Metallic and Ionic Bonding and Properties

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What can we learn about the properties of ionic and metallic substances by looking at their atomic structure?

Transcript of Metallic and Ionic Bonding and Properties

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What can we learn

about the properties of 

ionic and metallic substances

by looking at their

atomic structure?

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The sodium chloride

crystal stays together 

due to (+) and (-)electrostatic attractions.

etcetc

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Here is an example of a metallic crystal.

 Note its similarity to the

organization of an ionic

crystal.

Here, however, all theions are positive.

HOW CAN THAT BE?

How can (+) ions

stick together?

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As an example metal,Let¶s take a look 

at aluminum¶s

subatomic structure

ALUMINUM

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The aluminum

particles are

arranged in an

orderly repeating

pattern.

ALUMINUM

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However the valence

electrons are not

localized to any one

particle.They are

free to move and

occupy the space

between the (+) ions.

ALUMINUM

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

cations

(+ ions)

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

cations

(+ ions)

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

cations

(+ ions)

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

freely moving

valenceelectrons

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

freely moving

valenceelectrons

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The large attraction

of the (+) ions for

the (-) delocalized

valence electrons

are what holds the

crystal together.

ALUMINUM

freely moving

valenceelectrons

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ALUMINUM

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ALUMINUM

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ALUMINUM

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ALUMINUM

Our example of 

aluminum metalconsists of 

Al3+ ions,

with eachAl atom

giving up

3 electrons

to the delocalized

µsea¶ of electrons.

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How does this

arrangement

account

for metallic

properties?

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Let¶s look at

malleability.

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The delocalized

electrons are aconstant presence,

always holding

together any

shifting (+) ions.

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The delocalized

electrons are aconstant presence,

always holding

together any

shifting (+) ions.

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This is

malleability.

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Why aren¶t ionic crystals malleable?

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Ionic crystals cleave

 because the like chargesof shifted ions repel each

other.

The cleavage often resultsin a shear, smooth face

 between the split crystals.

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Back to metallic crystals!

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The strong

attraction

 between the

(+) ions in the

crystal for the

delocalizedelectrons

results not only

in malleability:

3+

3+

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This structure

makes metals

hard and strong,

with a high

melting point:3+

3+

3+

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This structure

makes metals

hard and strong,

with a high

melting point:

The particles

want to stay

together!

3+

3+

3+

3+ 3+

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In general, the

more delocalized

electrons, the

tougher the metal.

Transition metals

have the mostdelocalized

electrons and are

the strongest.

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Delocalized

electrons alsocarry electric

current and heat

due to their 

ability to movethrough the

crystal.

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AND delocalized

electrons readilyabsorb and re-emit

visible frequency

 photons, giving

metals their characteristic luster.

3+

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TOO COOL!!

The ³Bean´ in Chicago: 100% stainless steel²why so shiny?