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Title of Project : Techno Economic Feasibility Of Artificial Recharge Of

Aquifer As A Mitigatory Measures In Fluoride Affected Area Of Yavatmal

District, Maharashtra India

1.1 Introduction-

Government of India implemented the hydrology project phase II with financial

aids provided by International Development Association (World Bank). Under these

project, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India has approved 13 purpose driven

studies of ground water (vide let no MOWR/12/94/2005-B & B /vol-V/922-953 Dated

3/09/2008) And that of three purpose driven studies are with Ground water surveys

and development agency . Among these three, PDS project of Yavatmal district is

sanctioned. For this purpose, three villages were selected on pilot basis where

fluoride contamination is above permissible limits.

Consumption of 20 – 80 mg/l of fluoride over a period of more than 10 years

produces crippling fluorosis (skeletal damage) 50 mg/l produce thyroid changes, 100

mg/l produce growth retardation, more than 125 mg/l or 25 grams (single dose)

produce kidney function changes or even death. Thus, fluoride consumption in

excess is detrimental to the health of humans and animals. Hence, it is considered to

undertake Purpose Driven studies in the chronically affected Yavatmal district of

Maharashtra State.

1.2 Objectives Of Project :

1) Identification of litho units associated with fluoride content.

2) Assessment of ground water quality with special reference to fluorides.

3) Socio- economic impact including health hazards in the study area.

4) Influence of different kind of artificial schemes on fluoride reduction.

5) Feasibility studies for artificial recharge for fluoride mitigation.

6) Develop action plan to tackle the issue of fluoride contamination in the study area.

7) Undertaking widespread awareness campaign to mitigate causes and effects of

fluoride.

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1.3 Location and Demographic Information

The area selected for the above mentioned project under Hydrology Project – Phase II

comes in mini watershed PGK-4 (2/8) from Pandharkawada taluka, Yavatmal District.

This area falls in Survey of India Toposheet no.55 L/12 having quadrant A-2, A-3, B-2

and lies along the co-ordinates N20004’30’’/E78033’00’’ to N20007’50’’/ E78035’25’’. The

study area consists three villages viz, Sakhra, Dharna and Konghara of mini watershed

PGK–4 (2/8) located about 7 kms due North-West of Pandharkawda city on Nagpur-

Hydrabad Highway no.7. All the three (3 )Villages of the mini watershed are

accessible throughout the year by tar road.

Location of Study Area

Map-1

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Study Area at Glance

Sr.no. Name of Village Dharna Sakhra Bk. Konghara

1 District Yavatmal Yavatmal Yavatmal

2 Taluka Pandharkawda Pandharkawda Pandharkawda

3 Watershed no. PGK-4 (2/8) PGK-4 (2/8) PGK-4 (2/8)

4 Toposheet no. 55 L/12 55 L/12 55 L/12

5 Quadrant no. B – 2 A - 2 A -2, A - 3

6 Co-Ordinates

N 200 06’ 20’’

E 780 35’ 20’’

N 190 57’ 30’’

E 780 32’ 28’’

N 200 04’ 30’’

E 780 33’ 00’’

7 Altitude 272 m 268 m 260 m.

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Population (as per

Census 2001) 1072 1053 694

9 Geographical Area 578.33 Ha 400.00 Ha 619.00 Ha

10 Cultivable Land 512.5 Ha 362.00 Ha 524.2 Ha

11 Forest Area 0.0 Ha 25.00 Ha 75.4 Ha

12 Waste Land 65.5 Ha 12.9 Ha 19.4 Ha

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Public Drinking Water

Supply Well

1 no.+ Aqui. Of Irrg. BW in

Summer. 1 no. 1 no.

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Drinking water Dug

Wells 4 no./ 3 Use 1 no./ 1 use 2 no./ 2 use

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Drinking water Hand

Pumps 7 no. / 3 Use 3 no. / 1 use 7 no./ 7 use

16 Irrigation wells 20 no./ 15 Use 23 / 12 use 10 no. / 7 use

17 Irrigation Borewells 00 no. 03 no. 00 no.

18 Water conservation Structures

Percolation Tank 00 no. 1 no. 00 no.

K.T.Weir 00 no. 00 no. 1 no. - Disuse

Cement Plug 3 no. 2 no. 00 no.

19 Croping Seasons Crop Type

Kharif Cotton, Soyabean, Jawar

Rabbi Wheat, Gram, Vegetables

Perennial Other

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1.4 Drainage

Khuni river is the main drainage of the study area which is a major tributary of

Painganga basin. The study area is drained by a third order stream which is a main

tributary of Khuni river. Lower order drainages from the adjoining hilly area to North and

NE region of the study area drain the seasonally flowing stream thus forming a dendritic

drainage pattern. Valley cuttings along the main stream are shallow. Drainage map of

study area is shown below :

1.5 Geomorphology

The mini watershed PGK-4 (2/8) is situated in hilly, gently to moderately

slopping terrain. As per the previous analysis report out of 6 villages of the mini-

watershed, 3 villages are affected with fluoride contamination. These three(3) villages

are selected for study purpose. The thickness of capping of basalt ranges between 45

to 55 m. The general slope is towards south. The highest elevation of mini watershed is

290 m above MSL and minimum is 273 m above MSL. The mini watershed is located in

moderately dissected plateau i.e. MDP, the morpho index is B. No lineament are

observed passing through the area.

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1.6 Soils

Soil in the study area is the typical residual type Black Regur originating from the trap

of Deccan Basalt. Amygdules of quartz, calcite, zeolites are also recorded in the soil

indicating its insitu nature. In general the soil is poorly developed.It is a clayey

granular soil commonly known as Black Cotton Soil present in layer of 0.50 mtr to

2.50 mtr. Highly calcareous kankar in the soil is a common feature in the study area.

1.7 Geology

As per the earlier systematic hydrological survey work the traverses taken along the

nala cutting and road cutting shows that the area is covered by vesicular basalt. Local

patches of exposed massive trap are also noticed in North – West part of the area.

Unit R.L. (m) Thickness

in (m.)

Geological Formation

III 287 to 293 6.00 High to mod. Weathered and fractured

massive basalt

II 280 to 287 7.00 Weathered vesicular basalt

II 271 to 280 9.00 Moderately weathered fractured massive

basalt

I 264 to 271 7.00 Moderately weathered fractured horizontally

jointed massive basalt

Geologically, the study area is a part of the Deccan Volcanic province, trap

is present only as a capping over the basement. Deccan Volcanic province is

comprising of hard rock formation. It is characterized by volcanic basalt mainly

belonging to Ajanta, Chikhli, and Karanja formations of the Sahyadri Group ranging in

age from Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene. The basaltic lava flows are piled one

above the other with horizontal disposition. From the depth of 3.6m to 85.25 m four

distinct basaltic flows are encountered in borehole followed by Gondwana sediments

up to the depth of 100m and is continuing.

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The generalized stratigraphic succession of the area is as below:

Age Group Formation Lithology

Quaternery Alluvium

Cretaceous

to Eocene

Sahyadri

Group

Karanja Formation

2 to 5 flows (160m thick)

‘aa’ flow (50m thick)

Chikhli Formation

11 ‘aa’ and 1 compound

flow (90m thick)

Ajanta Formation

5 ‘aa’ and 9 pahoehoe

flows (154m thick)

Permian to

Triassic

Gondwana

Supergroup

Motur

Formation

Sandstone

(After: Prembabu & Bhai, 2008)

1.8 Hydrogeology

During field investigation in all 35 wells were examined for collecting

information pertaining to hydrology of the study area. Depth of wells, static water levels,

annual fluctuation of static water levels, well yield, general water quality, cropping

pattern etc were investigated for assessing hydrogeological characteristics of the study

area. The vesicular basalt and weathered jointed zones of the massive basalt act as

moderately productive phreatic aquifer in the wells of the study area.

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Depth of wells ranges between 6.00 to 11.00 meters. Depth to water level in

pre monsoon season are deeper ranging between 6.20 to 10.70 meters i.e, most of the

wells are dry in summer season. During post monsoon season the depth to water levels

of the wells range between 0.80 to 5.60 meters.

1.9 Landuse

The study area is characterized by undulating topography, low level

plateaus, isolated denudational hills, conical hills, ridges and mounds which have

resulted due to weathering and erosion of Deccan basaltic rocks. The plateau and

isolated hills are bounded by steep to moderate slopes. The general slope is towards

south The nature and extent of land utilization under different types in the village is

as follows ;

Total Geographic Area - 1597.42 ha

Area under forest - 100.5 ha

Cultivable Area - 1408.7 ha

Culturable Wasteland - 97.8 ha

1.10 Rainfall and Climate

As per the analysis of rainfall data from the nearest rainguage station at

Pandharkawda located due south of study area at distance of 5km, The average rainfall

of the study area is 954 mm. The monsoon rains occurs during the months of June to

October. Most of the total annual rainfall occurs due to southwest monsoon. The rainfall

is not uniform in all parts of the Yavatmal districts. Wani taluka in the eastern part of

district receive 1125 mm of rainfall. Darhwa taluka in the western part of the district

receive 889 mm of rainfall.

Yavatmal located in central receive 1099 mm of rain. Study area falls due eastern

part of the district. Rainfall data analysis of the study area of last eleven years from

2001 to 2010 shows that out of 11 years the deficit rainfall occurred for four years and

deficiency varies from - 8.79 % to - 35.37 % while seven years has excess of rainfall

which varies from + 6.36 % to 19.16%.

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Table showing Rainfall data of last 11 years

Sr.

no.

Year Annual

Rainfall

(mm)

Rainfall as compared

with Annual Average

Rainfall (901.63mm)

% Rainfall as

compared with

Annual Average

Rainfall (901.63 mm)

Deficit/

Surplus %

Rainfall

1 2001 1061 + 159.37 117.68 + 17.68 %

2 2002 1053 + 151.37 116.79 + 16.79 %

3 2003 742 - 159.63 82.3 - 17.7 %

4 2004 830 - 71.63 92 - 8 %

5 2005 1052.3 + 150.67 116.71 + 16.71 %

6 2006 967.9 + 66.27 107.35 + 7.35 %

7 2007 989.02 + 87.39 109.69 + 9.69 %

8 2008 588.13 - 313.50 65.23 - 34.77 %

9 2009 648.55 - 253.08 71.93 - 28.07 %

10 2010 1084.4 + 182.77 120.27 + 20.27 %

11 2011 1002.30 + 100.67 111.17 + 11.17 %

Average 901.63

The climate of study area is tropical. The average maximum temperature

attained in summer is 45c and average minimum temp in winter is 080C. Temperature

rises rapidly by beginning of March till May which is the hottest month with mean

maximum temperature 45.80C and the mean minimum temperature 28.30C. The heat in

summer is intense.

Winds are generally light to moderate with some strengthening during May to

August. In post monsoon and cold season winds generally flow from east to NE. By

March southwester lies and westerlies blow. In rest of summer season and SW

monsoon, winds are mostly from directions between SW and NW.

Humidity - Normally the humidity level is moderate throughout the year. Dryness

of the air goes increasing with onset of extreme summer, it gets worse if the previous

monsoon is scarce. In monsoon, the humidity levels are moderate to normal.

Cloudiness - Cloudiness is in the season of monsoon from July to September.

Rest of the year sky is clear. Sometimes, non monsoon clouds with thunder and

lightining are observed in month of October and December followed by showers. In

month of January and March the non monsoon clouds are with heavy winds, thunder,

lightining followed by hail.

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1.11 Drinking Water Status

The project area is having total population of 2819 as per 2001 census, it is a

rural population. The drinking water supply is provided through 3 pipe water supply

source wells one each to the villages of study area, 6 public wells along with 11

handpumps. Village Dharna PWS Source well and most of the domestic wells of the

study area are reported dry in the month of January to February end, except those

wells, which are located in the downstream of surface water bodies. Out of 11

handpumps, 2 handpumps are working seasonally and 9 handpumps are working

perennially. As most of the sources are contaminated due to fluoride and are above

permissible limit, the population is facing safe drinking water problem throughout the

year. The water requirement is made available by requisition of irrigation wells and

borewells located within the project area. The water requirement for domestic

purpose is given below :

Sr.

No.

Type of requirement Population Requirement

per unit (liter

per day)

Total requirement (ham per

annum)

1. Domestic (Rural) 2819 40 4.12

2. Animals 1500 20 1.10

Total 5.22

1.12 STATUS OF IRRIGATION

The entire economy of the area is based on agriculture. The irrigation practice is

conventional i.e. flood irrigation. The cultivators use manures and chemical fertilizers to

some extent. It is observed that area under Rabbi crop is confined to areas adjoining

the drainages and canal. The village wise cultivable area under different crop types is

as below- (Source – Revenue Department)

Kharif Crops - 1408.7 ha

Rabbi Crops - 225.0 ha

From the above statistics it is observed that the area under rabbi crop is

approximately 16 % as compared to Kharif Crop. It is due to non-sustainability of

sources depending on groundwater, revealing the picture of water availability in

the project area.

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1.13 Socio Economic Aspect

The people residing in study area are marginal farmers or farm labour. The

economic status in general is poor which affects their standard of living and also on the

eating habits. Food taken is not a balanced diet and is devoid of rich dairy products.

Result is Calcium devoid nutrition which might have resulted in minimizing the effects of

fluoride contaminated water intake. Also, the cheaper filtration methods of deflouridation

were not known to the people. Dental fluorosis is observed in most of the population of

wide range of age from children of 5 years to the elder peoples. In some old aged

peoples there signs of start of early skeletal fluorosis.

Awareness of the population was done by IEC campaign. A special workshop has

been carried in the Village Dharna. All the villagers, Mahila Bachat gats and students

residing in the affected study area were invited. In brief different mitigatory measures

were discussed to tackle the issue.

