AT CLEMSON UNIVERSITY...

Mettler top-loading balances keepchemistry calculations out of the dorm

Clemson's general chemistry program is solidly basedon experimentation. Students must carry out theirwork, gather data, make calculations and draw theirconclusions... all in a three-hour laboratory period.Dr. F. 1. Brownley, head of the Department of Chem-istry and Geology, says, "If a student has to go backto his dormitory room to work out the calculations,he loses most of the impact of the experiment. Hemay even put off his calculations until the last min-ute and end up figuring them by proportion fromanother person's work."By finishing the complete experiment in a singleperiod, he gains a sense of accomplishment and afull awareness of the problem." Student weighings,usually a time-consuming congested activity, are im-proved radically by the use of the Mettler P120 top-loading balance.Clemson has sixteen P120's in a single weighingroom. These meet all the weighing needs of the 140

17 JUNE 1966

students in a single laboratory section .- withoutcrowding, waiting lines, or undue haste.According to Dr. Brownley, who fondly regards Clem-son students as the most destructive in the country,"The P120 is just about student-proof. Our studentsknow that we provide them with good equipment;they take care and pride in their experimental workand this is reflected in the quality of their results."Choosing the P120 over slower conventional instru-ments has enabled Clemson to meet the severe de-mands of 1400 students in beginning chemistry. Thisprogressive thinking helps set the stage for the nextfive years, when Clemson will more than double itsenrollment.Find what the half-milligram precision and 7-secondspeed of the Mettler P120 can do for your weighingoperations. Write for a copy of the brochure describ-ing its use in general chemistry. Mettler InstrumentCorporation, 20 Nassau St., Princeton, N. J. 08540.

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1560 SCIENCE, VOL. 152

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based on consideration of all the manyfactors involved. In the case of build-ings, I would not ask for a geologi-cal opinion, but I certainly would

fluoride intake would be between 1.69and 3.39 milligrams. The consumptionof such high amounts of fluoride duringthe period of tooth development wouldundoubtedly influence the prevalenceof dental caries and may also producesome mottling of the teeth.

I urge that studies be undertaken re-garding the effect of fish-flour inges-tion on the prevalence of dental cariesand the degree of mottled-enamel de-velopment among children. Particularattention should be given to the con-sumption of fish flour by children inareas where considerable amounts offluoride are also ingested daily fromother sources, such as water and crudesea salt.

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More on Conservation

I write in reply to some of the letters(8 Apr., p. 152) commenting on myarticle "Geology and the new conserva-tion movement" (28 Jan., p. 409).

H. E. Weaver accuses me of want-ing to tear down the Alamo to builda shopping center. I want to go onrecord here and now as in favor ofpreserving the Alamo, Lincoln's home,the Acropolis, Mount Vernon, and In-dependence Hall solely because of theirhistorical value. (I might note, how-ever, that all of Weaver's examplesare important economic assets, attract-ing thousands of tourists yearly.) I be-lieve that, no matter how values areassigned, the cost of preservation mustbe considered. Perhaps a classic fa-cade might be preserved as an archi-tectural monument if the building canbe made to serve a useful purpose. AsI said, "The question is-what is theprice of preservation and can we af-ford to pay it? In some cases we canand should pay the price; in others,the price is too high." The price mustbe set by the community. I do go alongwith Weaver in giving architects andhistorians a free hand in selecting thebuildings to be preserved. There is moreinvolved than architecture and his-tory. Decisions on preservation shouldbe informed community decisions

servationists are rightly protesting thevery recent forms of exploitationbased on the use of large, modern,earth-moving equipment." To me this

SCIENCE, VOL. 152

wart an economist, an engineer, aplanner, and a business representativeon the team with the architect and his-torian.... I do not quarrel with Weav-er's view that plant ecologists, taxon-omists, landscape architects, and parkplanners can contribute to evaluationof woodland glades; I argue for in-clusion of geologists in groups mak-ing land-use decisions. There are manywoodland glades and, in fact, wood-land glades can be planted and nur-tured. On the other hand, mineral de-posits cannot be planted. They arerelatively rare, and they do not growback.

I must take exception to Chester B.Beaty's limited concept of multiple use.I think the concept offers more valueas a guide for land-use policy if itincludes sequential multiple use as wellas simultaneous or contemporane-ous multiple use. Although extractionof minerals from wells or shafts iscompatible with other surface usessuch as agriculture, strip or open-pitmining is an exclusive surface use forthe duration of the extractive process.The whole purpose of reclamation isto permit other uses following the har-vesting of minerals. To anyone view-ing land use in terms of generationsof users, this is multiple use.

