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Mexico City: Shantytowns. Challenges to Rural Mind Set Breathtaking but isolated ◦ Domination of...
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Transcript of Mexico City: Shantytowns. Challenges to Rural Mind Set Breathtaking but isolated ◦ Domination of...
![Page 1: Mexico City: Shantytowns. Challenges to Rural Mind Set Breathtaking but isolated ◦ Domination of large land owners ◦ Traditional life style ◦ Modernization.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062804/56649ea25503460f94ba548c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mexico City: Shantytowns
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Challenges to Rural Mind Set Breathtaking but isolated
◦ Domination of large land owners
◦ Traditional life style◦ Modernization
occurring disproportionately in the cities
◦ Communications orients rural residents to the advantages of urban life
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Nature of Migration The Journey
Not poorest nor well-to-do
Mean age 25-29 Not only those who
worked in agriculture Move at varying stage
of life cycle
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Women more likely to migrate than men
Three women peer through a fence at the US-Mexico border in Tijuana
Opportunities in countryside limited
Domestic employment relatively easy to obtain
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◦ Many received assistance upon arrival in city – eased their adjustment Relatives
have migrated earlier
Migrants from the same community
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◦ Availability of land Vacant land on outskirts available for squatting Slopes and other relatively undesirable locations Seizures by force in times of turmoil
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Shantytowns
(Favelas) of Rio de Janeiro
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Kinds of skills possessed by recently arrived migrants means - few experience transition from rural peasant to industrial worker
Adaptation to new urban environment◦ Rural clothing abandoned ◦ Don’t want to be butt of derisive jokes
Families and the process of adjustment
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Tendency of urban poor to “float”◦ Family obligations◦ Dissatisfaction with tenor of city life
Reverse migration limited largely to towns “Floating” much less common in the large
cities
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Blue Collar◦ Industrial workers
(33%)◦ Domestic &
transport (8.5%)
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White collar (50% in some countries)◦ Sales staff,(20%)◦ Office Workers (12%)◦ Professional & technical
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HIGH RATES OF POPULATION GROWTH LOW LEVELS OF PRODUCTIVITY HUGE SECTOR OF URBAN POPULATION
LIVING IN ECONOMICALLY, SOCIALLY, AND POLITICALLY MARGINAL CONDITIONS
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Too many people working in wrong kind of economic activity
Marginality syndrome Cities growing too quickly
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Rural development efforts
Channel resources to rural projects
Brasilia : a catalyst to internal migration
Special Case of Havana
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Ciudad Bolivar CARACAS
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In 1960’s and 1970’s unemployment rates relatively low (except in Colombia)
Problem: low pay rather than lack of job Unemployment rose in 1980’s
◦ Foreign competition◦ State enterprises less efficient
Unemployment declined in 1990’s - but greater skills demanded
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ILO definition – informal sector as the sum of the self-employed, excluding professionals, un family workers, and domestics
Entry into more poorly remunerated activities
Importance of location
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Some activities perform no effective economic role
Some assist local capitalists (e.g: contracting out to seamstress in poor zones) ◦ Price◦ Flexibility ◦ Keeps cost down in factory (reserve workers)
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Between 1950-80 declined in most countries, but remained stable in Brazil
% urban residents living with informal sector seems to have increased since 1980 ◦ Recession◦ Privatization ◦ Resistance to government
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Kinds of jobs◦ Stalls in poorer markets ◦ In-home “shops”◦ Domestics ◦ Sex for sale in the city
Recession has forced increasing numbers of women into the workplace
Pay ◦ Piece work keeps helps to keep pay low◦ Cultural attitudes reinforce disparities in pay
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Scavenging and fetching
Abandoned children
Exploitation Urban gangs
and crime