2.0 Methodology

Methodology (detailed with proposed design, manpower equipments, consultancy,

etc.) for undertaking the proposed study is as below :

1. Collection of secondary data to determine hydrological parameters. Other Technical

data collection related to this project.

2. Preparation of hydrological base maps and data delineation of hydrological units in

the three villages selected.

3. Collection of Ground water and rock sample for laboratory analysis to identify the

source of contamination of fluoride in water.

4. Socio-Economic survey to collect information on health hazard due to water quality

problem. IEC Campaigns.

5. Piezometers construction – In all ten number of piezometers constructed for monitoring

of groundwater quality at varying depths .

6. Monthly Water Sample collections – 34. Monthly Static Water Levels of observation

wells & Piezometers.

7. Geophysical Survey Work carried in the study area.

8. Conceptualization of the aquifer system to enable modeling studies.

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9. Chemical analysis and thin section reports reveal about the petrology and mineralogy

of the core sample from the study area carried by Geological Surveys of India.

10. Compilation of Collected Field data.

11. Techno-economic feasibility of artificial recharge structure for Fluoride mitigation.

Distribution of work among participating agencies

GSDA is the sole implementing agency. However, the analyses of soil/rock and other

related activities have been outsourced.

Duration of the project

The project has completed in three years period (2009-2011).

2.1 Monitoring Network

Conceptualization of the aquifer system to enable modeling studies and Techno-

economic feasibility of artificial recharge structure for Fluoride mitigation the aquifer

behavior studies were carried out regarding pre and post monsoon static water levels

fluctuation and their effect on the contamination of fluoride a monitoring network was

established. Along with existing monitoring stations, subsurface flow wise aquifer

system was identified by following methods :

1. Core drilling and its Petrographic and Geochemical studies.

2. Geophysical Survey studies.

3. On field logging of the Piezometers drilled.

Monthly Water sample collection from the study area is as follows ;

Sr. no.

Water Samples Collected from Month Remark

1 36 no. Sept – 09 From starting of project.

2 10 no. Dec-10 From Piezometers.

In open circulating system where the groundwater is mixing in shallow and

deeper aquifers, the lowering of fluoride in water may take long time, till then the desired

results can be achived by targeting the aquifer with lower concentration of fluoride as

seen from the piezometer net water sample analysis.

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2.2 Piezometers construction –

In all ten number of Piezometers constructed for monitoring of groundwater

quality at varying depths. Accordingly, the identified aquifers were sealed so as to quantify

the contamination thus resulting into systematic planning for preparing action plan for

suggesting Artifical Recharge structures for mitigation of fluoride in the study area. The

information about the Piezometers constructed in the following villages Dharna, Sakhra

and Konghara, of Tehsil Pandharkawda, District Yavatmal (M.S.). Details are given below ;

The groundwater sample analysis from the piezometers net constructed in study area

the piezometer tapping aquifer beyond 25 mtr depths have upper soil and weathered

thickness sealed by MS Class casing. At this depth of aquifer the fluoride values are

Sr. no. Name of Village Total no. of Piezometers Drilled

1 Dharna 4 no.

2 Sakhra 3 no.

3 Konghara 3 no.

Details of all the ten Piezometers drilled are as given below :

Sr.

no.

Name of

Village

Piezometer Depth

(mtr)

Depth of

casing

(mtr)

Station Code Depth of Aquifer

traped

1.

Dharna

1. Piezometer

2. Piezometer

3. Piezometer

4. Piezometer

75

58

32

16

58

32

16

6

DPz-1

DPz-2

DPz-3

DPz-4

58 to 75 mtr

32 to 58 mtr

16 to 32 mtr

6 to 16 mtr

2.

Sakhra

1. Piezometer

2. Piezometer

3. Piezometer

75

51

26

51

26

6

SPz-1

SPz-2

SPz-3

51 to 75 mtr

26 to 51 mtr

Upto 26 mtr

3.

Konghara

1. Piezometer

2. Piezometer

3. Piezometer

75

60

35

60

35

6

KPz-1

KPz-2

KPz-3

60 to 75 mtr

35 to 60 mtr

Upto 35 mtr

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found 1.7 to 3.00 ppm are minimal and manageable for dilution to achieve the desirable

limit of 1.00 ppm to permissible limit of 1.5 ppm. Thus, the aim of purpose driven study

is achieved by pinpointing the manageable aquifer that can be targeted to acquire the

desired result of controlling leaching of fluoride in the groundwater and facilitate the

people by providing them safe drinking water.

The rural population residing in the three fluoride villages can benefit from the study.

The findings of the study can be used to scale up similar studies not only in other

villages affected by fluoride from Yavatmal district, but also in villages from other

districts of Amravati and Nagpur region.

3.0 Core drilling and its Petrographic and Geochemical studies for

identification of Litho units associated with Fluoride

Core Logging and Sampling:

Run wise core logging was carried out from surface to 100m depth. The detailed

run wise borehole logging is given in the Annexure 1. Sampling was done at an interval

of about 1 m and wherever mineralogical variation is observed. A total of 100 nos. of

core samples was collected for petrographic and geochemical studies. The borehole

logging of Dharna village, Pandarkawada Taluka. Is given in plate.

Four distinct basaltic flows are encountered in the borehole followed by the

Gondwana sediments. The different flows are demarcated either by their typical top and

bottom flow characteristics or by the presence of red bole bed. Sharp contact is

recorded between the bottom most flow and Gondwana sediments.

On the surface dark grey colored soil is recorded persisting to a depth of 3 m. It

is mainly kankary, calcrete rich loose soil (with clay) spread over the basaltic flow.

Amygdales of quartz, calcite, zeolites are also recorded in the soil indicating its insitu

nature. In general the soil is poorly developed.

The top flow (Flow I) is characterized by the presence of large sized plagioclase

phenocryst measuring up to 5 cm in length and about 0.5 cm width and is termed as

Giant Plagioclase Basalt (GPB). The top flow is encountered at depth of 3.6m and

continued up to 6.45 m depth. Amygdales and vesicles density is more up to 5.7 m

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depth from the surface and drastically decreases with depth. The general amygdales

recorded in this flow are zeolites viz., green apophyllite and stilbite and honey yellow

colored fluorite.

The second basaltic flow (Flow II) is intersected at depth of 6.45m and continued

up to 32.82m.It is dark grey, fine grained, massive, porphyritic in nature. Secondary

fracture fillings are mainly chlorophaeitic material fluorite. At the depth of 32.82m, a

sharp contact is observed between massive, porphyritic basalt and greenish black, fine

grained, friable, vesicular basalt.

The third basaltic flow (Flow III) is intersected at depth of 32.82m up to 5.60m. It

is medium grained, black to greenish black, vesicular in nature. Vesicles are irregular in

shape, vary in sizes and filled with quartz, calcite, zeolite etc. Red bole bed is recorded

from 55.60 to 57.25 m. and brecciation between 57.25 m to 57.50 m. and is followed by

massive basalt upto 85.25m. (Flow IV). A contact is demarcated by red bole bed

between vesicular basalt (flow III) and massive basalt (Flow IV). Massive basalt is very

hard, compact, grayish black colored, fine grained with fracture fillings and poorly

vesicular.

Vesicles are recorded marking the base of the basaltic flow. At the depth of

85.25m a sharp contact is recorded between the massive basalt and sandstone of

Gondwana Supergroup. Sandstone of the Gondwana Supergroup is fine grained,

brownish to greenish in colour. It is gritty, pebbly in nature along with grey to brownish

colored, medium to coarse grained unsorted sand and reddish to greyish clay and are

recorded up to 100m. depth and beyond.

3.1 PETROGRAPHIC STUDY:

From the depth of 3.6m to 85.25m, four distinct basaltic flows are intersected in a

borehole followed by Gondwana sediments up to the depth of 100m. The petrographic

characteristics of these rocks are as follows :

Basalt of the top flow (Flow I) is mainly composed of calcic plagioclase

(labradorite to bytownite composition (approx.39% by visual estimation) + pyroxene

(approx.20%) (augite ± hypersthene), ± apatite(1%)+opaque minerals(20%)+glass( with

secondary minerals(20%) viz. palagonite+ fluorite ± calcite ± zeolite.

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Basalt is fine grained comprising calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene viz. augite.

These are texturally porphyritic in nature and exhibits inequigranular appearance

because of the phenocrysts. Phenocrysts of plagioclase and augite/hypersthene often

exhibit ophitic to subophitic texture (Fig.23). Plagioclase phenocrysts are subhedral and

embedded in very fine grained groundmass constituting essentially subhedral laths of

plagioclase and subhedral grains of augite with opaque minerals and glass. Some of the

olivine and interstitial glass shows intergranular to intersertal textures. Phenocryst of

hypersthene is observed at places (Fig.12). The length of plagioclase phenocryst varies

from 10µm to 300 µm, and width varies from 8 µm to 200µm termed as Gaint

Plagioclase Basalt (GPB). Zoned plagioclase phenocryst is observed at some places

(Fig.19).

Inclusion of apatite within plagioclase phenocryst is recorded (Fig.3). Density of

vesicles is more at the top of the flow and filled with fluorite, zeolite, and calcite along

with rim of palagonite. Glass is generally altered to yellow to dark brown palagonite.

Fluorite occurred as secondary fillings in fractures (Fig.14, 21 & 22) and vesicles (Fig.1,

2 &8) along with palagonite which shows two sets of cleavage and isotropism. The

concentration of fluorite mainly occurred at the core part of yellow to dark brown

palagonite in the vesicles. The more concentration of fluorite in vesicles is recorded

from the rocks at depth of 4.5m to 6.0m. Fractures are filled with fibrous calcite and

vesicles are filled with zeolite (viz. stilbite) and calcite along with palagonite. The density

of opaque minerals within the groundmass is more in the form of needles/grains/clots.

Basalt of the second flow (Flow II) is mainly composed of calcic plagioclase

(labradorite to bytownite composition (approx.36% by visual estimation) + pyroxene

(approx.23%) (augite ± hypersthene), ± apatite(1%)+opaque minerals(22%)+glass( with

secondary minerals(18%) viz. palagonite+ fluorite ±calcite. Basalts of this flow are fine

grained, porphyritic in nature exhibits inequigranular appearance because of the

phenocrysts of plagioclase. In general it shows ophitic to subophitic texture,

phenocrysts of plagioclase are embedded in fine grained groundmass constituting

plagioclase and augite with opaque minerals and glass. Fluorite occurs as secondary

filling in cavities and fractures along with palagonite.

Basalt of the third flow (Flow III) is mainly composed of calcic plagioclase (37%

by visual estimation) (labradorite to bytownite composition)) + pyroxene (21%) (augite ±

hypersthene), ± apatite(1%)+opaque minerals(18%)+glass(12%) with secondary

minerals(11%) viz. palagonite + fluorite ± calcite ± apophyllite ±zeolite (stilbite (Fig.6),

natrolite) ±quartz. Basalt of this flow is sparcely porphyritic and vesicular in nature. It is

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slightly medium grained and exhibits inequigranular appearance because of the

phenocrysts

and glomeroporphyritic aggregates (Fig.11). In general it shows ophitic to subophitic

texture. Phenocrysts of plagioclase and augite are subhedral and embedded in very fine

grained groundmass constituting plagioclase and augite with opaque minerals and

glass. Glass is generally altered to yellow to dark brown palagonite and green

chlorophaeitic material (Fig.15). Apophyllite(at some places)occurred as secondary

filling in vesicles with the rim of palagonite. Fluorite occurrs as secondary filling in

cavities and fractures along with palagonite and apophyllite at places Fig.16). The

density of opaque minerals is more in the form of needles/grains/thick masses.

Basalt of the bottom flow (Flow IV) is mainly composed of calcic plagioclase

(33% by visual estimation-labradorite to bytownite composition)) + pyroxene (23%)

(augite ± hypersthene), ± apatite(1%) + opaque minerals (21%) + glass (10%) with

secondary minerals(12%) viz. palagonite + fluorite ± calcite. The basalt is massive,

compact, fine grained, ophitic to subophitic texture in general. Phenocrysts of

plagioclase and augite/hypersthene are subhedral and embedded in very fine grained

groundmass of plagioclase and augite with opaque minerals and glass. Interstitial glass

exhibits intersertal textures. Opaque minerals viz. magnetite is subhedral, fine to

medium grained in the top and bottom portion of the flow however in the middle portion

of the flow, opaques occur in the interstitial spaces of plagioclase and pyroxene. At

places glomeropophyritic texture is observed. Inclusion of apatite within plagioclase

phenocryst is recorded. Fluorite occurrs as secondary filling in cavities and fractures is

the characteristic feature of this flow (Fig.4).Fractures are filled with fibrous calcite along

with palagonite (Fig.7&9). The density of opaque minerals is more in the form of grains

and its altered products as clots.

The rocks intersected after the basaltic flows, at the bottom level of the borehole,

are calcareous sandstone with ferruginous stains (Fig.17). The characteristics of this

rock is that they are medium to coarse grained, sub rounded to sub angular in nature.

The cementing material is calcareous and ferruginous and the main grains are mostly

quartz, feldspar (plagioclase, microcline), calcite, lithic fragments, fluorite and opaque

minerals. Fluorite is medium grained, two sets of cleavage intersecting at 110° and

isotropic in nature (Fig.18).

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3.2 GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS :

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) method is used for determination of fluorine in

rocks of the studied borehole. The analytical procedure involves a simple sintering of

sample with fusion mixture. The sintered mass after cooling is taken into solution in

water. Proper buffer solution is added and fluoride activities are measured from

electrochemical potential created by a fluoride ion selective electrode relative to

standard electrochemical cell. The reading is directly related to free fluorine content of

the sample solution. The detection limit is 100ppm.

Geochemical data (Annexure 2) reveals that the fluorine content varies from 101

ppm to 796ppm in rocks of the studied borehole. The high fluorine concentration ~Av.

