Mhairi Scott Sept’ 2009. Human FLU Deaths worldwide Seasonal flu: mainly A + B (C rare)500,000 /...
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Transcript of Mhairi Scott Sept’ 2009. Human FLU Deaths worldwide Seasonal flu: mainly A + B (C rare)500,000 /...
Mhairi Scott Sept’ 2009
Human FLU Deaths worldwide
Seasonal flu: mainly A + B (C rare) 500,000 / yr
A,B,C of Flu
Influenza A virus pandemics:H1N1: Spanish Flu 1918 50 million H2N2: Asian Flu 1957 2 million H3N2: Hong-Kong Flu 1968 1 million
H5N1: Bird Flu
Where does Swine Flu fit in?
Swine FluNew influenza A(H1N1)
virus Unrelated to seasonal fluRespiratory disease of
pigs, birds, poultry, horses & humans
“Quadruple reassortant" virus
Bird-Flu genePig-flu gene 2 genes: Europe & AsiaHuman-gene
Never before circulated in humansWHO Phase 6 = Pandemic > 300,000 cases in over 200 countries
Pandemic H1N1 2009
SymptomsFever (> 38°C / 100.4°F)
Plus 2 or more of:
TirednessHeadacheRunny noseSore throatSOB /coughLoss of appetiteAching musclesD&V
Who Is At Risk?Chronic Disease:LungHeartKidneyLiverNeurologicalImmunosuppressedDiabetesAsthma (Rx past 3 y)
Also:Pregnant womenElderly ≥ 65 yChildren <5 y
UK 2009 TimelineMarch: first confirmed cases (US & Mexico)April: confirmed in UK June: first death in UK, GlasgowJuly: 1st death with no underlying medical probs
Sept: Rising new cases
Predictions Infected = 18.3m
Deaths 18-64,050
Hospital 366,000
Complications 2.74m
Mild 15m
Public MessagesCatch it, bin it, kill it
Cover mouth / tissues / basic hygieneHard surfaces e.g. Door handles, keyboards, phones
Stay at HomeIf symptoms (5-7d)Flu friends
Face mask unnecessary
Contact GP / NHS 24National Pandemic Flu Service
DOH: General Advice Children
Attend schools unless flu symptoms Avoid “flu-parties” See Doctor if < 1 yr
Pregnant Routine avoidance measures Safe to breastfeed if anti-virals Teachers advised to attend school
Travel: Unrestricted unless symptomatic Avoid Mecca Pilgrimages if high-risk group
Headlines“Swine flu jabs rushed through safety tests”“GPs demand more money for swine flu jabs”
TIMES ONLINE
“NHS staff don’t want swine flu jab”“Up to half of GPs and one in three nurses ... because of
concerns over safety.” Telegraph“Vaccine risk outweighs risk of virus” Irish-Times
“Swine flu over-diagnosed”“Swine-flu under-reported”
HCP AdviceTriage suspected casesAvoid in surgery if possibleDeclutter waiting rooms
Use of PPEGlovesMaskGlassesGown
AntiviralsMay lessen severity by reducing:
Length of illness (~ 1 day)Symptoms, and ? Serious complications risk
Maximum benefitAdults: Within 48 hrs of symptoms onsetChildren: Within 36 hrs of symptoms onset
Preparation: TAMIFLU (Oseltamivir) & RELENZA
(Zanamivir)neuraminidase enzyme inhibitors
ActionBlock viral enzymePrevent shedding
SafetyRelatively newreport via the
MHRA’s ‘Swine Flu ADR Portal’
Tamiflu Age 1 and over Caps: 30/45/75mg Susp: 12mg/ml solution
SEs 676 suspected ADRs since April nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdo
pain, headache, mild allergic ??seizures/delirium
Caution Severe renal impairment AVOID dialysis (CrCl ≤ 10ml/min) ?methotrexate ?probenecid ?? warfarin
Dose: Age 1-12
BW ≤ 15kg: 30mg BW ≤ 23kg: 45mg BW ≤ 40kg: 60mg
Age 13+/>40kg: 75mg
Duration: Treat = bd for 5 days
Prev = od for 10 days
NB Best with food
Relenza Age 5 and over Inhaled (Diskhaler): 5mg dose Use: pregnancy, renal disorders
SEs: 22 suspected ADRs since April V rare: 1 in 10,000 allergy, bronchospasm
Caution: persistent asthma/severe COPD
AVOID severe asthma Use bronchodilator before taking
AVOID: allergy to lactose/milk protein
Dose: 2 inhalations (2 blisters) = 10mg
Duration: Treat = bd for 5 days Prev = od for 10 or 28 days*
* Longer duration if community outbreak
Vaccination
VaccinationFirst batches expected October
Once licensed by European Medicines Agency (EMEA)Safety concerns (medical / case reports Guillain-Barre
1970’s)
Prioritised by risk Grp2 doses, 3 weeks apartAnnual flu vaccination also required
“Previous Swine-flu” does not reduce riskEven if received anti-virals Exception is lab (swab) +ve cases
1st Stage Contact
SCOTLAND ENGLAND
1. High Risk: age > 6m – 65 y 640,7005 m
2. Pregnant 60,000 0.5 m3. House contacts immunosuppr 53,000 0.5 m4. High-Risk: age > 65 y 428,250 3.5
m5. Frontline Health Professionals 250,000 2 m
_________ ________
TOTAL = 1.4 million 11 million
Complications
Complications NEJM 2009
Most common severe complications Respiratory Distress Pneumonia
Youth Shift: Age 5-59 87% of total Deaths (exp ~ 17%) 71% of Severe pneumonia
(exp~32%)
• Selective Antivirals (WHO Aug 2009)• High risk groups• Serious / deteriorating cases
=SOB / Resp distress / cyanosis /
haemoptysis / chest pain / fever >3d / confusion / low BP
Second Wave?
Is it coming back?Week until 14/9/9: Sentinel GP practice data
New cases in Scotland Higher now than start of August Past week 6181 Prev week 3336
Consultation rates Tayside > Scottish average Increasing age < 65 Decreasing age > 65
Complications Hospitalised 13 cases (1 ICU) Deaths 8 cases 2nd wave likely coincide with seasonal flu
Summary High Risk “Young people” Pregnancy Chronic Disease / immuno-
suppressed esp < 5y & >65y
Course Most mild self-care Mortality ~0.3% (= seasonal flu) Second-wave
Anti-virals Best evidence severe cases / high-
risk Treat based on risk groups ? Emerging resistance
Vaccination Late-October Normal flu-risk group 6m – 65yExtra: Frontline health-care workers
The End www.direct.gov.uk www.nhs24.com www.scotland.gov.uk www.rcgp.org.uk/pandemic www.hpa.org.uk www.bma.org.uk/
health_promotion_ethics/influenza
www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/respiratory/swine-influenza/situation-reports/weekly-h1n1v