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Methodology

This study used the RAFMS as research tool and adopted IAD as method for

analysis. The RAFMS is a research tool designed to extract, in a relatively

short time, pertinent information from the fishers and other coastal

stakeholders in a consultative mode to gain an understanding of the fisheries

management system at the community level, both informal and formal, in

order to strengthen, legitimize, revise, and/or transfer the system. The RAFMS

is based on institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework as

method of analysis.

The RAFMS used the following participatory field data collection techniques:

Focus Group Discussion, Perceptual Resource Transect, and Historical Time

Line to collect data on biophysical and technical attributes in the MPA area as

well as the factors that can facilitate or hinder its sustainability. Secondary

data gathering such as Municipal ordinances to obtain information on

institutional arrangements and use right and rule system of MPAs, technical

reports and legal documents to collect information related to institutional and

project context external to the community; Socioeconomic profiles of the

LGUs to obtain basic socio-economic, biophysical, institutional and MPA-

related information. The information on outcome of institutional arrangements

and use right system in the MPAs were obtained from the Final Report of the

RSA. The ecological outcome was based from the results of the coral reef

habitat assessment done in 1994 and in 2004. The institutional outcome was

based from the household survey on respondents perceptions on the

effectiveness of the institutional arrangements in protecting the coastal

resources within the MPA areas.

The institutional analysis framework was developed by researchers at the

Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, USA.

It uses concepts from economics, political science, anthropology, biology and

law, and relies mainly on methods described by Kiser and Ostrom (1982),

Ostrom (1986 and 1990) and Oakerson (1992). The framework is a method for

logically arranging information on key attributes which characterize collective

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action situations at multiple levels, examining relationships among attributes,

and considering or describing outcomes (Figure 1). These attributes which

were generated through RAFMS are: (1) The biophysical and technical

attributes which pertain to coastal environments and. harvesting technology

used. The nature of interaction among fishers is commonly structured by the

biophysical and technological environment of the fishery. These include the

status of the coastal habitats and the state of resource exploitation. (2) The

attributes for institutional and organizational arrangements in the MPA which

define the sets of rights that fishers possess in relation to the fishery and the

rules that define what action they can take in utilizing the fishery. In general,

institutional arrangements are defined by authority relationships that specify

who decides what in relation to whom; and (3) The attributes for institutional

and project context external to the community which include. national,

regional, district or municipal levels for the processes of policymaking,

legislation, CRM projects.

These attributes form the context within which fishers and other resource

stakeholders coordinate, cooperate and contribute to establish organizations

and institutions to manage the CPR within the MPA.

In analyzing institutional arrangements, the basic strategy was to separate and

dissect the parts of the action situation-contextual variables, incentives,

patterns of interactions and outcomes; the research framework links contextual

variables characterizing key attributes of the resource and resource user, with

the local fisheries management institutional arrangements (rights and rules).

A causal relationship exists among and between the contextual variables, the

institutional arrangements (the focus of the analysis) and the resulting

transactional (action) situations.

The local institutional arrangements, structured by the contextual variables,

affect the actions of the resource users by shaping the incentives and

disincentives they face to coordinate and cooperate in resource governance,

management and use. These incentives, in turn, shape the patterns of

interaction that result when resource users select and implement fishing

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strategies; these interactions result in certain outcomes. These outcomes may,

in turn, affect other outcomes.

Based on the contextual variables, the patterns of interactions and outcomes

that are most likely to occur for an action situation can be explained or

predicted given the incentive structure. The performance of the outcomes is

then evaluated using established criteria (Ostrom 1990, Tang 1992, Ostrom,

Schroeder and Wynne 1993).

Biological,Physical,

Technological

Attributes

Institutional

Arrangements

(Decision-

Making

Arrangements,

Rights and Rules)

Incentives

to

Cooperate,

Contribute

Patterns of

Interaction

among

Resource Users

Outcomes

ExternalInstitutional

Arrangements

and Contexts

Fishers

Community

Level

OutsideFishers

Community

Level