Methodology - Anti-Defamation League
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Transcript of Methodology - Anti-Defamation League
Methodology
Methodology
The Anti-Defamation League commissioned First International Resources to update attitudes
and opinions toward Jews in France, the UK, and Germany. Fieldwork and data collection for
this international public opinion project were conducted and coordinated by Anzalone Liszt
Grove Research. All interviews were conducted between January 16 – February 27, 2017.
Expected margin of sampling error at the 95% confidence level is ±4.4% for France, UK, and
Germany (n=500 interviews each).
The margin of error is higher for sub-groups within each country. Interviews were conducted
via landline telephones and mobile phones.
All respondents were selected at random using random-digit dial sampling. In all countries, the
samples are fully nationally representative. Population data was based on the U.N.
Department of Social and Economic Affairs - Population Division.
Data was collected in each country in the national language.
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ANTI-SEMITIC STEREOTYPES
1) Jews are more loyal to Israel than to [this country/the countries they live in].
2) Jews have too much power in the business world.
3) Jews have too much power in international financial markets.
4) Jews don’t care about what happens to anyone but their own kind.
5) Jews have too much control over global affairs.
6) People hate Jews because of the way Jews behave.
7) Jews think they are better than other people.
8) Jews have too much control over the United States government.
9) Jews have too much control over the global media.
10) Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust.
11) Jews are responsible for most of the world’s wars.
As in 2014 and 2015, we created Index Scores by asking whether the following negative
stereotypes are “probably true” or “probably false.” Respondents who said at least 6 out of 11
statements are “probably true” are considered to harbor anti-Semitic attitudes.
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Major Findings: Index Scores and Political Anti-Semitism
Major Findings: Anti-Semitism
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Percentage who harbor anti-Semitic attitudes in each country:
2014 2015 2017
17% 14% 37%
16% 11% 27%
12% 10% 8%
7,600,000 French harbor anti-Semitic attitudes
7,750,000 Germans harbor anti-Semitic attitudes
5,300,000 British harbor anti-Semitic attitudes
Major Findings: Anti-Semitism in Politics
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At least 25% in each country think there is more anti-Semitic rhetoric in
politics recently.
28% say there is more anti-Semitic rhetoric in politics 12% are concerned about anti-Semitism on the left 25% are concerned about anti-Semitism on the right
37% say there is more anti-Semitic rhetoric in politics 24% are concerned about anti-Semitism on the left 76% are concerned about anti-Semitism on the right
26% say there is more anti-Semitic rhetoric in politics 36% are concerned about anti-Semitism on the left 40% are concerned about anti-Semitism on the right
Major Findings: Attitudes toward Immigrants
Major Findings: Immigrants / Refugees
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Europeans are divided as to whether or not their governments are taking in too many immigrants.
About
Right
Too
Few
Too
Many
16% 42% 36%
9% 44% 43%
14% 45% 36%
The top concern with
admitting Muslim
refugees is fear of an
increase in terrorism.
This is strongest in
Germany (38% major
concern)
86% in the UK /
81% in France /
68% in Germany
would be comfortable
living with Muslim
neighbors
Major Findings: Immigration and Anti-Semitism
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Not surprisingly, there are strong ties between anti-Semitism and prejudice against Muslim refugees.
42%
44%
45%
Among those who harbor anti-Semitic attitudes:
say their country has let in too many immigrants
say their country has let in too many immigrants
60%
73%
64%
say their country has let in too many immigrants
Overall
Attitudes Toward Jews
Germany / France / UK
UK respondents view Jews most favorably, with low unfavorable
ratings in each country.
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79 75
85
5 4 6 0
20
40
60
80
100
France Germany United Kingdom
Favorable Unfavorable
As in previous years, people may say they like Jews while still adhering
to negative stereotypes.
There are an estimated 21 million people who harbor anti-
Semitic views in these three countries.
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Country Adult
Population
% Who
Harbor Anti-
Semitic
Attitudes
# Who Harbor Anti-
Semitic Attitudes
France 54,411,312 14 7,600,000
Germany 70,366,057 11 7,750,000
United Kingdom 53,193,761 10 5,300,000
In the UK, levels of anti-Semitism are highest among those who have never
met a Jewish person.