422 ppm is presents in the top most basaltic flow, which is Gaint Plagioclase basalt with

a few amygdales of fluorite at places. The second flow is characterized by massive,

pophyritic with fracture filling; it is reported as ~Av. 402 ppm of fluorine content.

The high concentration of fluorine i.e. 796 ppm is reported at the contact between

IInd and IIIrd basaltic flow. The average fluorine content in this contact is 468 ppm. In

the IIIrd flow it is low as ~Av 187ppm which is sparsely porphyritic and vesicular in

nature. The vesicles are mainly filled with palagonite, fluorite, calcite, zeolite and

apophyllite. The fluorine content in ~Av. 266 ppm in the bottom most flow (Flow IV),

where the characteristics of basalt are massive, compact with fracture filling and less

vesicles. At depth of 32.8-33.57m, at the contact of massive, pophyritic basalt and

vesicular basalt, the high concentration of fluorine i.e.1000ppm is reported due to the

density of vesicles is more and filled with fluorite along with palagonite. At the contact

between bottom most flow (Flow IV) and Gondwana sediments, the average of fluorine

content is ~Av 476 ppm is reported. The total of 15 nos.of samples are analysed from

Gondwana sediments. The top portion of Gondwana sediments having fluorine

concentration is as low as ~Av.147 ppm while the bottom portion from 96.85 m. to 100

m. fluorine content is ~Av. 384 ppm. Graphical representation of the fluorine content in

the rocks of the borehole upto 100m depth, Dharna village is given in the Plate 3.

Fluorine content in average, in borehole core samples, Dharna village is given in

Plate 4.

18

3.3 FLUORIDE CONTENT IN THE ROCK SAMPLES OF CORE :

As per the petrographic study, fluoride bearing minerals viz. fluorite, apatite and

apophyllite are present in rocks of the studied borehole. Two types of possible sources

of fluorine concentration are recorded i.e. primary and secondary occurrences.

i) Primary Occurrence: Fluorite is occurred in sandstone of the Gondwana Supergroup.

ii) Secondary Occurrence: Fluorite occurred as secondary fillings in vesicles (cavities)

and in fractures of plagioclase phenocryst along with devitrified glass/palagonite

(altered glass)in the basaltic flows.

During petrographic studies it is noticed that, the fluorite concentration is

significant especially in amygdales of basaltic flows. It varies from 6 to 14 % in volume

within amygdales of all basaltic flows. However, apatite is recorded in all the flows up to

1 % of the sections studied. Presence of apophyllite up to 2 % in volume as secondary

filling is recorded within the third basaltic flow (Flow III). Chatterjee et al., 1987 has

reported apatite with up to 0.80% of normative composition of basalt in Yavatmal

district, where as apatite up to 0.5% has been reportedfrom basalts of North China by

Liuyong Zho Wan Hua 1990.

Geologically, the area covered by Deccan basaltic flows of the Ajanta, Chikhali

and Karanja Formation of the Sahyadri Group of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Paleocene

age. From the depth of 3.6m to 85.25m four distinct basaltic flows are encountered in

borehole followed by Gondwana sediments up to the depth of 100m and is continuing.

From the petrographic study, it is evident that

� The more concentration of fluorite occurrs as secondary fillings in vesicles

(cavities) and in fractures of plagioclase phenocryst along with devitrified glass /

palagonite (altered glass). Apophyllite also occurrs as secondary fillings in vesicles.

� Apatite is recorded as an inclusion within plagioclase phenocryst of basalt.

� Fine to medium grained fluorite occurrs in sandstone of the Gondwana

19

Sr.

no.

Formation Content of Fluoride in rock

Sample

Depth in mtr

1 Ist flow 422 ppm GL to 6.45 mtr

Fluoride Content in rock Samples at I&II flow contact is 468 ppm.

2 IInd flow 402ppm 6.45 to 33 mtr

Fluoride Content in rock Samples at II & III flow contact is1000ppm.

3 IIIrd flow 187ppm 33 to 55 mtr.

Fluoride Content in rock Samples at III & IV flow contact is 796 ppm.

------------------------ Red Bole ----------------------------

4 IVth flow 266 ppm 55 to 57mtr

Fluoride Content in rock Samples at IV flow and Gondwana contact is 476 ppm

5 Gondwana

(Top)

147 ppm

86 mtr

Gondwana

(Bottom)

384ppm 100mtr

Petrographic and Geochemical analysis of the rock samples and the chemical analysis

of the water samples from the study area reveals following inferences ;

1) Core drilling studies revealed that the Deccan trap capping is upto 86 meters and

beneath the formation is Gondwana (viz. Sandstone)

2) Water quality analysis reports show that Ca mg/lit content in groundwater inversly

proportional to the content of Fluoride in ppm. Also, same findings with increasing

Total Hardness.

3) Depletion of water table during late summer and decrease in percentage rainfall has

affected the quality of groundwater resulting in detoriation by increase of Fluoride

content.

4) Significantly the Fluoride Content is more in the deeper aquifer than in shallow one.

20

4.0 Geophysical Investigation

In order to study the pilot area, geophysical surveys have been carried out to

delineate the subsurface weathered mantle, vesicular/joints/fracture and impervious

basaltic rock formation and gondwana formation.

Electrical resistivity soundings are taken to investigate the variations in the resistivity

with depth. Measurements of the resistivity are taken with the help of Mc Ohm resistivity

meter (Japan). Schlumberger configuration was utilized to measure the resistivity of the

substrata.

The project area is comprised three villages. The main drainage is flowing from east

to west in the pilot area. In the pilot area total 41 vertical electrical soundings (VES)

were conducted.

Sr.

No.

Name of the

village

Total no. of VES

conducted Sr. No. of VES

1 KONGARA 19

VES1,2,3, W7S6, W6S6, W5S6, W8S5,

W7S5, W6S5, W5S5, W8S4, W7S4, W6S4,

W5S4, W4S4, W01, W6S2, W5S2, W4S2

2 SAKHARA 9 VES1,2,3, W4, W2, W0, N2W4, N2W2, N2

3 DHARNA 13 VES1,2,3, N2E2, N2E4, N3E6, N4W4, N4E2,

N4E4, N4E6, N6E2, N6E4, N6E6

TOTAL 41

A total 32 VES were conducted in

grid pattern with 500 m interval

INDEX

Village boundary

VES point locations

Plate No 1

21

Vertical electrical soundings were conducted across and along the main drainage

of the pilot area i.e. from village Kongara, Sakhara to Dharana. Soundings were

conducted along west to east direction. The sounding points were selected at every half

kilometer distance. The locations of all the sounding points are shown in plate no.1.

Total 8 lines are carried out in Kongara, Sakhara and Dharana villages i.e., L1, L11, L2,

L3, L4, L5, L6, L7 are shown in plate no. 2.

4.1 Interpretation of the Geophysical Data

The geophysical data has been plotted on double logarithmic graph for the

interpretations. Auxiliary point chart and two layer master curves prepared by Orellana

and Moony (1966) have been used to calculate the true resistivity and true thickness of

L7

L6

L5

L4

L3

L2

L11

L1

VES TAKEN LINES

VES taken line

Plate No 2

22

the electric layers. Otto Koefoed method (1979) has been used for the interpretation of

the geoelectric layers.

The analysis of field data has been carried out in two ways namely a) Qualitative

and b) Quantitative.

4.2 a. Qualitative Analysis & Iso Resistivity Studies:

Iso- resistivity maps of different depth levels are useful to study the horizontal

variations of the project area. Four types of three Iso - resistivity maps of apparent

resistivity values at three different half current electrode separation (AB/2) of 16 meters,

30 meters and 60 meters were generated by using software Map info 10.5 programmed

(Plate No. 3,4,5).

Main object of the study area is to find the fluoride affected subsurface formation.

Geophysical methods can not be detecting directly fluoride mineral of subsurface area.

It is known that fluoride mineral is filled as secondary deposition in

weathered/vesicular/fractured/jointed massive basalt, contact zones and sandstone.

Hence here object is to find weathered/vesicular/fractured/jointed massive basalt,

contact zones and sandstone area, which is affected by fluoride mineral.

These iso-resistivity maps show high resistivity zone, moderate resistivity zone

and low resistivity zone, which are helpful in delineating potential and non potential

zones in groundwater point of view, in the pilot area.

The maps indicate concentration of high resistivity contours broadly in northeast,

west and in some part of southwest portion of the pilot area. I The maps of AB/2 = 16,

AB/2 = 30 and AB/2 = 60, indicate that the central part is covered by the area having

high resistivity values,which indicates massive basalt.

The area covered by shades of light blue, green colors are interpreted as

potential zones . Light blue color range 40 – 60 Ohm.m, it indicates fractured, vesicular

and jointed basalt. Green color range 20 – 40 Ohm.m, it indicates weathered basalt.

The description for colors is given as follows.

Pink - Moderately resistivity zone - Top soil with sum clay

Green - Medium resistivity zone - Weathered Basalt

Light blue - Low resistivity zone - Fracture, vesicular and jointed basalt

Red - High resistivity zone - Compact, massive basalt

23

Iso resistivity map AB/2 – 16 m

The dark blue color is observed in Konghara, Dharna and sum part of Sakara

villages of pilot project showing very good groundwater potential. The northeast part is

covered with dark blue, which indicates good groundwater potential zone. The green

color is surrounded to blue color region, which indicates poorly weathered and fractured

basalt. There is red colored patch is observed in north-east part of pilot having high

resistivity zone with poor to nil ground water potential zone (Plate no 3).


The light blue colour is observed in Konghara, Dharna and some part of Sakhra

villages of pilot project showing very good groundwater potential. The southwest is also

covered with light blue, which indicates good groundwater potential zone. The green

colour is north, south and southwest region, which indicates poorly weathered and

fractured basalt. There is red colore is observed in north-east and central part of pilot

having high resistivity zone with poor to nil ground water potential zone (Plate no 4).

Konghara

Sakra bk

Dharna

1-20 ohm m (Top soil)

20-40 ohm m (Weathered basalt)

40-60 ohm m (Vesicular/fractured

/jointed basalt)

60-100 ohm m (Massive basalt)

INDEX

Plate No 3

24


The light blue color is observed in Konghara, Dharna and sum part of Sakara

villages of pilot project showing very good groundwater potential. The green color is

south and southwest region, which indicates poorly weathered and fractured basalt.

There is red colored patch is observed in north-east and central part of pilot having high

resistivity zone with poor to nil ground water potential zone (Plate no 5).



40-60 ohm m (Vesicular/

Fractured /jointed basalt)


INDEX

Dharna

Sakra bk

Konghara

Plate No 4


INDEX


40-60 ohm m (Vesicular,

Fractured/jointed basalt)


Konghara

Sakra bk

Dharna

Plate No 5

25

4.2 b. Quantitative Analysis:

All soundings data has been interpreted for different electric layers and based on

these layers eight geo-electric cross sections have been prepared, namely L1, L11, L2,

L3, L4, L5, L6 and L7. Brief discussion of each cross section is given below.

Geo electrical cross sections:

CROSS SECTION L1

The section L1 is drawn along west to east direction of the project area which

covers village Kongara of the project. This section exhibits seven electrical layers

comprising in that blue color range 5 – 12 ohm m indicates top soil with some clay.

Grey color range 20 – 30 ohm m indicates less kankar soil with more clay, Light biscuit

color range 4 – 10 ohm m indicates weathered basalt with clay. Light blue color range

25 – 35 ohm m indicates amygdaloidal basalt with sum quartz, zeolite. Gray color range

30 – 40 ohm m indicates prophyritic basalt, poorly fractured. Pink color range 40 – 70

ohm m indicates poorly fractured basalt. Red color range 80 – 160 ohm m indicates

compact massive basalt (Plate no 6).

LINE 1 CROSS SECTIONW7S6 257.026

W6S6 258.070

W5S6 257.650

255.726254.226252.726249.726

216.726

256.15255.15

246.15

233.15

200.15

Plate No 6

INDEX

5 -12 Ώm Loose soil with clay

20 - 30 Ώm Less kankar, soil with more clay

4 - 10 Ώm Weathered basalt with sum clay

25 - 35 Ώm Amygdaloidal basalt with sum quartz, zeolite

30 – 40 Ώm Massive prophyritic basalt, poorly fractured

40 - 70 Ώm Massive basalt, poorly jointed basalt

80 – 160 Ώm Massive basalt

26

CROSS SECTION L11


covers village Kongara of the project. This section exhibits eight electrical layers


Coffee color range 20 – 30 ohm m indicates less kankar soil with more clay, Light

biscuit color range 2 – 8 ohm m indicates weathered basalt with sum clay. Yellow color

range 10 – 20 ohm m indicates amygdaloidal basalt. Light blue color range 6 – 10 ohm

m indicates weathered basalt with sum clay. Gray color range 20 – 30 ohm m indicates

prophyritic basalt, poorly fractured. Light pink color range 30 – 50 ohm m indicates

porphyritic, fractured basalt. Pink color range 50 – 70 ohm m indicates poorly jointed

basalt. Red color range 80 – 160 ohm m indicates compact massive basalt (Plate no 7).

S SECTION L2

LINE 11 CROSS SECTION

W8S5

258.324

W7S5

258.021

W6S5

257.71

W5S5

257.081

256.824255.824

254.824

242.824

231.824220.824

195.824

255.881

252.881

245.881

235.881

235.881210.881

197.824

Plate No 7

6 -10 Ώm Loose soil with clay



10 - 20 Ώm Amygdaloidal basalt

20 - 30 Ώm Massive prophyritic basalt, poorly fractured

30 - 50 Ώm Massive prophyritic basalt, fractured


80 – 160 Ώm Massive basalt

INDEX

27



comprising in that blue color range 5 – 10 ohm m indicates loose soil with sum clay.

