 7 .3⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

int (275 30 ) 29MJ eger D= − + −

[ ] [ ]0.1520/ 487/ (678 542)U U Z U Ln Z= = −

))(14.034.0)(1.0/9.0(1045.2)/5.025.0(77.0 449knkxdan TTeNnRNnR +−+×−+= −

[ ] [ ]2 2.0/ 4.87/ (67.8 5.42)m z zU U Z U Ln Z= = −N = 7.64 ωs

22 ( )a S s2 4 ( 6 0 )R = d r S i n (φ ) . s i n ( δ ) + c o s (φ ) . c o s ( δ ) . s i n ( )ω ω

π

Crop Coefficients during growing season and their correctionand their correction

I. Single crop coefficient

ii. Dual crop coefficient

ii. User option

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Single Crop CoefficientSingle Crop CoefficientETc = Kc(ETo)

Single Crop CoefficientSingle Crop Coefficient

[ ]3.0

min2 3)45(004.0)2(04.0 ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣⎡−−−+= −−−hRHUKK tablemidcmidc 3 ⎦⎣

[ ]3.0

i2 )45(004.0)2(04.0 ⎥⎤

⎢⎡−−−+=hRHUKK bldd [ ]min2 3

)45(004.0)2(04.0 ⎥⎦⎢⎣+−−− RHUKK tableendcendc

KC initial

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Crop water requirement Crop water requirement in micro irrigationin micro irrigationin micro irrigationin micro irrigation

T = U PTd = Ud . Pd

Td = Pd + (0.15 (1-Pd)) Ud0 5Td = (Pd0.5) Ud

Td = Ud [0.1(Pd)0.5] d d d

Where:Where:Td : Crop Transpiration (mm/day) Ud : Crop water requirement or crop estimated evapotranspiration (mm/day) Pd : Crop shaded area at noon (%)

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Leaching FractionLeaching Fraction

dDL F =i

L FD

=

)(max2 e

w

ECECLF =

)( eC

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Soil Wetted diameter and depth Soil Wetted diameter and depth (Soil Wetted Profile)(Soil Wetted Profile)

45.063.0 )()(2.29qKVz s

w=q

170220 )()( K 17.022.0 )()(031.0 −=qKVW s

w

Where :Where :q = emitter discharge (l/hr.)q = emitter discharge (l/hr.)q g ( )q g ( )Z: Depth of wetted under emitter (m)Z: Depth of wetted under emitter (m)VVww : Volume of water applied by emitter (L): Volume of water applied by emitter (L)KK S il t t h d li d ti it ( /S)S il t t h d li d ti it ( /S)

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KKss : Soil saturate hydraulic conductivity (m/S): Soil saturate hydraulic conductivity (m/S)W: Maximum soil wetted diameter (m)W: Maximum soil wetted diameter (m)

Percentage of wetted area (PPercentage of wetted area (PWW) with respect to ) with respect to g (g ( WW) p) pemitters patternemitters pattern

Single row patternSingle row pattern 100)).().((×= ep

w SSwSN

P

Double row patternDouble row pattern

× rp SS

))(())(( + SPwSPw 100))(())(( 2211 ×+

=r

w SSPwSPwP

Pig tail patternPig tail pattern100

))()((×

×= ep

w SSwSN

P

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× rp SS

Emitter discharge, Emitter discharge variation, Emitter discharge, Emitter discharge variation, Coefficient of uniformity, Pressure variationCoefficient of uniformity, Pressure variation

q=kHxq

( )0.5i i iq C H R H R H′ ′= − Δ + Δ( )i i i

maxvar

mnq qq −=var

max

qq

qvar = 1-(1-Hvar)xqvar 1 (1 Hvar)

max minH HH −=

qΔ

varmax

HH

2929qqUC Δ

−= 1

Head LossHead Loss

1 852Q 1.852( )QCh k L= (Hazen(Hazen--William)William)

4.87.fh k LD

=

)V(h2

f K=(Fitting Head loss )(Fitting Head loss )

)g2

(hf K

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Energy Line Slope in Micro Irrigation PipesEnergy Line Slope in Micro Irrigation Pipesgy p g pgy p g p

2

2VH Z H= + +2g

Ri=1-(1-i)2.852

∑nL∑=

±Δ−=j

jii SnLHRHH

1)()(

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Economical Pipe AnalysisEconomical Pipe Analysis