R. C. Clement's letter challenged mystatement (incompletely quoted in theletter) that "Although conservation isfrequently defined as effecting a har-mony or balance between man and hisenvironment, such a goal can neverbe achieved in an industrial societybecause an industrial society by itsvery nature consumes and changes itsenvironment." Clement's argument in-dicates a lack of agreement on whatconstitutes harmony or balance. Moreis implied than disfigurement of thelandscape. With the powerful tools andimmense energy resources of an indus-trial society, man modifies naturalearth processes, reshapes the land,transports vast quantities of earth ma-terials from place to place, and changesthe chemical composition of the waterand soil. He does this in utilizingearth resources and in constructing andmaintaining complex engineering sys-tems. In my opinion, no balance inan ecologic sense can be achieved.There are too many irreversible actions.

Robert R. Curry argues that "Con-

is a most unworldly view. If wastes aredisposed of in safe systems and sur-face-mined lands are reclaimed forsubsequent uses, surface mining is themost economic and efficient method ofextracting solid mineral matter. I use"economic" to include social values aswell as production costs. Any rationalapproach to the problem must includeconsideration of what, for example,about 152 million tons of coal at $3.50per ton means to our society. I rec-ommend to Curry, David B. Brooks'sexcellent article, "Strip mine reclama-tion and economic analysis," in theNatural Resources Journal, January1966. I admit land abuse and poormining practice exist today. They arebeing stopped both voluntarily and bylegislation. My point is that it is il-logical to indict today's mining indus-try, which in large part has movedto meet changing standards of landuse, for practices which prevailed inthe social and economic world of ahalf century ago....

PETER T. FLAWNBureau of Economic Geology,University of Texas, Austin

H. E. Weaver has a good pointregarding the lack of exposure ofprofessional conservationists (broadsense) to the humanities and socialsciences. Some professional schools aretrying to improve the situation, but thecatalog now open before me, from amajor university, illustrates the difficul-ty they face. I would be hard put toselect undergraduate courses in the so-cial sciences that give promise of beinghelpful. And a frustrating 2-yeareffort to hire a sociologist to do re-search on a specific conservation prob-lem has convinced me that few socialscientists are aware that they have anopportunity for work relative to nat-ural-resource management, and evenfewer are disposed to do anythingabout it. A research committee of theRural Sociological Society is now tak-ing a look at possibilities for fruitfulcooperation between social scientistsand foresters.Without naming names in substan-

tiation, I dispute Weaver's statementthat "The conservation movement isseverely handicapped by a shortageof men of broad vision....." Todaythere are many such men. The handi-cap may stem from the fact that mostof them are professionals, hence large-ly anonymous within their agencies andcompanies. But they are making broad-

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Better Things for Better Living.-.. through Chemistry17 JUNE 1966 1569

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ly based conservation concepts workon millions of acres. Unfortunately,the headlines go to the cruLsaders whoride one horse hard and who usuallyclaim to be the true conservationists.To the extent that Weaver is tailkingabout these people, I agree with him.

Porter's letter lauds "the develop-nment of resouLrces by American privateenterprise for the use of the Americanpeople." He sees the attacks by con-servationists on the practices of theextractive induLstries as simply part of ascheme to promote government control.It is indeed, as Flawn suLggested in hisarticle, pointless to beat the dead horseof despoliation thaIt occurred in thepast to blamine present operators forthe sins of their predecessors. BuLt atrip throUgh atlmost any mineral ex-traction or refining area raises douLbtthat the horse is really dead. The sameprofit motive that brings suLccessfulI ex-ploitation of certain resouLrces for thegood of mnankind also dictates mini-nizing of costs, with consequent harmto other naturail Iand human values.Apparently the people's concern can beexpressed effectively only through gov-ernment regulation. The extent to whichinduLstries regulate themselves shoulldhave considerable influence on the de-gree to which they are regulated.

GEORGE R. FAHNESTOCK16310 A .shorth Avenue Nor-thl,Seattle, Washin-ton 98133

Ruchlis's letter hits the crucial prob-lem in conservation, probably themost important problem in our lives.The alssumption that economic growthis always desirable is an idea onerarely hears quLestioned, almost neverby political or business leaders. AsFlawn says in his article, conservationdepends on control of population.The eairth's resources cannot supply thewants of an unlimited number of peo-ple. If population cannot be stabilized,and in many areas reduLced, and ifwe cainnot build a stable economy tosupply the desires of a stable popuLla-tion, it seems certain that most of thethings in the world which make lifeworth living will be destroyed. if notthe necessities for the very existenceof our species. If Flawn is correct thatthe best an industrial society can dois to nminimilze damage necessary forthe operation of the system, then ouLrindu.strial system must be modified...

JOHN MUNCHDepar-tm17en1t of Chemi.stry,Dickinson College,Carlisle, Pennsylvania

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