MICHIGAN PROFICIENCY

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1993. 50.000 .

1997 ( ) .

2007 .

2012 Digital School online

2013 .

2013 .

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VOCABULARY

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1. Some common nouns have adjectives that are used in scientific contexts

For example. - The body Corporal - Languages Linguistic - Hands Manual - The moon Lunar - The sun Solar

Verbs can be formed by adding the suffixes ify and ize to certain nouns and adjectives.

-Code Codify -Intense Intensify -Just Justify -Pure Purify -Example Exemplify -Fertile Fertilize -Immune Immunize -Custom Customize -Stable Stabilize -Neutral Neutralize

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Expressions related to time are often tested in the grammar and cloze sections of the exam. Learn the as whole phrases.

For example. - For centuries to come - In the for seeable future - Ahead of its time - It is a matter of time - Over the course of time

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Some verbs are formed by adding the suffix en or the prefix en- to an adjective or a noun.

For example. -Wide Widen -Soft Soften -Deep Deepen -Large Enlarge -Code Encode

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Prefixes can help you guess the meaning of the word. For example. -Mal = bad/badly Malnutrition -Inter = between International -Pre = before Premature -Sub = below Substandard -Out = bigger/better Outweigh

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WRITING 1. Presenting a balanced argument. Plan Paragraph 1 (introduction) State why the topic is controversial. Paragraph 2 (main part) Analyze the arguments for the side you will not support.

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Paragraph 3 (main part) Analyze the arguments for the side you will support.

Paragraph 4 (conclusion) Summarize what you have already stated in paragraph 2 and 3

and clearly state your opinion.

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Useful phrases In the opening paragraph it is important to emphasize the

relevance of the issue that you will develop in your essay. xxx is the subject of much controversy. There has been much debate about xxx. A great deal of controversy surrounds xxx.

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Your arguments for and against an issue will sound more persuasive if you express them objectively. There are some standard phrases you can use.

FOR One argument in favor of An important benefit of . Another major advantage is .. AGAINST Opponents of argue that Some people object to .. One drawback is ..

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YOUR ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST AN ISSUE WILL SOUND MORE PERSUASIVE IF YOU EXPRESS THEM OBJECTIVELY. THERE ARE SOME STANDARD PHRASES YOU CAN USE.

FOR -One argument in favor of -An important benefit of . -Another major advantage is ..

AGAINST -Opponents of argue that -Some people object to .. -One drawback is ..

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2. Presenting one side of an issue giving reasons Plan Paragraph 1 Restate the topic and your opinion. Paragraph 2 Explain the first reason for your opinion. Support your reason with

further ideas or examples.

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Paragraph 3 Explain the second reason for your opinion. Support your reason

with further ideas or examples. Paragraph 4 Summarize your arguments.

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USEFUL PHRASES A GOOD ESSAY TRIES TO PERSUADE THE READER OF YOUR POINT OF VIEW. ONE WAY TO STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT IS TO MENTION AN OBJECTION TO YOUR OPINION OR AN OPPOSING ARGUMENT AND THEN HOW WHY THIS IS INACCURATE OR UNIMPORTANT. THIS IS CALLED REFUTATION.

- Giving an opposing argument. 1. It is often said that.. 2. Some people may claim

that 3. It may seen that.

- Refuting the opposing argument.

1. But the fact is that.. 2. However, in reality 3. On the contrary

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3. Describing cause and effect Paragraph 1 Restate the topic and say what aspects of it you are going to

discuss. Paragraph 2 Discuss the first aspect of the topic. You must introduce a

general point give an example and explain the effect.

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Paragraph 3 Discuss the second aspect of the topic. You must introduce a

general point, give an example and explain the effect. Paragraph 4 Summarize your ideas. Refer to possible future changes.

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Phrases - .. has had an effect - X has led to. - As a result . - Because of this . - Consequently ..

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4. Describing problems and suggesting solutions Paragraph 1 Explain the problem in detail. Say why it is urgent we deal with

the problem. Paragraph 2 Discuss one solution.

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Paragraph 3 Discuss a second solution. Paragraph 4 Summarize your proposals.

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Phrases -It is essential that we -There is much that can be done bring about change -Immediate action must be taken -The most obvious solution is to . -We should implement policies to .

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5. Supporting one of the two proposals Paragraph 1 Place the issue in the appropriate context. State your opinion of

which proposal is the best. Paragraph 2 Give the first reason for your opinion.

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Paragraph 3 Give the second reason for your opinion. Paragraph 4 Summarize your arguments and restate your opinion. -You can vary the word order of sentences with inversion , cleft.

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Phrases Sentence and fronting. These structures are used for emphasis -Not only do I have to study hard, but I must also exercise Inversion -What you need is a good job Cleft sentence

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Cloze Tip 1 Thus is commonly used in formal written English and means in

this way or by doing so. It also means therefore or hence. Tip 2 Though is used to link two contrasting statements. Other words

and phrases which have similar meaning are although, even though, despite, in spite of.

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Tip 3 Thanks to (+ noun/pronoun) is used to say something or

someone was helpful, useful or responsible for something happening

Tip 4 Contrary to is used to show that an idea, opinion or action is

completely different from something else Tip 5 Be likely to means probably will . Be bound to means almost certainly will

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LISTENING

1. Part 1 => Short conversations Useful Phrases You bet = that for sure Beats me = I dont know How come ? = why? It slipped my mind = I forgot Watch it = be careful

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2. Part 2 => Useful Phrases take a lot out of me = make me feel tired Take a break = have a rest Cant keep up = unable to keep pace Make it on time = arrive at the required time Out of shape = not fit

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Part 3 => Short segments from a Radio Program Sometimes focuses on a research study. The questions usually

focus on aspects such as.

A. The purpose of the study Recent research sheds new light on We set out to find The aim of the study was to.

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B. One of two findings of the study Our findings indicate that.. What this research shows is that This study explains. C. An implication of the study The results of the study relate to . This has important implications for.

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SPEAKING

Making Recommendations (stage 2)

If you ask me, . Is the best option because After hearing about both candidates, I think I would choose. I really think is preferable because . It makes sense to choose . Because

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Presenting arguments (stage 3) You may be right, but lets not forget that.. One problem with that option is.. I agree thats the downside, but Reaching a consensus (stage 3) Youre right. I hadnt thought about that.. Thats a good point. Youve got a point there Yes, thats definitely an advantage

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Summarizing your decision (stage 3) So which one de we feel is best: ... or .? So have we decide that? Introducing thinking reasons (stage 4) First of all ,.. Another important reason In addition to ... there is also the fact that. A third and perhaps more important reason is.. Finally, the deciding factor was .

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Michigan Proficiency Vocabulary Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7WritingSlide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Useful PhrasesSlide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26ListeningSlide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Speaking Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34