Present Value MethodF Present Value Methodni

Fp)1( +

=

Where:Where:pp: Present Value (Rial): Present Value (Rial)nn : Time interval (yr) between the present and future time: Time interval (yr) between the present and future time(y ) p(y ) pii : Discount rate (%): Discount rate (%)FF : Future Value (Rial): Future Value (Rial)

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( )( )

Considering Emitter CloggingConsidering Emitter CloggingConsidering Emitter CloggingConsidering Emitter Clogging

Emitter clogging Emitter clogging prevention methodprevention methodClogging factors prevention methodprevention method

Settlement basinSettlement basin

Clogging factors

1 Ph i l F t Settlement basinSettlement basinSand filterSand filterM h filtM h filt

1- Physical Factor2- Chemical Factor3 Bi l i l F t Mesh filterMesh filter

Cyclone filterCyclone filterE itt A id W hiE itt A id W hi

3- Biological Factor

Emitter Acid WashingEmitter Acid WashingEmitter ChlorinationEmitter Chlorination

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Injector SystemInjector System

AFr × FrFC ×100AF

Fertilizer Tank or VenturiFertilizer Tank or Venturi

IttCAFrq

r ×××

= IdtFC

r ×=

CAFrCt

×=

ttrr : : Ratio of time injection to irrigation time (usually < Ratio of time injection to irrigation time (usually < 11))

qq :: amount of fertilizer injection (Lamount of fertilizer injection (L33/ T)/ T)qq : : amount of fertilizer injection (Lamount of fertilizer injection (L / T) / T) C: Fertilizer soluble saturated concentrationC: Fertilizer soluble saturated concentrationA : Field AreaA : Field AreaA : Field AreaA : Field AreaFr : amount of required fertilizer at each irrigationFr : amount of required fertilizer at each irrigationFc : fertilizer concentration in water (mg/l)Fc : fertilizer concentration in water (mg/l)Fc : fertilizer concentration in water (mg/l)Fc : fertilizer concentration in water (mg/l)IIdd : Gross irrigation depth: Gross irrigation depthCCtt: Fertilizer tank Capacity: Fertilizer tank Capacity

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CCtt: Fertilizer tank Capacity: Fertilizer tank Capacity

MIDS Model MIDS Model developmentdevelopment

--MIDS was written with Visual Basic.MIDS was written with Visual Basic.MIDS was written with Visual Basic.MIDS was written with Visual Basic.

--Contains approximately Contains approximately 14000 14000 lines.lines.

A d f l ltA demo of sample results obtained byobtained by

MIDS

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Partitioning

44

Subunit design

input data

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LSILSICALCIUM CARBONATE PRECIPITATION

Langelier

Saturation

Index

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Advantages of The MIDSUser is able to design a MIS from the primary step (ETo) to Use s ab e to des g a S o t e p a y step ( o) tothe latest step of system design (get the list of equipments and fittings) with limited information at a least possible timetime

MIDS uses the more accurate methods to determine theMIDS, uses the more accurate methods to determine the design parameters compare to the previous researchers works

MIDS able to design the MIS at a field having various topographic conditions different crops each crop attopographic conditions, different crops, each crop at different plot

MIDS is available in Farsi language as well in English

52MIDS calculate the design parameters for side equipments(Filtration, Fertigation and Chemical Injectors systems)

EVALUATION OF THE MODEL

A micro irrigation design project was chosen in the Arjan region in a Shiraz suburb at Fars province to evaluate the modelShiraz suburb at Fars province to evaluate the model.

The comparison of the designed parameters for both the MIDS model and MIS t t h i t bl 1 d t bl 2a MIS expert executor are shown in table 1 and table 2.

Software output represents the acceptable design parameters

Irrigation time was estimated to be ten hours by the software and 8 g yhours by the expert executor.

The software was more precise than the expert executor inThe software was more precise than the expert executor in calculating the speed of water through the pipes and the pipe

head loss

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Parameters Executor Software

The design parameter results obtained by expert and the MIDS model.

Max. Eto (mm/day) 6.44 5.92Crop coefficient 0.99 0.95

Max.Transpiration ( mm/day ) no-report 5.5Max. Irrig. Water (mm/day ) no-report 7

Wetted Area (%) 19 19( )Emitter per plant 6 6Emitter pattern single row single rowEmitter pattern single row single row

Emitter spacing (m) 1 0.96Irrig time (hr/day) 8 10Irrig. time (hr/day) 8 10

Lateral diameter (mm) 16 16Lateral length (m) no report 60

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Lateral length (m) no-report 60CaCO3 Precipit. Probability no-occur no-occur

The pipe design diameter by expert and the MIDS model.