Coffee color range 20 – 45 ohm m indicates less kankar soil. Light biscuit color range

4 – 10 ohm m indicates weathered basalt with sum clay. Yellow color range 2 – 3 ohm

m indicates clay. Light blue color range 6 – 10 ohm m indicates weathered with sum

clay. Gray color range 50 – 60 ohm m indicates prophyritic basalt, poorly fractured. Pink

color range 90 – 140 ohm m indicates poorly jointed basalt. Red color range 300 – 500

ohm m indicates compact massive basalt. (Plate no 8).


W8S4

259.826

W7S4

258.621

W6S4

258.27

W4S4

259.214

257.826253.826

245.826

229.826

201.826

188.826

258.114

257.614

238.514232.514

228.514202.514

Plate No 8

INDEX

5 - 10 Ώm Loose soil with clay

20 - 45 Ώm Less kankar, soil


2 - 3 Ώm clay

6 - 10 Ώm Weathered basalt



300 - 500 Ώm Massive basalt

28

CROSS SECTION L3



comprising in that blue color range 10 – 12 ohm m indicates loose soil with clay. Brown

color range 40 – 60 ohm m indicates exposed massive basalt. Light biscuit color range

2 – 10 ohm m indicates weathered basalt with sum clay. Light pink color range 10 – 50

ohm m indicates amygdaloidal basalt. Gray color range 40 – 80 ohm m indicates

prophyritic basalt, fractured. Light blue color range 20 – 40 ohm m indicates porphyritic

basalt, poorly fractured. Pink color range 90 –140 ohm m indicates poorly jointed basalt.

Red color range 200– 400 ohm m indicates compact massive basalt (Plate no 9).


W01 271.868

W6S2 271

W5S2 270.892

W4S2 271.683

270.668

263.668

270.183

261.183256.83

201.83

258.668

230.668

183.668

Plate No 9

INDEX


40 - 60 Ώm Exposed massive basalt


10 - 50 Ώm Amygdaloidal basalt

40 - 80 Ώm Massive prophyritic basalt, fractured



200 - 400 Ώm Compact Massive basalt

29

CROSS SECTION L4


covers village Sakara of the project. This section exhibits eight electrical layers

comprising in that blue color range 40 – 120 ohm m indicates Top soil. Coffee color

range 60 – 100 ohm m indicates less kankar soil. Light biscuit color range 30 – 40 ohm

m indicates weathered basalt with some clay. Red color range 200 – 400 ohm m

indicates massive basalt. Gray color range 50 – 80 ohm m indicates weathered

fractured, poorly fractured basalt. Light blue color range 40 – 50 ohm m indicates

porphyritic, poorly fractured basalt. Pink color range 50 – 100 ohm m indicates massive

basalt with poorly fractured basalt. Thick red color range 500 – 1200 ohm m indicates



W4 265.021

W2 264.54

W0 263.982

263.521263.021262.421258.421250.421

227.421

262.982261.982

231.982

218.982

205.982

198.982

Plate No 10

INDEX

40 - 120 Ώm Loose soil

60 - 100 Ώm Less kankar, soil


50 - 80 Ώm Weathered basalt, poorly fractured basalt


50 - 100 Ώm Massive basalt, poorly fractured basalt

200 - 400 Ώm Massive basalt 500 - 1200 Ώm Hard massive basalt

30

CROSS SECTION L5


covers villages Sakara and Dharna of the project. This section exhibits eight electrical

layers comprising, in that blue color range 9 – 45 ohm m indicates loose soil. Coffee

color range 4 – 8 ohm m indicates less kankar soil with more clay. Light biscuit color

range 2 – 8 ohm m indicates weathered basalt with some clay. Grey color range 40 – 80

ohm m indicates porphyritic, fractured basalt. Light blue color range 13 – 20 ohm m

indicates vesicular basalt with sum clay. Red color range 100 – 1200 ohm m indicates



N2W4 268.868

N2W2 266.33

N4 272.23 N2E2

269.932

N2E6 264.826

267.368266.868

260.868

257.868

250.868

N2E4 269.932

263.326263.326

239.326

Plate No 11

INDEX

9 - 45 Ώm Loose soil




40 - 80 Ώm Massive porphyritic basalt, fractured basalt

13 - 20 Ώm Vesicular basalt with sum clay


500 – 1200 Ώm Hard massive basalt

31

CROSS SECTION L6


covers village Sakara and Dharna of the project. This section exhibits eight electrical

layers comprising in that blue color range 10 – 35 ohm m indicates top soil with sum

clay. Coffee color range 5 – 20 ohm m indicates kankar with some clay. Light biscuit

color range 20 – 40 ohm m indicates weathered basalt. Yellow color range 4 – 6 ohm m

indicates clay. Light blue color range 10 – 20 ohm m indicates massive porphyritic

basalt with sum clay. Thick blue color range 20 – 40 ohm m indicates poorly jointed,

vesicular basalt. Red color range 60 – 650 ohm m indicates compact massive basalt

(Plate no 12).

LINE 6 CROSS SECTIONN4E4 283.76

N4E2 273.84

N4E2 273.84

N4E2 282.61

282.26280.76

274.26

269.26

257.26

234.26

281.11279.11277.11

271.11

251.11

224.11

Plate No 12





4 - 6 Ώm Clay

10 - 20 Ώm Massive prophyritic basalt with sum clay


200 - 650 Ώm Hard massive basalt

INDEX

32

CROSS SECTION L7


covers village Sakara of the project. This section exhibits eight electrical layers


Light biscuit color range 20 – 45 ohm m indicates weathered basalt. Grey color range

40 – 80 ohm m indicates massive porphyritic, fractured basalt. Light blue color range

5 – 15 ohm m indicates poorly jointed, vesicular basalt with sum clay. Pink color range

40 – 65 ohm m indicates fractured basalt. Red color range 100 – 2500 ohm m indicates



N4E2 278.48

N4E2 273.84

N4E2 278.86

277.28273.28234.26269.28263.76

277.36

257.16

241.16

240.66

250.78

192.66

Plate No 13

INDEX

100 - 110 Ώm Exposed massive basalt




40 - 80 Ώm Massive porphyritic basalt, fractured basalt

5 - 15 Ώm Massive basalt, poorly jointed basalt with sum clay

40 – 65 Ώm Fractured basalt

200 – 2500 Ώm Compact massive basalt

33

Kongara single point resistance log data, apparent resistivity graphs correlation

and interpretation

At Kongara piezometer site, single point resistance log and one VES are

conducted. Logging data and VES data are correlated and plotted in centimeter graph.

Using VES data, apparent resistivity graph was plotted and interpreted. In VES

interpretation nine layers are exhibits, in that first layer resistivity 15.5 ohm m having

thickness 1.5 m indicates top soil, second layer resistivity 12.5 ohm m having thickness

1 m indicates weathered basalt, soil mix with kankar, third layer resistivity 10.25 ohm m

having thickness 3 m indicates weathered basalt, soil mix with clay and kankar, fourth

layer resistivity 336 ohm m having thickness 10 m indicates massive basalt, fifth layer

resistivity 56 ohm m having thickness 19 m indicates vesicular, fractured, sixth layer

resistivity 76 ohm m having thickness 10 m indicates zeolitic trap, seventh layer

resistivity 116 ohm m having thickness 20 m indicates massive basalt, eighth layer

resistivity 9 ohm m having thickness 0.8 m indicates red bole, ninth layer resistivity 88

ohm m indicates Sandstone (plates 14, 15, 16).

Plate No 14 Single point resistance log at Kongara piezometer site

Ap

p.

Re

sV

alu

es.

AB/2 in mts

34

Sakhra single point resistance log data, apparent resistivity, factor and reciprocal

graphs Trend and interpretation

At Sakhra Piezometer site single point resistance log and three VES are

conducted. Logging data and VES data was correlated and plotted in centimeter graph.

Using VES data apparent resistivity graph, factor graph, reciprocal graph was plotted

and interpreted. In VES interpretation tenth layers are exhibits, in first layer resistance

range 90 ohm m having thickness 1.5 m indicates weathered basalt, second layer

resistance range 300 ohm m having thickness 7 m indicates massive basalt, third layer

resistance range 875 ohm m having thickness 23.5 m indicates hard massive basalt,

fourth layer resistance range 501 ohm m having thickness 15 m indicates massive

App.Res.CURVE

1

10

100

1 10 100 1000

AB/2 in Mts

Ap

p.R

es

.Va

lue

s

Plate No 15 Apparent resistivity cure at Kongara piezometer site

Kongara piezometer site VES 1 interpretationPlate No 16

LAYER NOLAYERS TRUE

RESISTIVITY

LAYERS TRUE

THICKNESS

CUMULATTIVE THICKNESS

(RL – CU TH)

RL = 258.627 M PROBABLE LITHOLOGY

LAYER 1 ρ1 = 15.5 OHM t1 = 1.5 MTS Ct1 = 1.5 MTS 257.127 Top soil

LAYER 2 ρ2 = 12.5 OHM t2 = 1 MTS Ct2 = 2.5 MTS 256.127 Weathered basalt, soil mix

with kankar

LAYER 3 ρ3 = 10.25 OHM t3 = 3 MTS Ct3 = 5.5 MTS 253.127 Weathered basalt, soil mix

with clay and kankar

LAYER 4 ρ4 = 336 OHM t4 = 10 MTS Ct4 = 15.5 MTS 243.127 Massive basalt

LAYER 5 ρ5 = 56 OHM t5 = 19 MTS Ct5 = 34.5 MTS 224.127 Vesicular, fractured basalt

LAYER 6 ρ6 = 76 OHM t6 = 10 MTS Ct6 = 64.5 MTS 214.127 Zeolitic trap


LAYER 8 &

LAYER 9

ρ8 = 9 OHM

ρ9 = 88 OHM

t8 = 0.8 MTS

t9 = -- --

Ct8 = 65.3 MTS

Ct9 = --- ---

193.327

--- ----

Red bole

Sandstone

35

Sakara sinlge point resistance log data, apparent resistivity graphs correlation

and interpretation

At Sakara piezometer site, single point resistance log and one VES are conducted.

Logging data and VES data are correlated and plotted in centimeter graph. Using VES

data, apparent resistivity graph was plotted and interpreted. In VES interpretation ten

layers are exhibits, in that first layer resistivity 90 ohm m having thickness 1.5 m

indicates weathered basalt, second layer resistivity 300 ohm m having thickness 7 m

indicates massive basalt, third layer resistivity 875 ohm m having thickness 23.5 m

indicates hard massive basalt, fourth layer resistivity 501 ohm m having thickness 15 m

indicates massive basalt, fifth layer resistivity 99 ohm m having thickness 16 m indicates

fractured basalt, sixth layer resistivity 54 ohm m having thickness 10 m indicates

vesicular basalt, seventh layer resistivity 10 ohm m having thickness 0.84 m indicates

red bole, eighth layer resistivity 102 ohm m having thickness 14 m indicates fractured

basalt, ninth layer resistivity 238 ohm m having thickness 22 m indicates massive

basalt, tenth layer resistivity 164 ohm m indicates Sandstone (plates 17, 18, 19).

Single point resistance log at Sakara piezometer site Plate No 17

Ap

p.

Res

Va

lues.

AB/2 in mts

36

APP.RES.CURVE

1

10

100

1 10 100 1000

AB/2 in Mts

Ap

p.R

es.V

valu

es

Apparent resistivity cure at Sakara piezometer site Plate No 18

Sakara piezometer site VES 1 interpretationPlate No 19

LAYER NO APP RES LA THICK CU THICKNESS

(RL – CU TH)

RL = 264.250 M PROBABLE LITHOLOGY

LAYER 1 ρ1 = 90 OHM t1 = 1.5 MTS Ct1 = 1.5 MTS 262.75 Weathered basalt


LAYER 3 ρ3 = 875 OHM t3 = 23.5 MTS Ct3 = 32 MTS 232.25 Hard massive basalt

LAYER 4 ρ4 = 501 OHM t4 = 15 MTS Ct4 = 47 MTS 217.25 Massive basalt

LAYERS 5 ρ5 = 99 OHM t5 = 16 MTS Ct5 = 63 MTS 201.25 Fractured basalt

LAYER 6 ρ6 = 54 OHM t6 = 10 MTS Ct6 = 73 MTS 191.25 Vesicular basalt

LAYER 7

&

LAYER 8

ρ7 = 10 OHM

ρ8 = 102 OHM

t7 = 0.84 MTS

t8 = 14 MTS

Ct7 = 73.84 MTS

Ct8 = 87.84 MTS

190.41

176.41

Red bole

Fractured basalt

LAYER 9

&

LAYER 10

ρ9 = 238 OHM

ρ10 = 164 OHM

t9 = 22 MTS

T10 = -- --

Ct9 = 109.84 MTS

Ct10 = --- ---

154.41

--- ----

Massive basalt

Sandstone

37

Dharana single point resistance log, apparent resistivity graphs correlation and

interpretation

At Dharana piezometer site, single point resistance log and one VES are

conducted. Logging data and VES data are correlated and plotted in centimeter graph.

Using VES data, apparent resistivity graph was plotted and interpreted. In VES

interpretation, eleven layers are exhibits, in that first layer resistance range 26 ohm m

having thickness 3 m indicates Soil mix with clay and kankar, second layer resistivity 32

ohm m having thickness 3 m indicates Weathered basalt with amygdaloidal basalt, third

layer resistivity 48 ohm m having thickness 7 m indicates Massive basalt with poorly

fractured basalt, fourth layer resistivity 115 ohm m having thickness 13 m indicates

massive basalt, fifth layer resistivity 88 ohm m having thickness 12 m indicates Massive

basalt with poorly fractured basalt. sixth layer resistivity 64 ohm m having thickness 7 m

indicates Massive basalt with Poorly vesicular basalt, seventh layer resistivity 284 ohm

m having thickness 14 m indicates compact massive basalt, eighth layer resistivity 104

ohm m having thickness 0.8 m indicates Porphyritic basalt with vesicular basalt, ninth

layer resistance range 7 ohm m having thickness 0.2 m indicates red bole, tenth layer

resistance range 448 ohm m having thickness 28 m indicates compact massive basalt,

eleventh layer resistance range 164 ohm m indicates Sandstone (plates 20, 21, 22).