17 16
9 13
10 9
17 14
18
0
20
40
60
France Germany United Kingdom
Interact with Jews Often
Interact with Jews Rarely
Never Met a Jewish Person
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% Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
STEREOTYPES
% responding “probably true” UK France Germany
Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country 32% 33% 45%
Jews have too much power in the business world 18% 28% 21%
Jews have too much power in international financial markets 17% 24% 24%
Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the
Holocaust 20% 29% 37%
Jews don’t care about what happens to anyone but their own kind 12% 24% 17%
Jews have too much control over global affairs 11% 23% 15%
Jews have too much control over the United States Government 16% 16% 21%
Jews think they are better than other people 13% 14% 14%
Jews have too much control over the global media 11% 21% 10%
Jews are responsible for most of the world’s wars 4% 4% 4%
People hate Jews because of the way Jews behave 14% 17% 26%
The most common stereotype in these countries is that Jews are more loyal to
Israel than to their country.
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STEREOTYPES – GERMANY
% responding “probably true” 2017 2015 2014
Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country 45% 49% 55%
Jews have too much power in the business world 21% 28% 33%
Jews have too much power in international financial markets 24% 29% 33%
Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust 37% 51% 52%
Jews don’t care about what happens to anyone but their own kind 17% 17% 28%
Jews have too much control over global affairs 15% 21% 25%
Jews have too much control over the United States Government 21% 25% 31%
Jews think they are better than other people 14% 16% 29%
Jews have too much control over the global media 10% 20% 23%
Jews are responsible for most of the world’s wars 4% 9% 13%
People hate Jews because of the way Jews behave 26% 30% 33%
While belief in these stereotypes is down in Germany, Germans are
still more likely than the French or British to say that Jews talk too
much about the Holocaust.
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Non-college-educated and male Germans are more likely to harbor
anti-Semitic attitudes than women or college-educated Germans.
11
15
7 6
13
0
20
40
Germany Overall Male Female College Non-college
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Germany: % Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
STEREOTYPES – FRANCE
% responding “probably true” 2017 2015 2014
Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country 33% 33% 31%
Jews have too much power in the business world 28% 33% 51%
Jews have too much power in international financial markets 24% 26% 48%
Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust 29% 34% 44%
Jews don’t care about what happens to anyone but their own kind 24% 26% 31%
Jews have too much control over global affairs 23% 22% 46%
Jews have too much control over the United States Government 16% 21% 42%
Jews think they are better than other people 14% 17% 33%
Jews have too much control over the global media 21% 21% 44%
Jews are responsible for most of the world’s wars 4% 6% 18%
People hate Jews because of the way Jews behave 17% 22% 26%
In France, belief in most stereotypes is only slightly down from 2015.
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20% of French males under age 50 harbor anti-Semitic
attitudes.
14
20
14
6
17
9
19
0
20
40
FranceOverall
Men 18-49 Men 50+ Women 18-49 Women 50+ College Non-College
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France: % Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
STEREOTYPES – UNITED KINGDOM
% responding “probably true” 2017 2015 2014
Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country 32% 41% 27%
Jews have too much power in the business world 18% 21% 11%
Jews have too much power in international financial markets 17% 22% 12%
Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust 20% 26% 10%
Jews don’t care about what happens to anyone but their own kind 12% 16% 8%
Jews have too much control over global affairs 11% 15% 11%
Jews have too much control over the United States Government 16% 18% 19%
Jews think they are better than other people 13% 15% 9%
Jews have too much control over the global media 11% 12% 14%
Jews are responsible for most of the world’s wars 4% 6% 6%
People hate Jews because of the way Jews behave 14% 19% 7%
Almost one-third of Britons believe that Jews are more loyal to
Israel than the UK.
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There is no gender gap in the UK, but anti-Semitic attitudes are
more common among the more religiously observant.
10 10 10 7
9 12
15
0
20
40
UK Overall Men Women Never AttendServices
Attend Lessthan Monthly
Attend 1-2Times per
Month
AttendWeekly
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UK: % Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
Religious Observance
Attitudes Toward Jews
Proxies for Anti-Semitism
14 11 10
5 4 6
0
20
40
France Germany United Kingdom
% Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes % Unfavorable Toward Jews
Many more people harbor anti-Semitic attitudes than say they are
unfavorable toward Jews.