Pipe course D-mm (executor) D-mm (software)

A – A2 75 752

A2 – A3 75 63A – A 50 50A3 – A4 50 50B – B2 75 90B2 – B3 75 75B3 – C 75 75C – C1 50 50C1 – C2 50 501 2

C2 – C3 50 50C C 50 50

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C3 – C4 50 50

ConclusionConclusionMIDS is a comprehensive and feasible program that can be used to design a

MIS by experts and unskilled at different field conditions for various crops

A user with limited knowledge about the MIDS could design such systemsquickly.quickly.

MIDS outcome indicated more acceptable and accurate results with highli bilit t d i MIS th l t b treliability to design MIS than manual outcome by expert.

MIDS helps the user to calculate the diameter, length, weight, and cost of thep , g , g ,pipe accurately, quickly, and easily.

There is complementary information tables curves figures and explanationsThere is complementary information, tables, curves, figures, and explanationsavailable that allow the user to design the micro irrigation system without theneed for further information and the need to refer to other references.

56MIDS english 3.exe

Cook et al (Cook et al (20062006))Cook et al.(Cook et al.(20062006))

Cook et al. produced a software called Cook et al. produced a software called ((Wet UpWet Up) to predict soil wetted area for ) to predict soil wetted area for (( pp) p) peach emitter.each emitter.

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Meshkat and Warner (Meshkat and Warner (20062006) developed ) developed a user friendly model. This modela user friendly model. This modela user friendly model. This model a user friendly model. This model enables to design micro irrigation enables to design micro irrigation system at different parts :system at different parts :system at different parts :system at different parts :

11-- water conveyance, selection type of water conveyance, selection type of crop and emitter designcrop and emitter design

22-- subunit hydraulics designsubunit hydraulics design33-- main pipe network designmain pipe network design

www.cabi.org, [www.cabi.org, [20092009])])

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Allen et al (Allen et al (20072007))Allen et al. (Allen et al. (20072007))

Allen et al. (Allen et al. (20072007) produced ) produced SPRINKMODSPRINKMOD program program f Wi d Thi d l i l t th lf Wi d Thi d l i l t th lfor Windows. This model can simulate the nozzle for Windows. This model can simulate the nozzle pressure and discharge in sprinkler irrigation pressure and discharge in sprinkler irrigation systemssystemssystemssystems. .

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MolinaMolina--Martíneza et al.(Martíneza et al.(20092009))(( ))MolinaMolina--Martíneza et al.(Martíneza et al.(20092009) introduced a ) introduced a software package program to determine software package program to determine the Lateral diameter with its inthe Lateral diameter with its in--line emitter line emitter numbers with respect to the type of crop, numbers with respect to the type of crop, crop water requirement and plant spacingcrop water requirement and plant spacingcrop water requirement, and plant spacing. crop water requirement, and plant spacing. This program can be installed on cell This program can be installed on cell phone pocket computer or any portablephone pocket computer or any portablephone, pocket computer, or any portable phone, pocket computer, or any portable electronic (computer) device. electronic (computer) device.

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WCADIWCADIWCADIWCADI

WCADI a Chinese company, developed a WCADI a Chinese company, developed a software in china to design the pressurized software in china to design the pressurized g pg pirrigation system hydraulicallyirrigation system hydraulicallyThe company has also advertised that theThe company has also advertised that theThe company has also advertised that the The company has also advertised that the

software can be translated to other software can be translated to other 20092009languages. languages. www.wcadi.com, [www.wcadi.com, [20092009]]

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IRRICAD PRO (2009-To Date)IRRICAD PRO (2009-To Date)

Produced by AEI softwareProduced by AEI software

www.IRRICAD.comProgrammed by Irrigation Engineers for Irrigation Programmed by Irrigation Engineers for Irrigation DesignersDesigners

www.IRRICAD.com

Designers Designers Is the Premier Irrigation Design SoftwareIs the Premier Irrigation Design Software

Is unique computer software for designing all types Is unique computer software for designing all types of pressurized irrigation systemsof pressurized irrigation systemsof pressurized irrigation systemsof pressurized irrigation systems

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A demo of sample results obtained by A demo of sample results obtained by MIDSMIDS

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Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS) to Evaluate …...Micro Irrigation Design Software (MIDS) to...

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