Single point resistance log at Dharana piezometer site Plate No 20

Ap

p.

Re

sV

alu

es.

AB/2 in mts

38

APP.RES.CURVE

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100

AB/2 in Values

Ap

p.R

ES

.Vla

ue

s

Apprenst resistivity cure at Dharana piezometer site Plate No 21

Dharana piezometer site VES 1 interpretationPlate No 22

LAYER NO APP RES LA THICKCU THICKNESS

(RL – CU TH)

RL = 325 M PROBABLE LITHOLOGY

LAYER 1 ρ1 = 26 OHM t1 = 3 MTS Ct1 = 3 MTS 322 Soil mix with clay and kankar

LAYER 2 ρ2 = 32 OHM t2 = 3 MTS Ct2 = 6 MTS 319

Weathered basalt with

amygdaloidal basalt

LAYER 3 ρ3 = 48 OHM t3 = 7 MTS Ct3 = 13 MTS 312

Massive basalt with poorly

fractured basalt

LAYER 4 ρ4 = 115 OHM t4 = 13 MTS Ct4 = 26 MTS 299 Massive basalt

LAYERS 5

&

LAYERS 6

ρ5 = 88 OHM

ρ6 = 64 OHM

t5 = 12 MTS

t6 = 7 MTS

Ct5 = 34 MTS

Ct6 = 41 MTS

287

280

Massive basalt with

Poorly fractured basalt.

Massive basalt with

Poorly vesicular basalt

LAYER 7 ρ7 = 284 OHM t7 = 14 MTS Ct7 = 55 MTS 266 Compact massive basalt

LAYER 8

&

LAYER 9

ρ8 = 104 OHM

ρ8= 7 OHM M

t8 = 0.8 MTS

t8 = 0.2 MTS

Ct8 = 55.8 MTS

Ct7 = 56 MTS

265.20

265

Porphyritic basalt with

vesicular basalt

Red bole

LAYER 10

&

LAYER 11

ρ10 = 448 OHM

ρ11 = 164 OHM

t10 = 28 MTS

t11 = -- --

Ct10 = 84 MTS

Ct11 = --- ---

237

--- ----

Compact massive basalt

Sandstone

39

TREND OF GSI PETROGRAPHIC REPORT AND GSDA ELECTRICAL LOGGING

REPORT

GSI PETROGRAPHIC DISCRIPTION GSDA ELECTRICAL LOGGING

DISCRIPTION

As per GSI Petrographic description of

core drilling report at Dharna, from 30.00

to 33.57 m depth rock is fine grained,

fractured basalt. Few grains of fluoride

occurs as secondary fillings in fractures

and cavities along with altered glass

(palagonite). (Plate no 27)

As per GSDA resistivity logging report at

Dharna, from 28.00 to 34.00 m depth

fracture zone and Cavities demarcated

(Dharna normal down log in piezometer

1, Plate no 23).

Note: GSDA logger has struck from

28.00 to 35.00 m depth (cavities) while

logging.

From 33.57 to 38.00 m depth rock is fine

grained, vesicular basalt. Fluoride and

zeolite occurs as secondary fillings in

vesicles. (Plate no 27)

From 34.00 to 40.00 m depth vesicular

zone demarcated (Dharna normal down

log in piezometer 2, Plate no 24).


to medium grained, vesicular and

fracture basalt. Fluoride occurs as

secondary fillings in vesicles and

fractures. (Plate no 27)


and fracture zones demarcated (Dharna

normal down log in piezometer 2, Plate

no 24).


to medium grained, vesicular and

fracture basalt. Fluoride occurs as

secondary fillings in fractures and

cavities along with altered glass

(palagonite). (Plate no 27)


and fracture zones demarcated (Dharna

normal up log in piezometer 1 & 2, Plates

no 25, 26).

Note: GSDA logger has struck from

65.00 to 75.00 m depth (cavities) while

logging.

40

Dharna normal down log in piezometer 1Plate No 23

Plate No 24 Dharna normal down log in piezometer 2

41

Plate No 26 Dharna normal up log in piezometer 2

Plate No 25 Dharna normal up log in piezometer 1

42

TREND OF GSI GEOCHEMICAL REPORT AND GSDA ELECTRICAL LOGGING

REPORT

GSI GEOCHEMICAL DISCRIPTION GSDA ELECTRICAL LOGGING

DISCRIPTION

As per GSI geochemical data two distinct

zones of high concentration >200 ppm of

fluoride is presented between depth from

30 to 34 m and 68 to 73 m.

As per GSDA resistivity logging data two

highly fracture, vesicular zones and cavities

demarcated between depth of 28.00 to

34.00 m and 68 to 74 m (Dharna normal

down and up logs in piezometer 1 & 2,

Plates no 23, 24, 25, 26).

Note: GSDA logger has struck from 28.00

to 35.00 m depth (cavities) and from

65.00 to 75.00 m depth (cavities)

while logging.

Recording of Borewell Data Pandarkawda, Yavatmal,

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Core Recovery Drill in percentage<

---L

en

gh

of

Ru

n (

m)

in d

ep

th

Series1

Plate No 27

43

4.3 Conclusions of Geophysical Investigation

Conclusions as per AB/2 = 16 m, AB/2 = 30 m, AB/2 = 60 m of Iso resistivity

maps interpretation

1). Iso resistivity map AB/2 = 16 m having fluoride mineral may filled as secondary

deposition in weathered/vesicular/fractured/jointed massive basalt zones shown in

blue and green color of north, northeast side is more in Dharana village, north side is

less in Sakara village and south side is medium in Kongara village.



light blue and green color of north, northeast side is more in Dharana village, north

side is very less in Sakara village and south side is less in Kongara village.



light blue and green color of north side is less in Dharana village, south and south

west side is less in Sakara village and south side is less in Kongara village.

Finally as per geophysical data, fluoride mineral may filled as secondary deposition in

weathered/vesicular/fractured/jointed massive basalt zones in Dharana village is more

at 16 m depth, in Sakara village is less at 30 m depth and in Kongara village is more at

60 m depth.

Conclusions as per cross sections, logs and VES interpretations

4). Cross sections L1, L11, L2, L3, Kongara log and Kongara VES having fluoride

mineral may filled as secondary deposition in vesicular, fractured massive basalt

19 m thickness at shallow depth from 15.5 m to 34.5 m and primary deposition in

Sand stone at deeper depth from 65.3 m onwards in Kongara village.

5). Cross sections L4, L5, L6, Sakara log and Sakara VES having fluoride mineral may

filled as secondary deposition in vesicular, fractured massive basalt 16 m thickness

at medium depth from 47 m to 63 m depth and 14 m thickness at deeper depth from

73.84 m to 87.84 m depth and also primary deposition in Sand stone at deeper depth

from 109.84 m onwards in Sakara village.

6). Cross sections L5, L6, L7, Dharana log and Dharana VES having fluoride mineral

may filled as secondary deposition in fractured, vesicular massive basalt 7 m

thickness at shallow depth from 6 m to 13 m and 19 m thickness at medium depth

from 26 m to 41 m and also primary deposition in Sand stone at deeper depth

from 84 m onwards in Dharana village.

44

7). Dharna normal up and down logs in piezometers 1 & 2 having fluoride mineral may

filled as a secondary deposition in fractured massive basalt and cavities 6 m

thickness at medium depth from 28 m to 34 m depth, vesicular massive basalt 6 m

thickness at medium depth from 34 m to 40 m depth, fractured and vesicular

massive basalts 6 m thickness at medium depth from 40 m to 46 m depth, vesicular

and fractured massive basalt 6 m thickness at deeper depth from 68 m to 74 m

depth in Dharana village.

Finally as per geophysical data, fluoride mineral may filled as secondary

deposition in fractured & vesicular massive basalt zones in Kongara village from 15.5 m

to 34.5 m depth, in Sakara village from 47 m to 63 m depth and from 73.84 m to 87.84

m depth, in Dharana village from 6 m to 13 m depth and from 26 to 41 m depth.

Fluoride mineral may filled as primary deposition in Gondwana formation in

Kongara village from 65.3 m depth onwards, in Sakara village from 109.84 m depth

onwards, in Dharana village from 84 m depth onwards.

45

5.0 Chemical Analysis of Groundwater

Figure 1 Dental fluorosis

Figure 2 - Skeletal Fluorosis

It is considered to undertake Purpose Driven studies in the chronically affected Yavatmal

district of Maharashtra. Capping of Deccan basalt covers the area selected for project..

Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency envisages to undertake the above

mentioned project so as to understand and mitigate the root cause of fluoride

contamination, in terms of its depth and aerial extension. For this purpose 3 villages are

selected on a pilot basis where fluoride contamination is above permissible limits. Due to

the weathered nature of the trap, it will be useful to mitigate the artificial recharge of

aquifer to delineate the problem

46

Chemical analysis Water samples from above said villages were collected in polyethylene bottles between

the year 2009-2011 and to till days and analysed for, pH, EC, TDS, F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4

2-,

Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Fe2+ and K+ as per standard procedures for the examination of water

and waste water prepared and published by American public health association,

American water work association, Water pollution control federation. The F-, NO3-

,SO42- , Fe2+ ions were determined by Spectrophotometerically, F- was also done by

ion selective electrode; Ca2+ and Mg2+ were analysed by EDTA method, while Na+

and K+ by emission mode of the atomic emission spectrotometer. Chemical standards

and blanks were run and replicate analysis of each sample was done for each

parameter and variations were ±5 - 10%.

Chemical data interpretation of Konghara village

� In the technology of HP, the fluoride concentration varies from 0.6 to 3.5 ppm and

in case of DW the fluoride concentration varies from 0.2 to 1.7 ppm.

� The chemical analysis results clearly indicate that the samples from deeper aquifers

have higher fluoride as compared to shallow aquifers

� The chemical data also exhibits that the pH of ground water in deeper aquifers is

higher as compared to shallow aquifers.

� As far as seasonal variation is concerned, the fluoride concentration was in the

following order, post monsoon < pre monsoon. The Graph 1 and Graph 2 clearly

indicates that the concentration of fluoride is higher for the pre monsoon and dilution

is observed after the post monsoon in both Handpump and Dugwell.

� The concentrations of calcium are less where fluoride concentration found higher as

can be seen in Graph 10 and 12.

� The concentrations of sodium are mores where fluoride concentration found higher

as can be seen Graph 11 and 13.

47

Graphical presentation of trend of Fluoride concentration in HP, Konghara village

Graph 1. Month versus fluoride concentration in Hand-pump of Konghara village.

The Graph 1 exhibit maximum fluoride concentration in the month of June (3.3 ppm)

in kongara village. The trend of fluoride concentration is lower in case of post monsoon

and higher concentration in case of pre monsoon .

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration in DW of village

Konghara

Graph 2 - Month versus fluoride concentration in Dug-well of Konghara village.

The Graph . 2 exhibit maximum fluoride concentration in the month of April (1.6 ppm) in

kongara village. The trend of fluoride concentration is lower in case of post monsoon

and higher concentration in case of pre monsoon .

48

Chemical data interpretation of Dharna village

� In the technology of HP, the fluoride concentration varies from 1.0 to 6.9 ppm and

in case of DW the fluoride concentration varies from 0.6 to 2.2 ppm.


have higher fluoride as compared to shallow aquifers.






is observed after the post monsoon in both HP and DW technology.


can be seen .


as can be seen .

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration in HP, Dharana village

Graph 3- Month versus fluoride concentration in Hand-pump of Dharna village.

The Graph 3 exhibit maximum fluoride concentration in the month of June (6.1 ppm)

in Dharana village. The trend of fluoride concentration is lower in case of post monsoon

and higher concentration in case of pre monsoon.

49

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration in DW, Dharana

village

Graph 4 Month versus fluoride concentration in Dug-well of Dharna

The Graph. 4 exhibit maximum fluoride concentration in the month of June 2011 in

Dharana village. The trend of fluoride concentration is lower i.e. 1.0 ppm in case of

post monsoon and higher concentration in case of pre monsoon .i.e.2.2 ppm.

Chemical data interpretation of Sakhara village

� In the technology of HP, the fluoride concentration varies from 1.0 to 2.8 ppm and in

case of DW the fluoride concentration varies from 0.6 to2. 4 ppm.


have higher fluoride as compared to shallow aquifers






is observed after the post monsoon in both HP and DW technology.


can be seen


as can be seen

50

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration in Sakhara for HP

Graph 5 - Month versus fluoride concentration in Hand-pump of Sakhara village.

The trend of fluoride concentration is lower in case of post monsoon (Sept. 2009 to Feb.

2010) and Jul. 2010 to December 2010 and higher concentration in case of pre

monsoon ( March –June 2010).

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration in Sakhara for DW

Graph 6 Month versus fluoride concentration in Dug-well of Sakhara village.

The trend of fluoride concentration is lower in case of post monsoon i.e.0.8 ppm and

higher concentration in case of pre monsoon i.e.2.2 ppm.

51

Trend observed in groundwater of study area.

Graph 7 - Trend of Calcium & Fluoride in Hand-pump

Graph 7 exhibits the Trend between calcium and fluoride. As the concentration of

fluoride increases with respect to it the concentration of calcium decreases. This

shows that there is inverse Trend .

Graph 8- Trend of Sodium & Fluoride in Hand-pump

Graph 8 exhibits the Trend between Sodium and fluoride. As the concentration of

fluoride increases with respect to it the concentration of Sodium increases. This shows

that there is direct Trend .

