MICR 304 S2010 Lecture 1.ppt
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Transcript of MICR 304 S2010 Lecture 1.ppt
MICR 304 Immunology &
Serology
MICR 304 Immunology &
Serology
Lecture 1OverviewChapter 1
Lecture 1OverviewChapter 1
Immunology
• Recognition of self and non-self– Antigens
• Elimination of non-self– Exogenous targets
Microbes Allergens Foreign material
– Endogenous targets Tumors
Microbial Targets of the Immune System
(Pictures from Tortora et al, 2004)
Allergens
Foreign Bodies
http://www.mdchoice.com/photo/pto0023.asp
Tumors as Targets
Breast cancer
Tumor CellNK-Cell
Before
After
No responseResponse
Desired response
Response associated with disease
The Birth of the Science “Immunology”
• Edward Jenner (England, 1796)
• Cowpox (vaccinia) protects against small pox
• First reported vaccination
Milestones in Immunology
• Metchnikoff 1884– Phagocytosis
• Pasteur 1885– Systematic development
of a vaccine (rabies)
• von Behring and Kitasato 1890– Discovered antibodies
• Landsteiner 1902 – Blood groups
• Wassermann 1906– Complement fixation test
• Fleming 1921– Lysozyme
• Jacob & Wollmann 1953– Clonal selection theory
• Porter 1962– Antibody structure
• Koehler & Milstein 1975– Monoclonal antibodies
A Major Principle in Immunology: Antibody:Antigen Binding
• Antibody: a host protein that binds specifically to a molecule (soluble or particular)
• Antigen: any molecule that can be recognized by and bound to an antibody; typically induces production of antibodies in the host (“antibody generating”)
Evolution of Immunity
AdaptiveImmunity
InnateImmunityJawed fish
Two Arms of Host Defense
• Innate immunity– Natural immunity– Defense system
functional at birth– Preformed or
available within hours after infection
– Pattern recognition– Widely present in
nature
• Adaptive immunity– Acquired– Available within
days– Specificity– Memory– In higher
vertebrates
Innate Adaptive
Key Players in Immunology
Innate Adaptive
Cells PhagocytesEpithelial Cells NK
Cells
Lymphocytes(B-Ly, T-Ly)
Effector Molecules
ComplementAntimicrobial (Poly)PeptidesAntimicrobial
lipids?
Antibodies
Defense Cells Have Specific Tasks
• Epithelial cells– Barrier
• Phagocytes– Ingest– Kill– Digest
• NK-cells– Lyse infected cells or
tumor cells
• B-lymphocytes– Produce antibodies
• T-helper lymphocytes– Strengthen defense
cells to improve their function
– Regulate immune responses
• T-killer lymphocytes– Lyse with specificty
infected cells or tumor cells
Infection Triggers an Innate Inflammatory Response
Dendritic Cells Initiate Adaptive Immune Responses
Adaptive Immune Responses Augment Innate Immune
Responses
Immune Cells Interact via Cytokines and Surface
MoleculesInnate Adaptive
Cells PhagocytesEpithelial Cells
NK Cells
Lymphocytes(B-Ly, T-Ly)
Effector molecules
ComplementAntimicrobial (Poly)PeptidesAntimicrobial
lipids?
Antibodies
Immune Cells are also Activated by Defense
MoleculesInnate Adaptive
Cells PhagocytesEpithelial Cells
NK Cells
Lymphocytes(B-Ly, T-Ly)
Effector molecules
ComplementAntimicrobial (Poly)PeptidesAntimicrobial
lipids?
Antibodies
Time Course of the Immune Response
Most Immune Cells are Found in Blood
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Normal Blood Distribution of Leukocytes
• Neutrophils: 40-75%• Lymphocytes: 20-50%• Monocytes: 2-10%• Eosinophils: 1-6%• Basophils: <1%
Most Immune Cells Originate in the Bone
Marrow• Hematopoiesis
– Development of blood cells and constituent
• All blood cells originate from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Bone marrow, low power Bone marrow, higher power
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis by Other Organs
• Sites– Spleen, liver
• Condition– Normal fetal sites of hematopoiesis– Malignancies– Myelofibrosis (bone marrow replaced
by fibrotic tissue)• Precursor cells are found in blood
Immature Blood Cells in Peripheral Blood
•More acidophil cytoplasma•Large cells with nuclei•Prominent nucleoli
Lymphatic Tissue
• Central– Bone marrow – Thymus
• Secondary– Spleen– Lymph nodes– GALT (gut associated
lymphatic tissue)• Tonsils• Peyer’s patches• Appendix
Production
Interactionwith Ag
Maturation
Thymus
Immature T-Cells
Mature naive T-Cells
Hassall’s corpuscule
(Cell destruction?)
Bone marrow precursor
Blood stream
Lymph Node
The Spleen
Organization of the Spleen
• White pulpa– Leukocytes
arranged around the blood vessels and sinuses
• Red pulpa:– Blood vessels and
sinuses
• Marginal Zone– Border between
white and red pulpa
Peyer’s Patches
Appendix
References
• Janeway’s Immunobiology, 7th edition, 2008• Textbook of Hematology, McKenzie, 2nd
edition, 1996• Microbiology: An Introduction; Tortora et al, 8th
edition, 2004• http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HE
MEHTML/HEMEIDX.html• http://www.siumed.edu/%7Edking2/erg/smallin
t.htm• Primary literature: available per request