Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point? Oscar...

Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point?

Oscar CorchoMariano Fernandez-Lopez Asuncion Gomez-Perez

Presenter: Yihong Ding

Ontology

Ontological Engineering: Methodologies

Ontological Engineering: Tools

Ontological Engineering: Languages

Meeting Point

Outline

Ontology: a fashionable word in the last decade

Ontology

Building

Translation

Evolution

Reuse

Evaluation

Learning

Mapping

Merging

Management

Tools Tools

Methodologies

Methodologies

Languages

Languages

Ontology: many definitions

from Philosophy: “a systematic explanation of being”

Neches gives some guidelines: “…defines the basic terms and relations compromising the vocabulary of a topic area as well as the rules for combining terms and relations to define extensions to the vocabulary.”

Gruber, the most quoted: “…an explicit specification of a conceptualization”

Borst, slightly modified:“…a formal specification of a shared conceptualization”

Guarino: “…a logical theory which gives an explicit, partial account of a conceptualization”

Ontology: two types

Lightweight ontologies Mainly taxonomies Include

Concepts Concept taxonomies Relationships between concepts Properties that describe concepts

Heavyweight ontologies Model the domain in a deeper way Provide more restrictions on domain semantics Include

Everything for lightweight ontologies Axioms and constraints

Outline

Ontology




Meeting Point

Methodologies for Ontology Building

Ontology building Cyc

Manual tool aided manual mainly performed by tools

Uschold and King Identify the purpose, build, evaluate, document

Gruniger and Fox Identify the main scenarios, identify the competency questions,

extract relevant concepts and relations, formalize in FOL

KACTUS Ontology built on the basis of an application KB, by abstraction

SENSUS Extract ontologies by reusing huge ontologies

Other methodologies

CO4 Ontology cooperative construction A protocol to reach consensus between several

KBs Leaves:

user KB No consensual knowledge

Intermediate nodes: group KB Have knowledge consensuated among all its children and

siblings Knowledge consensus is achieved by the exchange

of message between users

Other methodologies

Ontology learning

Ontology merging methodologiesFCA-mergePROMPTONIONS

Outline

Ontology




Meeting Point

Types of Ontology Tools

Ontology development tools Editors and browsers Graphical editors Translators Ontology library management Ontology documentation Ontology population Evaluation Evolution

Merge and alignement tools Ontology-based annotation tools Querying tools and inference engines Ontology learning tools

Some tools

OilEd from University of Manchester http://oiled.man.ac.uk/ Ontolingua from KSL (Stanford University)

http://www-ksl.stanford.edu OntoSaurus from ISI (USA)

http://www.isi .edu/isd/ontosaurus.html OntoEdit from Karlsrhue Univ.

http://ontoserver.aifb.unikarlsruhe.de/ontoedit/ Protégé 2000 from SMI (Stanford University)

http://protege.stanford.edu / WebOnto from KMI (Open University)

http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/webonto/ WebODE from UPM http://webode.dia.fi.upm.es/webODE/ KAON from AIFB and FZI at the University of Karlsruhe

http://kaon.semanticweb.org/ SymOntoX from LEKS http://www.symontox.org/

Tools for Ontological Engineering

Ontolingua Ontology editor: remote browse and edit OKBC (Open Knowledge Based Connectivity) protocol: access to ontologies

from remote or local applications Translation of ontologies into typical application environments Support for distributed, collaborative development of consensus ontologies Webster: an equation solver Chimaera: an ontology merging tool

OntoSaurus Ontology Server

• Knowledge Representation Language based on DL: LOOM• Reasoning capabilities associated to LOOM• Ontology: SENSUS

Ontology Browser dynamically creates HTML pages• Edit the ontology• Display the ontology content

Translators: from LOOM to Ontolingua, KIF, KRSS, and C++


WebOnto Ontology editor for OCML ontologies Support editing ontologies collaboratively Allow synchronous and asynchronous discussions

Protégé2000 Technology: Java standalone application; plug-in architecture Knowledge model features:

OKBC compliant: classes and slots. Also metaclassesAxioms in KIF and PALKnowledge acquisition forms automatically generated for capturing

instances Merge tools: protégéPrompt Imports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML Exports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML


WebODE Technology: Java workbench. Knowledge model features:

Support to Methontology; OCML; axioms in Prolog Imports: RDF(S), OIL, DAML+OIL, FLogic, Prolog Exports: RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL , FLogic, Prolog

OntoEdit Technology: Java standalone application Knowledge model features:

Support to OTK methodology Multilingual development of ontologies, Multiple inheritance Basic Axioms: disjoint concepts, symmetric relations, transitive relations.

Imports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML, FLogic Exports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML, FLogic Inference engine: OntoBroker


OILed Technology: Java standalone application. Backends can be added easily. Knowledge model features:

SHIQ: classes organized in class taxonomies, properties, property restrictions and individuals. Disjoint and exhaustive subclass decompositions.

Imports: RDF(S), OIL, DAML+OIL, SHIQ Exports: RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL, SHIQ Inference engine: FaCT, RACER

DUET Technology: A plug-in in the Rational Rose suite. Knowledge model features:

Core DAML+OIL concepts are mapped into UML Offer UML visualization

Imports: DAML+OIL Exports: UML

Other Tools

Ontology merging Chimaera, Protégé-PROMPT

Ontology translation between languages Ontomorph

Ontology-based Web page annotation COHSE, OntoMat, SHOE Knowledge Annotator

Ontology evaluation OntoAnalyser, ONE-T, ODEClean

RDF query engine RDFSuite, Sesame, Inkling, Jena

Outline

Ontology




Meeting Point

Ontology Implementation Languages

KIF First-order logic Interchange format for diverse KR systems

Ontolingua KIF + frames Highly expressive Difficult in reasoning (no reasoning support)

Loom Description logic Provide automatic classification of concepts No procedures w.r.t. Ontolingua

Ontology Implementation Languages

OCML Add to Ontolingua

deductive and production rules Operational definitions for functions

Develop executable ontologies

FLogic (Frame Logic) Frame + First-order logic Allow deductive rules but prohibit n-ary relations Do not use Lisp-like syntax Inference engine: Ontobroker

Web-based Ontology Languages

XMLSHOE

Allow the insertion of ontologies in HTML documents

RDFDAML+OILOWL

Outline

Ontology




Meeting Point

Meeting Point

Proposed Workbench

Conclusion

Nowadays, many ontology tools support to generate ontologies in many different ontology languages.

In general, there is no correspondence between ontology building methodologies and tools.

Many tools, but they are not usually able to be interoperate.

Ontology markup languages are still under development.

Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point? Oscar...

Documents

Transcript of Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point? Oscar...