52

Graph 9 - Trend of Calcium & Fluoride in Dug-well

Graph 9 exhibits the Trend between calcium and fluoride. As the concentration of

fluoride increases with respect to it the concentration of calcium decreases. This

shows that there is inverse Trend .

Graph 10- Trend of Calcium & Fluoride in Dug-well

Graph 10 exhibits the Trend between Sodium and fluoride. As the concentration of

fluoride increases with respect to it the concentration of Sodium increases. This

shows that there is direct Trend .

53

Variation of Fluoride in case of Piezometer in study area : Graphical

representation of trend of Fluoride concentration.

Graph – 11 Depth wise Fluoride concentration of Konghara village

� Graph 11 exhibits that there is the fluoride concentration of Konghara pizometer

1,2,3 (Depth 70 meter,60 meter,35 meter)varies from 3.6 to 4.2,2.0 to 2.4 and 2.2 to

3.1 ppm respectively .


have higher fluoride as compared to shallow aquifers .middle aquifer shows slightly

lower values than that of upper aquifer.


following order, post monsoon < pre monsoon. The Graph 11 clearly indicates that

the concentration of fluoride is higher for the pre monsoon and dilution is observed

after the pos monsoon.

54

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration.

Graph – 12 Depth wise Fluoride concentration of Dharana village .

� Graph 12 exhibits that the fluoride concentration of Dharana pizometer 1,2,3 and

4 (Depth 75.2meter,56.9 meter,30 meter and 7.9 meter)varies from 5.1 to 6.1,3.7

to 4.0 ,2.8 to 3.2 and 3.8 to 4.3 ppm respectively .


have higher fluoride as compared to shallow aquifers .middle aquifer shows slightly

lower values than that of upper aquifer.





55

Graphical representation of trend of Fluoride concentration.

Graph – 13 Depth wise Fluoride concentration of Sakhara village .

� Graph 13 exhibits that there is the fluoride concentration of Sakhara pizometer

1,2,3 (Depth 74.2 meter,49.5 meter,26.3 meter)varies from 4.0 to 4.8,2.8 to 3.4

and 1.7 to 2.7 ppm respectively .


have higher fluoride as compared to shallow aquifers .





56

Calcium, Fluoride and Sodium Trend observed in Piezometer of study area.

Graphical representation of calcium ,Sodium and Fluoride Trend in Konghara

Peizometer.

Graph 14- Calcium trend of Konghara Pizometer

Graph 15 - Fluoride trend of Konghara Pizometer

Graph 16 – Sodium trend of Konghara Pizometer

Graph 14, 15, 16 exhibits the Trend between calcium sodium and fluoride. As the

concentration of fluoride increases with respect to it the concentration of calcium

decreases. This shows that there is inverse Co- relation .As the concentration of


shows that there is direct Co- relation .

57

Graphical representation of calcium ,Sodium and Fluoride Co- relation in

Dharana Peizometer.

Graph 17 – Calcium trend of Dharana Pizometer

Graph 18 – Fluoride trend of Dharana Pizometer

Graph 19 – Sodium trend of Dharana Piezometer

Graph 17, 18, 19 exhibits the trend between calcium sodium and fluoride. As the





58

Graphical representation of Calcium , Sodium and Fluoride trend in Sakhara

Peizometer.

Graph 20 – Calcium trend of Sakhara Piezometer

Graph 21 – Fluoride trend of Sakhara Piezometer

Graph 22– Sodium trend of Sakhara Pizometer .

Graph 20, 21, 22 exhibits the trend between calcium sodium and fluoride. As the





59

Overall Chemical analysis of groundwater reveals following findings;

Area under study reveals following points during analysis.

1) Fluoride observed in shallow aquifer have less concentration than deeper

aquifer.

2) Concentration higher in case of summer and slight dilution occurs after

monsoon.

3) Semiarid climate plays important role for increase the conc. as the

temperature rises.

4) Water quality analysis reports show that Ca mg/lit content in GW inversely

proportional to the content of Fluoride in ppm.

5) Water quality analysis reports show that Na mg/lit content in GW directly

proportional to the content of Fluoride in ppm.

6) Depletion of water table during late summer and decrease in percentage

rainfall has affected the quality detoriate of groundwater resulting in increase

of Fluoride content .

7) Significantly the Fluoride Content is more in the deeper aquifer than in shallow

one.

Identified water quality related issue and possible remedial measures

Recommendation

Nalgonda technique

The Nalgonda technique was developed by the National Environment Engineering

Research Institute (NEERI) in Nagpur (India) in the 1960s and has since mainly been

implemented in India. The process involves adding aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) and

lime to raw water. Theory

The addition of aluminum sulphate to raw water results in the creation of insoluble

aluminum hydroxide flocks. Then, by the processes of coagulation/flocculation and

sedimentation, part of the initial fluorine concentration can be removed from the water

as a solid. The addition of lime ensures an optimal removal pH of around 6-7, which

allows the complete precipitation of aluminum. The second effect of the lime is to help to

form dense flocs for rapid settling. The reactions involved in this process are (WHO,

2006):

60

Aluminum dissolution

Al2(SO4)318H20 ↔ 2Al3+ + 3SO4 2- + 18H20

Aluminium precipitation

2Al3+ + 6H20 ↔ 2Al(OH3) + 6H+

Co-precipitation

F- + Al(OH)3 ↔ Al-F complex + undefined product

pH adjustment

6Ca(OH)2 + 12H+ ↔ 6Ca2+ + 12H2O

The Nalgonda technique can be implemented at a household level with the use of a

bucket (Figure 2.1) or at community level with a tank.

Nalgonda

61

Schematic diagram and domestic TERAFIL water filter.

Three most common domestic units for sorption de-fluoridation.

Bone charcoal is a blackish, porous, granular material.

calcium phosphate 57–80 per cent,

calcium carbonate 6–10 per cent,

activated carbon 7–10 per cent.

62

The TDS and Fluoride removal plant, based on Ion exchange and

Reverse osmosis process.

Introduction :

• In collaboration with TATA Consultancy Services Ltd., PuneCSV has introduced a low cost water filter made from ricehusk ash. The filter is very cheap and can be fabricated atthe village level by the women folk, with very littleinvestment. The filter is very hygienic and kills about 98%

bacterial in the water and keeps it free from fluorides andarsenic.

The Water Purifier consist Three Main Parts

1. Filter Bed 2. Plastic Bucket 3. Mud Pot

1. Manufacturing of Filter Bed

Fabrication of Filter Element : The fabrication of the filter bed(cartridge comprises of three main process:

� Preparation of treatment of rice husk ash

� Container preparation

� Casting of filter bed

Cost – Rs 350/- Filter Bed

Water Filter

63

6.0 Artificial Recharge Structures proposed for Fluoride mitigation

The major aim of the artificial recharge projects is to augment groundwater storage.

In study area the recharge measures are planned with an objective of augmenting

groundwater storage to improve the water quality by improving water availability. The

techno economic feasibility of the recharge projects need to be combined with different

schemes like minor irrigation tanks, aforestation, soil conservation, etc thus having a

approach of overall drainage basin level development. Phreatic aquifer will be best

benefited more easily than the confined aquifer. In the vesicular basalts and jointed

basalts, the calcareous material present as secondary filling in vesicles, cavities and

joints subsequently get dissolved by recharged water. This tend to accelerate the

recharge rate.

In rainy season the vesicular basalt and massive basalt with secondary porosity get

naturally recharged. With offset of monsoon the water levels of aquifers start

depleting which further gets depleted by the winter crop irrigation ( Rabbi cropping

season) resulting in drying up of these moderate to poor aquifers. Hence, it is

necessary to construct the water conservation structures along with the artificial

recharge structures so as to elongate the period of groundwater recharge and its

sustainability.

Considering source water availability and hydrogeological properties of formations to

receive the recharged water play important role in augmenting groundwater recharge.

The action plan proposed for runoff conservation and artificial recharge by

conventional and unconventional measures is as follows;

1. Rejuvenation of the existing structures.

2. Construction of new conservation and recharge structures.

a. Unconventional measures.

b. Conventional measures.

6.1.1. Rejuvenation of the existing structures

Techno-Economic feasibility is the aim of our project so rejuvenation work is the

suited frame for achieving the objective. In two of the three villages of study area viz.

64

Dharna and Sakhara Bk. there are present a number of existing Cement Plug/Check

Dam/Nala Bund. In village Dharna there are three existing cement plugs and in

Sakhra Bk. there are two cement plugs. Rejuvenation of these existing structures is

proposed so as to increase the storage capacity of these cement plugs which have

been affected due to silting. Hence, to get maximum prolonged storage benefit from

these structures to upstream side of the structure nala deepening (drainage

deepening) by 2.00 meters and straightening upto 400mtrs with width of 4 to 6 meter

width approximately as per the field condition is proposed. The proposed measure is

expected to store 4.8 TCM water which is 3.8TCM more than the previous storage

capacity. Well deepening upto full aquifer depth with the well recharging pits is also

proposed.

Advantages :

1) It will not involve any land acquisition issue as would have been a case with other

conservation structures like Percolation tank, village pond or farm Ponds etc.

2) Co-operation from the beneficiaries for facilitating the rejuvenation work will be

there as they are very much aware of the benefits of the existing structures.

3) As mentioned above the utility of the existing structures is increased with

increased storage capacity of the rejuvenated structure thus achieving

Techno-economic feasibility.

6.1.2. Construction of new conservation and recharge structures

The number of recharge structures required to store and recharge the groundwater

reservoir have been worked out as follows :

6.1.2.a). Unconventional measures

i) Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting

In this measure the Rain Water is collected, filtered using proper filtration media and

is stored or recharged directly to ground water either in wells or borewells.

The Handpumps from the three villages of study area are recommended for

Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting. In village Dharna the Handpump near Primary Zilla

Parishad School building and other near the Gram Panchayat building and one in the

65

new vasti are proposed for recharge. In village Sakhara Bk. the Dual Pump near the

National Highway at the entrance of village is proposed for roof top rain water

harvesting. In village Konghara , all the seven handpumps are recommended for

proposed structure.

Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency has developed unconventional

techniques for strengthen of drinking water sources. These techniques include the

following structures;

i) Jacket Well Technique (JW) : Well jacketing in hard rock areas increases

effective diameter of the well artificially, thereby increase in the storativity and

improves transmissivity of the aquifer. Boreholes to a depth little less than of the well

to be jacketed are drilled in a circular pattern around the targeted well. Subsequently

blasting is carried out so as to create artificial fractures in the compact rock. These

bores sometimes are drilled in semi circular (‘Half Well Jacketing’)or any other

desired pattern depending on the prevalent topographical and hydrogeological

conditions.

In study area in village Sakhara Bk. and Konghara the Public Water Supply Source

well is on the nala bank. There half well jacketing of both the wells is recommended.

ii) Stream Blast Technique (SBT) : This technique is used for those wells which are

located on river/nala bank. It is recommended for those wells which become dry or

partially dry and the yield is decreased in summer season. It develop a hydraulic

connectivity of the groundwater flowing below the nala bed with the source well.

In village Dharna, the Public Water Supply Source well is due NorthEast of the nala

confluence. It is at a considerable distance from both the nala banks and dries by the

end of February or middle of March depending on the rainfall received that year.

Stream blast technique is proposed to divert the subsurface flow and to develop a

hydraulic connectivity of the groundwater flowing below the nala bed and the source

well.

iii) Fracture Seal Cementation (FSC) : This technique is applied to stop

groundwater movement and increase the sustainability of groundwater in shallow

aquifer. It is suitable in disintegrated rock combined with fractures and granular

66

porosity. This technique creates a ‘Cut-Off-Wall’ or ‘Underground Bandhara’ in hard

rock formation where conventional ‘Cut-Off-Wall’ construction is too costly. In this

technique two rows of boreholes are drilled to a depth of depth little more than the

dug wells of targeted area. Through these bores cement slurry is injected under

desirable pressure so as to seal the existing fractures and openings.

In village Dharna a FSC structure is proposed on the nala flowing between gat no. 66

and gat no. 67 to arrest the subsurface groundwater movement from the Public Water

Supply Source well present due North East of the drainage.

6.1.2.B). Conventional measures

i) Cement Plug : A cement bandhara is proposed in village Dharna on the

nala flowing in gat no.67 due South West of the Public Water Supply

Source well.

ii) Storage/Recharge Pits : A number of recharge pits are proposed to the

Irrigation dug wells in all the villages of study area.

7.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

1) Core drilling report revealed that Deccan trap is capping the sedimentary

Gondwana formation. Thickness of capping at village Dharana in the BW is found to

be 86 mtrs.

2) The petrography and geochemical study of the borewell core reveals that more

concentration of fluorite occurs as secondary fillings in vesicles and fractures i.e, the

weak zones in trap (as per GSI report).

3) The petrography and geochemical study of the borewell core reveals presence of

four distinct flows and concentration of fluorite is more in Ist, (0-6.45mt.) II ,(6.45-

32.82)and IVth ,(57.49-85.25) basaltic flow.

4) Study of the rainfall of two rainy season shows that the fluoride concentration in

the groundwater depends upon monsoon rainfall of the area. If the rainfall is more

fluoride concentration is less. (In dug well of village Dharna when Rainfall was

1153mm in year 2010 fluoride conc. was found 1.4 ppm in the month of June 2010

67

whereas rainfall in year 2011 was 839 mm the fluoride conc. was 2.2 ppm in the

month of June 2011).

4) Dilution can be a solution for the higher concentration of Fluoride. Hence it is

recommended to construct various artificial recharge and water conservation

structures in the study area. It will dilute the water thus reducing the fluoride

concentration and improve the water quality. (In village Dharna Dug well located in

down stream of check dam having fluoride conc. 1.8 ppm in the month of April and

becomes 1.2 ppm in month of July.

5) The water conservation and groundwater recharge structures together will definitely

improve and increase in agriculture and dairy products of the area. With this

prosperity Calcium rich diet will be another facilitation to cope up with the effects of

Fluoride contamination.