23
27
20
31
10 8
4 0
20
40
60
France Germany United Kingdom
% Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes Among Those Who Say They Know A Lot Of People Who Have NegativeFeelings About Jews
% Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes Among Those Who Say They DO NOT Know A Lot Of People Who HaveNegative Feelings About Jews
Levels of anti-Semitism are significantly higher among people
who say they know a lot of people who feel negatively about Jews
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“A lot of the people I know have negative feelings about Jews”
8
13 10
13
17 15
0
20
40
UK France Germany
Positive Negative
People who are pessimistic about their personal or national
economic situation are more likely to hold Anti-Semitic views.
When thinking about your own personal
financial situation, would you describe it as
excellent, good, not so good, or poor?
25
7 9 9
12
16
24
0
20
40
UK France Germany
Positive Negative
How would you describe the state of your
country's economy these days?
% Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes % Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
People who say Israel’s actions have a major influence on their
opinion of Jews tend to harbor more anti-Semitic views.
27
42
24 19 17
23
46
37
45
0
20
40
60
80
France Germany United Kingdom
Major Influence Minor Influence No Influence
Boxes show % who harbor anti-Semitic attitudes among each group
Do actions taken by the state of Israel influence your opinions about Jews, or do they
not influence your opinions about Jews?
26
29 15
6 24
9
7
34
17
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The Holocaust
87
93
99
86 91
94 92 96 96
0
20
40
60
80
100
France Germany United Kingdom
2014 2015 2017
Awareness of the Holocaust remains nearly universal in
Western Europe.
Have you heard about the Holocaust in Europe during World War II?
28
8
4 3 0
10
20
30
40
50
France Germany United Kingdom
The Holocaust happened but the number of Jews who died in it has been greatly exaggeratedby history
The Holocaust is a myth and did not happen
Holocaust denial is extremely low in Western Europe.
Which of the following statements comes closest to your views
about the Holocaust in Europe during World War II?
[ASKED ONLY OF RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE HEARD OF THE HOLOCAUST]
Red = Total Exaggerated + Myth 29
8
4 3
Violence Against Jews and Muslims
79
81
75
74
75
79
77
79
79
0 20 40 60 80 100
France
Germany
UK
2017 2015 2014
Strong majorities believe Jews are treated well in their country
How would you describe the treatment of Jews in your country?
Showing: Excellent + Good
31
43
11
6
50
19
17
40
18
13
0 20 40 60 80 100
France
Germany
UK
2017 2015 2014
Although the percentage has fallen since 2015, the French are still by
far the most likely to say that violence against Jews happens often in
their country.
How often is there violence against Jews in your country?
[% Very + Somewhat Often]
32
49
65
56
82 81 77
0
20
40
60
80
100
UK France Germany
Jews: Very + Somewhat Concerned Muslims: Very + Somewhat Concerned
In general there is more concern over violence directed at Muslims
than about violence directed at Jews.
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How concerned are you about violence directed at
Muslims, Islamic symbols and Islamic institutions
throughout your country?
How concerned are you about violence directed at
Jews, Jewish symbols and Jewish institutions
throughout your country?
75
79
77
80
88
88
83
83
88
0 20 40 60 80 100
France
Germany
UK
2017 2015 2014
More than 8 in 10 adults in these countries think that it is important for
their government to take a role in combating anti-Semitism
How important do you think it is for the government to take a role in combating anti-Semitism in
our country?
[% Very + Somewhat Important]
34
37
21
41
49
27
41
42
28
33
0 20 40 60 80 100
Germany
France
UK
2017 2015 2014
The French are least likely to believe that violence directed
against Jews stems from anti-Israel sentiment.
In your opinion, is the violence directed against your country’s Jews a result of anti-Jewish
feelings or a result of anti-Israel sentiment?
[% Saying “Result of Anti-Israel Sentiment]
35
69 64
82
60 57
71
0
20
40
60
80
100
UK France Germany
Doing Enough for Jews Doing Enough for Mulsims
A majority think their government is doing enough to protect Jews.
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Do you think your government is doing
enough to ensure the safety of its Muslim
citizens, or do you think it is not doing enough
to ensure the safety of its Muslim citizens?
