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Transcript of MICCA Pilot Projects: Evaluating climate-smart … Pilot Projects: Evaluating climate-smart...
MICCA Pilot Projects: Evaluating climate-smart agriculture for
targeted scaling-up and informed decision making
By Janie Rioux
Climate, Energy and Tenure (NRC) Division
FAO
FAO-MICCA on-line Learning Event: “Climate-smart agriculture in the field – Planning, implementation, evaluation and upscaling”
Online discussion and webinars October 2015
Content
• MICCA Pilot Projects
• CSA Adoption studies
– Determinants
– Benefits
– Lessons learned
• Up-scaling strategies
What is CSA in the MICCA pilot projects?
• CSA is an approach to address the interrelated challenges of food security and climate change in agricultural development
• CSA is integrated, multi-sectors and multi-levels
• CSA is inclusive, context-specific and sustainable
• CSA provides co-benefits and synergies with development outcomes
CSA promoted integrated and diversified farming systems and agro-ecological principles and the main goal was to improve food security and livelihoods of smallholder farmers, while testing synergies and trade-offs with climate change mitigation.
Objectives of the MICCA Pilot Projects With financial support of the Government of Finland, and in partnership with ICRAF, EADD and CARE, the main objective was to put climate-smart agriculture into practice, and specifically to:
1) Identify and develop context relevant sets of CSA practices with farmers,
and support their implementation
2) Conduct scientific research to assess the CSA outcomes for different crops, land uses and management practices (led by ICRAF)
3) Analyze the adoption and benefits of CSA to inform up-scaling, extension, policy and investments
4) Linking research, practice and policy for effective planning and programming of CSA
Source: MICCA 11, Rioux et al., FAO, 2015 (in prep) Approach
Webinar 2
Webinar 1
[MICCA 10, Rosenstock et al., FAO, 2014]
Evaluating the adoption and benefits of CSA
• To gather information on the determinants (barriers and incentives) and benefits of adoption of CSA practices
• Structured household interviews and focus group discussions using a proportionate random sampling among the project participants and across location
• Kenya: Household interviews (n=150) and 5 FGDs in 6 locations in the Kaptumo division, Nandy County
• Tanzania: Household interviews (n=170) and 5 FGDs in 8 villages in the Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro district
• Correlations generated between CSA practices and these variables:
farmer and farm characteristics
social, economical and institutional context
practice and technology characteristics
Kenya: Adoption of CSA practices 93% 89% 88%
41% 39%
9% 1%
0
20
40
60
80
100
AgroforestryPlanted
Fodder Planted ManureCollected
Tree Nursery onfarm
FeedConservation
Composting Biogas
%A
do
pti
on
35% of adopters were women
Adoption of improved fodder grasses was associated with farm size, number of livestock, and labor availability. Agroforestry adoption was associated with secured land tenure. The price of milk in the wet season influences both the planted fodder crops and agroforestry Participation in trainings increased significantly the adoption of improved fodder, agroforestry, composting, and tree nursery
• The main benefit perceived by farmers was improved income from farming (~ 25 %)
• Increased in milk productivity was significant (add. 3.9 liters/cow/day)
Kenya: Benefits of CSA practices
25%
16% 15% 12% 11% 11% 10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
More income Less timedemanding
Less labouruse
Increasedcrop
production
Improvedfood security
Less affectedby climate
risks
Better for theenvironment
Source: Mutoko & Rioux, 2014, FAO
Tanzania: Adoption of CSA practices
75%
50% 40%
15% 6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Tree planting ICS SWC Tree nursery 2 CA
• Insecure land tenure and small land size were barriers to adoption of agroforestry and soil-water conservation measures
• Availability of labor and capacity to hire labor were incentives for uptake of double digging and crop rotation, as these practices are labor demanding.
• Access to information, farmer to farmer learning and trainings were determinants of adoption for all practices.
2 practices of conservation agriculture among: min. tillage, mulching and cover crops
E.g. Conservation Agriculture
94% 86% 84% 83%
77% 72%
45%
6% 2% 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
A high number of farmers reported practicing individual practices of conservation agriculture; however, for their three main plots, the adoption rate was lower, and even more for combined conservation agriculture practices.
Tanzania: Benefits of CSA practices
• Main benefit perceived by farmers was increased food availability, mainly through increased food production. (very sig. 65 % households were food insecure)
• Soil and water conservation: increased yield (and income) from 32 tins of tomatoes/acre on hillslopes 128 tins of tomatoes/acre on terraces.
• Improved cook stoves: reduced the amount of fuelwood needed by 30–50%, from 9–6 pieces 3–2 pieces per day.
26% 23%
11% 11% 10% 10% 10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Increasedcrop
production
Better for theenvironment
More income Less affectedby climate
risks
Improvedhousehold
food security
Less timedemanding
Less labouruse
Source: unpublished, Mutabazi & Rioux, FAO 2014
Results to inform CSA programming • Main benefits of CSA perceived by farmers are increases in
productivity, income from farming, and food availability- so CSA seems and effective approach to improve food security and alleviate
poverty in rural areas.
• It is important to link the promotion of specific climate-smart practices and technologies with sustainable extension services and incentives (e.g. high value crop on terraces, stable market for milk, income
generating activities, access to seeds and loans, group learning, etc.).
• Land tenure and size can promote or constrain the uptake and scaling-up of climate-smart agriculture and it can vary by practice.
• Transformational changes in agriculture take time, so important to plan coherent and long term programme aligned with policies.
Approach for scaling-up in the MICCA pilot projects
MICCA pilot projects
Science and development partners
National level stakeholders
Implementing CSA with farmers and extensionists
Mainstreaming CSA into their programme and research
Using the evidences and experience to inform national level decision-making
Bottom-up approach for out/up scaling
Scaling up strategies with partners from local to national levels
• Mainstreaming CSA into large scale development programme:
E.g. EADD integrated CSA into their Phase II (2014-2018) in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda reaching out to > 130,000 farmers (25M Gates Foundation)
• Catalytic effect to link science with CSA development: E.g. ICRAF developed a project for scaling climate-smart agriculture (2015-2018) to support the African Union’s NEPAD and African CSA Alliance (CCAFS funds)
• Informing decision makers at national levels for better programming
E.g. CSA day, CSA scoping studies, CSA national workshops
National Level Actions • Multi-stakeholders national workshops to share evidences and
experiences:
– Kenya- Climate-Smart Agriculture in Smallholder Integrated Crop-Livestock Farming Systems with MALF/CC unit, CCAFS, ICRAF and FAO
– Tanzania- Workshop to Share Evidence and Experience on CSA with MAFSC/env. unit, CARE, ICRAF-Tanzania and FAO
• Follow up actions and supports on:
– Kenya- Capacity building on NAMA in the context of the Dairy sector NAMA with SDL, CCAFS, UNIQUE and FAO
– Tanzania- Technical support on the development of CSA Guidelines by agro-ecological/livelihoods zones (2015-2016) with MAFSC/env. unit
Publications of the MICCA Pilot Projects • MICCA Adoption study in Kenya: • www.fao.org/3/a-i4396e.pdf
• FAO MICCA 10: Science to support climate-smart agricultural development: www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/87906/en/
• Kenya CSA scoping study: www.fao.org/3/a-i4367e.pdf
• National workshop technical reports: www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/87624/en/
• CSA Policy Brief: www.fao.org/climatechange/42101-052030dc948c02b143ca95a7f96cdc7bb.pdf
• FAO MICCA 11: The experience and lessons learned of the MICCA pilot projects - Coming soon
Thank you !
Contact:
www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/pilots/