6) Locally made Rice Husk Adsorption Filter, at village - Dattapur available in the

adjoining Wardha District can also be used for defluoridation. It is also a cheap filter

with minimum maintanence and costs upto Rs. 350/- . It is useful in areas where the

fluoride concentration is upto 2.5 ppm. This filter reduces fluoride concentration up

to 1ppm.

68

REFERENCES:

1) N.V.Ramamohana Rao, N.Rao, K.Suryaprakash Rao, R.D. Schuiling (1993)

Fluorine distribution in waters of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Environmental geology Vol.21 pp84-89.

2) V.Ramesam and K.Rajagopalan (1985) Fluoride ingestion into the natural waters of

hardrock areas, Peninsular India. Journal Geological Society of India, pp125-132.

3) A.Pekdeger, N.Ozgur, H-J Schneider (1990) High fluorine content in aqueous

system of the Golcuk Lake drainage area, Ispatra Western Taurides. The

International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Regions pp 160-170.

4) Ren Fuhong and Jiao Shquin (1988) Distribution and formation of high fluorine

groundwater in China. Environmental Geological Water Science. Vol 12 no.1 pp 3-

10.

5) S.V.B.K.Bhagvan and V.Raghu (2005), Utility of check dams in dilution of fluoride

concentration in groundwater and the resultant analysis of blood serum and urine of

villagers Anantpur District Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geochemistry and

Health - 27 pp97-108.

6) Vinod Agrawal, A.K.Vaish and Prerna Vaish (1997) Groundwater quality : Focus on

fluoride and fluorosis in Rajasthan. Current Science Vol.73 no.9 pp743-746.

7) D.R.Chanda and S.R.Tamta (1999) Occurrence and Origin of groundwater fluoride

in phreatic zone of Unnao District Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Applied Geochemistry.

Vol 1 pp 21-26.

8) Uri Kafri, Arnon Arad and Ludwick Halicz (1989) Fluorine occurrence in groundwater

in Israel and its significance. Journal of Hydrology vol106 pp109-129

9) S.K.Pande ad S.N. Bisen (2009) Seasonal variation of fluoride in the groundwater

from Drgapur Coal Mine area, District -Chandrapur, Maharashtra. Gondwana

Geological Magazine vol24(2)pp117-121.

10) Chatterji A., Bhai H. Y. and Devashish Saha,1986 – 87: Systematic Geological

Mapping in parts of Yavatmal District (55L/8). Unpublished report, GSI, CR.

11) Das Sanjay & Rais Anwar, 2009: The source of Fluoride and its dispersion in land

water system around Lathi and Lilya, Amreli district, Gujarat. Journal of Applied

Geochemistry, Vol.11, No.2, pp 221-253.

69

12) Gonnade G. & Joshi C., 2007: Geochemical Studies in parts of Yavatmal District

Maharashtra for Assessment of Water Quality vis-à-vis Health Hazard Risk,

Unpublished report, GSI, Central Region, Nagpur

13) Liuyong Zhuwan Hua, 1990: Environmental characteristics of Regional

groundwaters in relation to Fluoride Poisioning in North China. Environmental

Geol. Water Science vol.18; no.13; pp 3-10.

14) Prembabu & Bhai H. Y., 2008: Geoenvironmental studies to detect and delineate

the zones of high fluoride and other toxic elements in groundwater and

identification of probable source and causative factors of contimination in

Yavatmal District, Maharashtra,Unpublished report, GSI, CR.

70

Photographs

IEC Workshop at PDS Village Dharna on 28/03/2011 under Hydrology Project –II aided

Purpose Driven Study Project by Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency,

District – Yavatmal

72

Core Drilling at village Dharna, Taluka Pandharkawda under Hydrology Project –II aided

Purpose Driven Study Project by Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency,

District – Yavatmal

73

Piezometer construction at village Dharna, Taluka Pandharkawda under Hydrology

Project –II aided Purpose Driven Study Project by Groundwater Surveys and

Development Agency, District – Yavatmal

74

Piezometer Nest and its monitoring for chemical quality of groundwater at village

Dharna, Taluka Pandharkawda under Hydrology Project –II aided Purpose Driven Study

Project by Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, District – Yavatmal

RECORDING OF BOREHOLE DATA

: 1 Unit No. : 414

: North of Dharna village R.L. of Borehole Collar : +273 m(GPS)

: 20° 06' 36" R.L. of Borehole Bottom : 173 m

: 78° 35' 13" Azimuth : vertical

: 06-02-10

: 28-02-2010

: 100m

: Not available

: Not available

: Recorded after 54m

Annexure:1 Detailed Bore hole Logging, Dharna village, Panadarkawada taluka, Yawatmal district, Maharashtra.

Sl No. Box/RunLength of

Run (m)

To From (m) (%) (m) (%)

1. 1/1 0 .5 0.50 - - - -

2 1/2 0.5 1.0 0.50 - - - -

3 1/3 1.0 1.5 0.50 - - - -

4 1/4 1.5 2.0 0.50 - - - -

5 1/5 2.0 2.5 0.50 - - - -

6 1/6 2.5 3.0 0.50 - - - -

7 2/7 3.0 3.2 0.20 - - - -

8 2/8 3.2 3.4 0.20 - - - -

9 2/9 3.4 3.6 0.20 - - - -

10 2/10 3.6 3.7 0.10 - - - -

11 2/11 3.7 4.0 0.30 - - - -

12 2/12 4.0 4.3 0.30 - - - -

13 2/13 4.3 4.5 0.20 - - - -

14 2/14 4.5 4.7 0.20 0.17 85 0.11 55

Date of commencement

Date of Completion

Total depth of borehole drilled

Borehole No.

Location

Latitude

Longitude

Core Recovery Drill

CoreRock Quality Designate

Dark grey, fine grained, Giant Plagioclase Basalts (GPB) with amygdales. Phenocrysts

of plagioclase (up to 3cm)are recorded. Secondary filling of quartz, zeolites

(apophylite, stilbite etc) are recorded.

Reddish grey, medium grained basalt. Secondary fracture filling of quartz,

fluorite(?)are recorded.

Dark grey weathered bed rock (basalt) with clay. Amygdules are recorded. The rock is

powdery due to weathering.

Dark grey, friable rock ( Giant Plagioclase Basalt)

Dark grey, friable rock ( Giant Plagioclase Basalt)

Light grey coloured, kankary, calcrete rich loose soil (with clay) developed over

basaltic rock.

Light grey coloured, kankary, calcrete rich loose soil (with clay) developed over

basaltic rock.

Grey,clayey to silty weathered bed rock with amygdules and lithic fragments

Dark grey less kankary clay rich soil, developed over basaltic rock.

Dark grey less kankary clay rich soil,developed over basaltic rock. There is a increase

in clay content


in clay content


in clay content

Yellowish grey weathered bed rock, amygdales of quartz, calcite, zeolites are recorded

Grey,clayey to silty weathered bed rock with amygdules and lithic fragments

Depth of Water table

Depth of casing and size

Water loss

LithologyDrill Run (m)

15 3/15 4.7 5.0 0.30 0.15 50 0.15 50

16 3/16 5.0 5.4 0.40 0.31 77.50 0.15 37.50

17 3/17 5.4 6.45 1.05 0.96 91.43 0.70 66.67

18 3/18 to 4/18 6.45 7.85 1.40 1.40 100 1.12 80

19 4/19 7.85 8.65 1.20 0.80 66.67 0.60 50

20 4/20 8.65 9.25 0.60 0.60 100 0.50 83.33

21 5/21 9.25 12.25 3.00 2.80 93.33 1.85 61.67

22 6/22 12.25 12.45 0.20 0.20 100 0.10 50

23 6/23 12.45 13.70 1.25 1.22 97.60 1.09 87.20

24 6/24 to7/24 13.7 14.4 1.70 0.61 35.88 0.43 25.29

25 7/25 14.4 15.05 0.65 0.63 96.92 0.47 72.31

26 7/26 15.05 16.40 1.35 1.35 100 1.35 100

27 7/26 16.40 17.20 0.80 0.74 92.50 0.54 67.50

28 7/27 to 8/27 17.20 20.10 2.90 2.90 100 2.37 81.72

29 8/28 to 9/28 20.10 23.20 3.10 2.90 93.55 2.75 88.71

30 9/29 to 10/29 23.20 26.20 3.00 3.00 100 2.60 86.67 Dark greenish grey, massive porphyritic basalt with very few amygdules. Amygdules

are mainly cryptocrystalline quartz and chlorophyle. Secondary fracture fillings are

observed. large phenocrysts of plagioclase are seen (4.5 cm x .5cm)

Dark greenish grey, massive basalt with very few amygdules. Amygdules are mainly

cryptocrystalline quartz and chlorophyle. Secondary fracture fillings are observed.



Dark greenish grey, massive porphyritic basalt with very few amygdules. Amygdules


observed. large phenocrysts of plagioclase are seen .




Dark grey massive porphyritic basalt. Euhedral plagioclase phenocrysts are recorded.

Fracture fillings are mainly chlorophyle and yellowish minerals may be fluorite.

Dark grey massive porphyritic basalt. Here plagioclase phenocrysts show alignment

(almost horizontal).





Dark grey to blackish very hard, massive, fine grained basalt with phenocrysts of

plagioclase. Secondary fracture fillings are recorded. Amygdules are less.

Dark grey to blackish very hard, massive, fine grained basalt with phenocrysts of

plagioclase. Secondary fracture fillings are recorded. Amygdules are less.

Dark grey, massive basalt without vesicles.Yellowish to greenish phenocryst of

plagioclase are presents.Chloritic materials are seen.

Dark grey massive porphyritic basalt. Euhedral plagioclase phenocrysts of about 4.5

cm are recorded. Fracture fillings are mainly chlorophyle and yellowish minerals may

be fluorite (?)

Dark grey,fine grained, Giant Plagioclase Basalts (GPB) with amygdales. Phenocrysts

of plagioclase (up to 3cm)are recorded. Secondary filling of quartz, zeolites

(apophylite, stilbite etc) are recorded.

Dark grey, fine grained, Giant Plagioclase Basalts (GPB) with amygdales. Phenocrysts

of plagioclase (upto 3cm)are recorded. Secondary filling of quartz, zeolites

(apophylite, stilbite etc) are recorded. Contact between GPB and massive, porphyritc basalt is recorded. Up to 5.7 m the

density of amygdules is more. It drastically decreases with depth.

31 10/30 to

11/30

26.20 29.00 2.80 2.80 100 2.60 92.86

32 11/31 to

12/31

29.00 32.1 3.10 3.03 97.74 2.59 83.55

33 12/32 32.10 35.10 3.00 2.96 98.67 2.62 87.33

34 13/33 to

14/33

35.10 38.20 3.10 3.05 98.39 2.92 94.19

35 14/34

to15/34

38.20 41.20 3.00 3.00 100 2.86 95.33

36 15/35

to16/35

41.20 44.20 3.00 2.98 99.33 2.69 89.67

37 16/36to17/36 44.20 47.20 3.00 2.97 99 2.72 90.67

38 17/37 to

18/37

47.20 50.20 3.00 3.00 100 1.81 60.33

39 18/38 to

19/38

50.20 53.20 3.00 3.00 100 2.70 90

40 19/39 to

19/39

53.20 55.20 2.00 2.00 100 1.55 77.50

41 19/40 to

20/40

55.20 58.20 3.08 2.95 95.78 2.00 64.94

42 20/41 to

21/41

58.20 61.30 3.10 3.02 97.42 2.86 92.26

43 21/42

to22/42

61.30 64.30 3.00 3.00 100 2.82 94.00

44 22/43

to23/43

64.30 67.30 3.00 3.00 100 2.45 81.67

45 23/44

to24/44

67.30 70.40 3.10 3.06 98.71 2.45 79.03

46 24/45to25/45 70.40 73.40 3.00 2.95 98.33 2.36 78.67

47 25/46 73.40 76.10 2.70 2.70 100 2.50 92.59

48 26/47 76.10 78.90 2.80 2.70 96.43 2.25 80.36

49 27/48

to28/48

78.90 82.00 3.10 3.00 96.77 2.80 90.32

50 29/49 82.0 85.0 3.00 3.00 100 2.85 95

51 29/50 to

29/50

85.00 86.25 1.25 0.22 17.60 - -

Dark, greyish black, fine grained basalts

Sharp contact is recorded between the basalt and gritty sandstone (Gondwana)

followed by dark grey sludge with medium grained sand and clay.

Very hard and compact massive grayish black colured basalt with fracture fillings.



Vesicles are recorded marking the base of the basaltic flow.

Brownish grey amygdular basalts. Contact between basalt and red bole seems

gradational.secondary fillings along the fractures seen.

Dark greenish grey, fine grained compact, basalts with green coloured (chlorophyle)

veins as secondary fillings.

Dark grey , very hard and compact basalts with no secondary fillings.


Greyish black, hard, compact, medium grained basalts with vesicles. Increase in the

vesicles density and size is recorded after 43 m. Vesicles are filled with water. Flourite

with chlorophite are seen as secondary mineral.

Greyish black,coarse grained basalts with plagioclase phenocrysts. Chlorophyle

material is prominent along the fracture plane and amygdules. Veins of chlorophyle

and quartz give braided nature. Secondary filling of fluorite(?) are present

Greyish black medium grainedbasalts looks like salt peeper structure.At 55 m dark

amygdules are observed

Porphyritic basalt with vesicles are recroded between 55.20 m to 55.60 m followed by

Red bole bed from 55.60 to 57.25 m. Brecciation is recorded between 57.25 mt to

57.50 m followed by reddish/brownish grey, less compact amygdular basalt.

Greyish black vesicular basalts. Vesicles are filled with water.

