MFA Training Workshop

Eurostat / EEA / ETC-WMF

Topic 3: Unused Domestic Extraction (UDE)

and Indirect Flows of Imports and Exports

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Helmut Schütz

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Definition: UDE

• Materials extracted or harvested on the economy‘s territory along with DEU or on their own, within a given period (one year), but not used for further processing or consumption in the economy

• UDE may be reported in waste statistics (e.g. some mining wastes) or not

• UDE may become DEU in the same period or later on (e.g. coal from dumps)

• UDE may be part of DEU through secondary processes (e.g. extraction of minerals from UDE of other minerals)

• UDE is part of TMR, TMC and TDO.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Main material groups: UDE

• UDE associated with mining and quarrying activities (Fossil energy carriers and Minerals): mining/quarrying extraction wastes such as overburden, interburden, parting materials)

• UDE associated with Biomass harvest: harvested agricultural biomass unused, wood harvesting residues or losses, discarded fish catch (dead).

• Excavation of earth and dredged materials exclusive the used portion (constructions and dredging activities e.g. for water transport ways)

• Soil erosion of agricultural land (optional memorandum item, not to be included in indicators)

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Accounting conventions: UDE• Crude ore or run-of-mine concept after Eurostat Guide:

MINE PRODUCTION

Overburden notTop seam over coalInterburden transport WasteSeam systemParting material

Seam

over coaltransport system

Run-of-mine Coal Totalproduction and Materialor Waste MovementRaw coal

Preparationplant

Saleable, Coalclean,cleaned, orwashed coal

Source: Wuppertal Institute after Hessling 1991

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Data sources: UDE

• specific national production statistics (e.g. mining statistics) and other sources

• Waste statistics (e.g. mining/quarrying wastes, soil excavation – European Waste Catalogue – EWC → e.g. ISTAT – Barbiero et al. 2003)

• general coefficients (e.g. empirical ratios from enterprises of the natural stones industry Germany; soil excavation per unit construction volume by type → e.g. ISTAT – Barbiero et al. 2003)

• major items in this respect are empirically Underground vs. Open-pit mining (the latter for potential high overburden ratios)

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

UDE: further development

• Unused Domestic Extraction (UDE) requires further refinement of material categories as far as possible (e.g. what material is counted as UDE of natural gas extraction), clear distinction versus DEU as described above, and maybe reference coefficients per unit DEU in case data for UDE are not available directly from statistical and other data sources.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Concept: Indirect Flows (IF) of Imports and Exports

Direct material use

for production etc., e.g. fuels for

electricity

Raw Material Equivalent

(RME) indirect (=used

extraction)

Unused extraction

associated to RME indirect

Raw material incorporated in commodity, e.g. iron ore

Commodity for Import / Export, e.g. Crude steel

Raw Material Equivalent

(RME) direct (=used

extraction)

Unused extraction

associated to RME direct

Accounting for „tonnes of primary resource extraction equivalent“ after MIPS concept (MI-values), as a common unit for imported/exported products and material flows of domestic origin. Allows to derive TMC in analogy to GDP.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Definition: IF of Imports and Exports

Eurostat Guide: 3.39 The term ‘ecological rucksack’ has been used to mean the life-cycle-wide material requirements associated with the production of a product (both used and unused material flows; see e.g. Schmidt-Bleek et al. 1998). In this Guide, indirect flows are defined for economy-wide material flows only, i.e.,they only refer to imports and exports. In a PIOT framework, indirect flows can also be compiled for material flows within the economy.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Definition: IF of Imports and Exports

Eurostat Guide: 3.40 On the input side, indirect flows are defined as the up-stream material input flows that are associated to imports but are not physically imported. On the output side, indirect flows are defined as the upstream material input flows associated to exports but are not physically exported. Indirect flows are the‘cradle to border’ inputs necessary to make a product (i.e., a good or a service) available at the border for import or export, excluding the mass of the product itself. Two types of indirect flows associated to imports and exports are distinguished: used and unused indirect flows. Indirect flows can only becalculated after the accounts for direct (used) materials have been completed. For a detailed description see below ‘The concept of indirect flows’.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Definition: IF of Imports and Exports