Do you think your government is doing
enough to ensure the safety of its Jewish
citizens, or do you think it is not doing enough
to ensure the safety of its Jewish citizens?
Anti-Semitism in Politics
26 28
37
62 63
55
0
20
40
60
80
100
UK France Germany
Agree Disagree
German respondents are most likely to say there is more anti-Semitic
rhetoric in politics recently.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
“It seems like politicians in this country are using more anti-Semitic rhetoric recently.”
38
36
24
12
40
76
25
46
68
79
41
19
66
0
20
40
60
80
100
UKLeft-wing
parties
GermanyLeft-wing
parties
France Left-wing parties
UKRight-wing
parties
GermanyRight-wing
parties
France Right-wing parties
Agree Disagree
There is much greater concern with anti-Semitism on the right in
Germany than in France.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:
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Anti-Semitism is a problem among left-wing political parties in this country.”
“Anti-Semitism is a problem among right-wing political parties in this country.”
Immigration, Intolerance, and Anti-Semitism
10 14
11 17
27 29
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Overall Unfav to Muslims
Across these countries, people unfavorable to Muslims are
significantly more likely to harbor anti-Semitic attitudes.
% Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
41
45 42 44
14 16
9
36 36
43
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Too many Too few About the right number
% “too few + about right”
Europeans are fairly evenly divided as to whether or not their
governments are taking in too many immigrants.
Thinking for a moment about your government's policies on immigration, do
you think your government has allowed too many, too few, or about the right
number of new immigrants in recent years?
42
50 52 52
45 42 44
64 60
73
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Too many: Overall Too many: Among Those Who Harbor Anti-Semitic Attitudes
People who harbor anti-Semitic views are also more likely to
believe their government is accepting too many immigrants.
Thinking for a moment about your government's policies on immigration, do
you think your government has allowed too many, too few, or about the right
number of new immigrants in recent years?
43
25
39 38
30 25
39 42
32
21
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Major Concern Minor Concern Not a concern
In Europe, hesitance about Muslim immigration is mostly driven by fears of
increased terrorism. A majority in all three European countries say they are
concerned that Muslim immigration makes terrorism more likely.
And thinking specifically about recent Muslim immigrants in this country, please tell me
whether each of the following is a major concern, a minor concern, or not a concern for you.
‘Muslim immigrants will increase the likelihood of terrorist attacks in this country’
44
Regression analysis indicates this is the strongest predictor of the level of immigration people want in these countries.
13
23 26 28 26
38
56
47
35
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Major Concern Minor Concern Not a concern
German respondents are most concerned that Muslim immigration will
increase levels of crime in their country.
45
And thinking specifically about recent Muslim immigrants in this country, please tell me
whether each of the following is a major concern, a minor concern, or not a concern for you.
‘Muslim immigrants will increase the amount of crime in this country’
17
28 29 33
26
36 42 41
30
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Major Concern Minor Concern Not a concern
A majority in each country are concerned that Muslim
immigrants will increase the amount of anti-Semitism.
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And thinking specifically about recent Muslim immigrants in this country, please tell me
whether each of the following is a major concern, a minor concern, or not a concern for you.
‘Muslim immigrants will increase the amount of anti-Semitism in this country’
15 19
9
27 25 27
56 53
63
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Major Concern Minor Concern Not a concern
There is relatively little concern that Muslim immigrants will
take away jobs and benefits.
And thinking specifically about recent Muslim immigrants in this country, please tell me whether
each of the following is a major concern, a minor concern, or not a concern for you.
‘Muslim immigrants will take jobs and benefits away from citizens in this country’
47
35 29
33
49 55 55
0
20
40
60
80
UK France Germany
Adopt customs Remain distinct
Germans, the French, and the British generally believe that Muslims want to
remain distinct rather than integrating into society.
Do you think most Muslims in this country want to adopt our customs and ways
of life or do you think that they want to be distinct from our society as a whole?
48
86
75 81
65 68
51
12
22 15
29 24
44
0
20
40
60
80
100
Overall Too manyimmigrants
Overall Too manyimmigrants
Overall Too manyimmigrants
Comfortable
Not comfortable
UK France Germany
Even among people who say their country has too many immigrants,
most say they would be comfortable with Muslim neighbors.
How comfortable would you be with having Muslims as neighbors?
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