Grey, medium grained basalt with lesser number of vesicles. Also the size of the

vesicles decreases.


vesicles density and size is recorded after 43 m. Vesicles are filled with water.


vesicles density and size is recorded after 43 m. Vesicles are filled with water. Flourite

with chlorophite are seen as secondary mineral.






observed.

At the depth of 32.82m sharp contact between massive, porphyritic basalt and

vesicular basalt. Rock is fine grained and friable. It prevails up to 33.57m. From

33.57m medium to coarse grained, black to greenish black vesicular basalt is recorded.

Vesicles are irregular in shape, different in sizes and filled with quartz, calcites,

zeolites etc. Secondary fluorite is recorded as fracture filling.

52 29/51 86.25 86.85 0.60 - - - -

53 29/52 86.85 87.35 0.50 - - - -

54 29/53 8735 87.85 0.50 - - - -

55 29/54 87.85 88.35 0.50 - - - -

56 29/55 88.35 88.85 0.50 - - - -

57 29/56 88.85 89.35 0.50 - - - -

58 29/57 89.35 89.85 0.50 - - - -

59 29/58 89.85 90.35 0.50 - - - -

60 29/59 90.35 90.85 0.50 - - - -

61 29/60 90.85 91.35 0.50 - - - -

62 29/61 91.35 91.85 0.50 - - - -

63 29/62 91.85 92.35 0.50 - - - -

64 29/63 92.35 92.85 0.50 - - - -

65 30/64 92.85 93.35 0.50 - - - -

66 30/65 93.35 93.85 0.50 - - - -

67 30/66 93.85 94.35 0.50 - - - -

68 30/67 94.35 94.85 0.50 - - - -

69 30/68 94.85 95.35 0.50 0.05 10 - -

70 30/69 95.35 95.85 0.50 0.11 22 0.11 22

71 30/70 95.85 96.35 0.50 0.09 18 - -

72 30/71 96.35 96.85 0.50 - - - -

73 30/72 96.85 97.35 0.50 - - - -

74 30/73 97.35 97.85 0.50 - - - -

75 30/74 97.85 98.35 0.50 - - - -

76 30/75 98.35 98.85 0.50 - - - -

77 30/76 98.85 99.35 0.50 - - - -

78 30/77 99.35 99.85 0.50 - - - -

79 30/78 99.85 100.35 0.50 - - - -

Total number of samples collected for petrographic studies = 100

Total number of samples collected for chemical analysis = 100

Reddish to grayish clayey sludge followed by red clay core

Greyish to reddish sandy clay.

Gritty pebbly brownish unassorted sandstone followed by reddish clay

Reddish grey clay along with brownish green gritty sandstone


Reddish to grayish clayey sludge followed by red clay core

Greenish to brownish, medium to coarse unassorted gritty pebbly sandstone

Greenish to brownish, medium to coarse unassorted gritty pebbly sandstone

Gritty, pebbly, greenish sandstone. Quartz pebbles are 2cm in length and 1cm in width

Reddish clay, fine grained sand along with gritty ,pebbly sandstone core at the bottom

Grey to brownish,medium to coarse grained unassorted sands


Medium to coarse grained sand sludge along with pieces of core of gritty (clayey)

pebbly sandstone

Medium to coarse grained sand sludge along with pieces of core of gritty (clayey)

pebbly sandstone

Greenish grey to brownish ,medium to coarse grained ,unassortedsands.

Buff coloured,medium to coarse,unassorted sands.



Grey, clayey, fine grained ferruginous sand.

Grey , fine to medium clayey sand.Ferruginisation is prominent

Greenish grey ,fine to medium clayey sand

Greenish grey ,fine to medium clayey sand

Grey fine grained ferruginous sand with clay.

Dark grey fine grained sand with clay.



Dark grey, fine grained sludge (fine sand and clay)

Grey sludge with fine grained clayey sand.

Dr. Mohamed Shareef Dr. B. N. GohainGeologist Geologist

Dr. M. P. ChawadeDirector

Regional Petrology Division

Geological Survey of India

Central Region, Nagpur

Flow I

Contact

Flow II

Contact

Flow III

Sl. No. Sample No. Depth of Sampling (m) F in ppm Remarks

1 GSDA-1 0.0-1.0 284

2 GSDA-2 1.0-2.0 249

3 GSDA-3 2.0-3.0 309Weathered bed rock, amygdales of quartz, calcite, zeolites are

recorded

4 GSDA-4 3.0-3.6 352Clayey to silty weathered bed rock with amygdules and lithic

fragments

5 GSDA-5 3.6-3.7 424Vesicles are filled with fluorite, zeolite and calcite in Gaint

Plagioclase basalt.

6 GSDA-6 3.7-4.5 486 Dark grey, friable rock ( Giant Plagioclase Basalt)

7 GSDA-7 4.5-5.0 356

Dark grey, fine grained, Giant Plagioclase Basalt. Secondary

filling of quartz, zeolites (apophylite, stilbite etc) are recorded.

8 GSDA-8 5.0-6.45 468 Contact between GPB and massive, porphyritc basalt

9 GSDA-9 6.45-7.85 372

Dark grey to blackish very hard, massive, fine grained,

porphyritic basalt Secondary fracture fillings are recorded.

Amygdules are less.

10 GSDA-10 7.85-9.25 452 -Do-

11 GSDA-11 9.25-10.5 317 -Do-

12 GSDA-12 10.5-12.25 361 -Do-

13 GSDA-13 12.25-13 448 -Do-

14 GSDA-14 13-14 368 -Do-

15 GSDA-15 14-15 396 -Do-

16 GSDA-16 15-16 324 -Do-

17 GSDA-17 16-17 397 -Do-

18 GSDA-18 17-18 429 -Do-

19 GSDA-19 18-19 505 -Do-

20 GSDA-20 18-20 456 -Do-

21 GSDA-21 20-21 456 -Do-

22 GSDA-22 21-22 377 -Do-

23 GSDA-23 22-23 480 -Do-

Annexure:2 - Fluorine analysis of Borehole samples, Dharna Village, Pandarkawada Taluka, Yavatmal District,

Maharashtra

Kankary clay rich soil,developed over basaltic rock

24 GSDA-24 23-24 512 -Do-

25 GSDA-25 24-25 315 -Do-

26 GSDA-26 25-26 380 -Do-

27 GSDA-27 26-27 500 -Do-

28 GSDA-28 27-28 133 -Do-

29 GSDA-29 28-29 512 -Do-

30 GSDA-30 29-30 532 -Do-

31 GSDA-31 30-31 357 -Do-

32 GSDA-32 31-32 321 -Do-

33 GSDA-33 32-32.8 344 -Do-

34 GSDA-34 32.8-33.57 1000Contact between massive, porphyritic basalt and vesicular

basalt.Density of vesicles is more and filled with fluorite, zeolite, 35 GSDA-35 33.57-35 101 Medium grained, black to greenish black amygdular basalt

36 GSDA-36 35-36 149 -Do-

37 GSDA-37 36-37 102 -Do-

38 GSDA-38 37-38 108 -Do-

39 GSDA-39 38-39 260 -Do-

40 GSDA-40 39-40 143 -Do-

41 GSDA-41 40-41 282 -Do-

42 GSDA-42 41-42 112 -Do-

43 GSDA-43 42-43 100 -Do-

44 GSDA-44 43-44 321 -Do-

45 GSDA-45 44-45 189 -Do-

46 GSDA-46 45-46 116 -Do-

47 GSDA-47 46-47 169 -Do-

48 GSDA-48 47-48 185 -Do-

49 GSDA-49 48-49 258 -Do-

50 GSDA-50 49-50 246 -Do-

51 GSDA-51 50-51 174 -Do-

52 GSDA-52 51-52 284 -Do-

53 GSDA-53 52-53 255 -Do-

54 GSDA-54 53-54 141 -Do-

55 GSDA-55 54-55 236 -Do-

56 GSDA-56 55-55.6 796

57 GSDA-57 55.6-56.5 385

58 GSDA-58 56.5-57.4 634

Contact is recorded between vesicular basalt and massive

basalt by red bole bed and brecciation

59 GSDA-59 57.4- 59 526Compact, hard and massive basalt with fracture filling and less

vesicles.

60 GSDA-60 59-60 340 -Do-

61 GSDA-61 60-61 294 -Do-

62 GSDA-62 61-62 441 -Do-

63 GSDA-63 62-63 254 -Do-

64 GSDA-64 63-64 242 -Do-

65 GSDA-65 64-65 352 -Do-

66 GSDA-66 65-66 280 -Do-

67 GSDA-67 66-67 181 -Do-

68 GSDA-68 67-68 174 -Do-

69 GSDA-69 68-69 223 -Do-

70 GSDA-70 69-70 225 -Do-

71 GSDA-71 70-71 327 -Do-

72 GSDA-72 71-72 308 -Do-

73 GSDA-73 72-73 232 -Do-

74 GSDA-74 72-74 112 -Do-

75 GSDA-75 74-75 162 -Do-

76 GSDA-76 75-76 224 -Do-

77 GSDA-77 76-77 150 -Do-

78 GSDA-78 77-78 192 -Do-

79 GSDA-79 78-79 251 -Do-

80 GSDA-80 79-80 316 -Do-

81 GSDA-81 80-81 281 -Do-

82 GSDA-82 81-82 199 -Do-

83 GSDA-83 82-83 310 -Do-

84 GSDA-84 83-84 246 -Do-

85 GSDA-85 84-85 348 -Do-

86 GSDA-86 85-85.25 580

87 GSDA-87 86.25-87.35 372

88 GSDA-88 87.35-88.35 50 Grey fine grained ferruginous sand with clay

89 GSDA-89 88.35-89.35 111 -Do-

90 GSDA-90 89.35-90.35 188 -Do-

91 GSDA-91 90.35-91.35 273 -Do-

92 GSDA-92 91.35-92.35 129 -Do-

93 GSDA-93 92.35-93.35 147 -Do-

Sharp contact is recorded between the basalt and sandstone

(Gondwana)

94 GSDA-94 93.35-94.35 130 -Do-

95 GSDA-95 94.35-95.35 248Sandstone with ferruginous stains, gritty in nature with quartz,

fluorite, feldspar, calcite and lithic fragment

96 GSDA-96 95.35-96.85 230 -Do-

97 GSDA-97 96.85-97.35 414 -Do-

98 GSDA-98 97.35-97.85 392 -Do-

99 GSDA-99 97.85-98.85 456 -Do-

100 GSDA-100 98.85-99.35 450 Reddish to grayish clayey sludge followed by red clay core

101 GSDA-101 99.35-99.85 400 -Do-

102 GSDA-102 99.85-100.35 488 -Do-

Analysed by Regional Geochemical Division, GSI, CR, Nagpur.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.0-

1.0

5.0-

6.45

14-1

521

-22

28-2

935

-36

42-4

349

-50

55.6

-56.

563

-64

70-7

177

-78

84-8

5

91.3

5-92

.35

97.8

5-98

.85

Series1

•••••••••••

░░░

░░░

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

v v v v v v

0.0m

3.6

6.45

˚ ˚

˚ ˚

◦

◦

• • • • •

55.60

57.49

32.82

Dark grey, friable basalt

Dark grey, Giant Plagioclase Basalt (GPB) with amygdales

Contact between GPB and massive, porphyritic basalt

Light grey coloured, kankary, calcrete rich loose soil

Dark grey, fine grained, massive porphyritic basalt. Secondary fracture fillings

are mainly chlorophaeitic material and fluorite. Olivine is also present.

Sharp contact between Massive porphyritc basalt and Vesicular Basalt.

Greyish black, hard, compact, medium grained , Vesicular basalt

Red bole bed and brecciation

Very hard and compact , grayish black coloured, fine grained ,

Massive basalt with fracture filling and less vesicles

Grey sludge with fine grained clayey sand.

Sharp contact between Massive basalt and Gondwana sediments


85.25

100 m.

Flow III

Flow II

Flow I

Flow IV

Gondwana Sediments

Plate: 2 Bore hole logging, Dharna Village, Pandarkawada Taluka, Yawatmal District, Maharashtra.

0 m 10m

Scale

10m

Fluorine Content in a Borehole Core Samples, Dharna village,

Pandharkawada Taluka, Yavatmal District, Maharashtra.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.0

-1.0

4.5

-5.0

12.2

5-1

3

18-1

9

24-2

5

30-3

1

36-3

7

42-4

3

48-4

9

54-5

5

60-6

1

66-6

7

72-7

3

78-7

9

84-8

5

90.3

5-9

1.3

5

96.8

5-9

7.3

5

Depth of borehole(m)

Flu

ori

ne c

on

ten

t in

ro

cks(p

pm

)

Plate: 3

Fluorine Content in Average, in Borehole Core Samples, Dharna village,

Pandharkawada Taluka, Yavatmal District, Maharashtra.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Flu

ori

ne C

on

ten

t in

Avera

ge (

pp

m)

Flow I, Average of 3 nos. of samples = 422 ppm

Contact between Flow I and Flow II, = 468 ppm, only 1 no. of sample were analysed

Flow II, Average of 25 nos. of samples = 402 ppm

Contact between Flow II and Flow III, = 1000ppm, only 1 no. of sample were analysed

Flow III, Average of 21nos. of samples = 187 ppm

Contact between Flow III and Flow IV, = 605 ppm, 3 no. of samples were analysed

Flow IV, Average of 27 nos. of samples = 266ppm

Contact between Flow IV and Gondwana sediments = 476 ppm, 2 no. of samples were analysed.

Top portion - Average of 7 nos. of samples = 147ppm.

Gondwana sediments

Bottom portion -Average of 8 nos. of samples = 384ppm

Plate: 4

Flow I Bottom part of

Gondwana

sediments

Top part of

Gondwana

sediments

Flow II Flow III Flow IV

Contact Contact Contact Contact

Mh gw techno economic feasibility of artificial recharge of aquifer as a mitigatory measures in...

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