Eurostat Guide: 3.41 The term ‘hidden flow’ has been used to signify the movements of the unused materials associated with the extraction of raw materials (i.e., for use), both nationally and abroad (see e.g. Adriaanse et al. 1997). In this Guide hidden flows are defined, in line with most of the current practices, as a synonym for unused extraction. Unused domestic extraction may therefore be called ‘domestic hidden flows’.The indirect flows of unused extraction abroad associated to imports may be called ‘foreign hidden flows (associated to imports)’.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Main material groups: IF of Imports Exports

• Unused or used upstream (or downstream) flows associated with Fossil energy carriers (fossil fuels)• dto. associated with Minerals• dto. associated with Biomass • Soil erosion (optional)

Types:• of abiotic kind (unused and used) • of biotic kind (unused and used)

Integral part of IF:• Raw Material Equivalents (direct = RME)

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Data organization: IF of Imports Exports

• Analogously to imports and exports

→ Excel worksheet „imports exports list“ → Excel workbook „bananas“

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Data sources: IF of Imports Exports

• MI-Werte(values) Wuppertal Institute→ pdf-file: MIT_v2

• own database at Wuppertal Institute

• other MFA studies (e.g. TMR Finland by Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland)

• LCA studies and databases (e.g. ETH Zürich, CH)

• Calculated using input-output techniques (based on national production system)

Data availability at WI for ecological rucksacks

Wuppertal Institut HSc-/2002Sources: MI-Databasis and MFA-databasis of Wuppertal Institute, own compilation.

Example: Cow Milk Germany

Wuppertal Institut HSc-/2002Source: Malik, Wuppertal Institute, unpublished.

•Modules: female calf, heifer, dairy cow,

slaughtering, disposal.

•Materials: water, fodder, fuels, electricity,

and area.

•Main products: milk, calves, meat.

•MI values: abiotic materials 0.45, biotic

materials 2.76, soil 529, water 13.2,

air 2.46. TMR 3.21 (excl. Erosion).

Further development

Wuppertal Institut HSc-/2002Source: Helmut Schütz

•Specific energy modules, especially for

electricity by country/region and sectors

•Transport modules national and

international

•Coupled production, especially metals:

regional patterns and allocation of MI

•Variations over time

Unused per used extraction

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 1999

Hard coal

Lignite

Wuppertal Institut HSc-/2002Source: Statistics of the coal industry, Ministry of Economy and Mining authorities of the Federal States.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Complementary analysis: IF of Imports Exports

• Emissions and waste „incorporated“ in imported/exported products.

• Land use associated with imported and exported commodities, in particular for agricultural goods.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

Limitations: IF of Imports Exports

• Coefficients not available for all traded commodities, and in particular not for services

• Country-specific coefficients not for all commodities available, however, for those perceived as especially IF-intensive which are metals, minerals, fossil fuels and agricultural raw materials.

• Coefficients for processed goods (e.g. animal products) derived from industrial production system (e.g. Germany), leaving out variability in techniques across countries.

• More details required (breakdown of commodities and IF categories)

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA

IF of Imports Exports: further development

• Indirect Flows of Imports and Exports (IF): may be further developed towards differentiation of sub-categories (after MIPS-concept, i.e. abiotic materials, biotic materials, soil erosion, and in addition Raw Material Equivalents – RME). Development towards RME may lead to comparable levels of foreign material requirements with DEU and UDE. Further steps should also envisage a common international database for IF-coefficients for imported and exported commodities. This may be approached via Input/Output analysis on the international/global level.

MFA Training Workshop, Luxembourg, 14-15 June 2004 Wuppertal Institut HSC/2004/MFA