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Engineering MECHANICS

TERM PAPER ON

METLABS

SUBMITTED BY: Adil

Hussain Lone

SUBMITTED TO: Preet Kaur

SECTION: G5001

ROLL NO: B-74

REGD NO: 11013757

Acknowledgement

It is my profound pleasure to express my sincerest gratitude to my esteemed

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supervisor,Ms Preet Kour,Lecturer ,department of physics Lovely Professional

University ,Phagwara[ Punjab], for her inspiring guidance for all the times. It is

both encouraging and informative .i feel it is my pleasure to work under her

expert guidance and supervision.

I feel highly obliged to my teacher for her keen interest and valuable

suggestions .

I owe my gratitude to my dear parents and would like to say special thanks

to my brother for their help ,support ,and motivation. Above all, I thank

Almighty God for all this grace,blessings and strength throughout the journey

of this term paper.

ADIL HUSSAIN LONE .

contents

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(1) Introduction

(2)History

(3)overview

(4)Benefits

(5)Applications

(6)Mechanical testing

(7)Services

(8)Equipments

(9) Client Base

Introduction:

The Metallurgical Laboratory or "Met Lab" at the University of Chicago was part

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of the World War IIera Manhattan Project, created by the United States to

develop an atomic bomb. It was where Enrico Fermi created the first self-

sustaining nuclear chain reaction under the university's football stadium.

History:

In July 1939, at the urging of physicists Eugene Wigner and Le Szilrd, Albert

Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt explaining the military

potential of nuclear fission and calling for the United States to develop atomic

weapons before Nazi Germany did.

In response, Roosevelt appointed a committee to direct the research. Early

funding was meager, but in 1940, scientists at Columbia University and the

University of California were able to demonstrate the weapons potential of the

isotope uranium-235 and the newly-discovered element plutonium.

Immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,

Nobel Prize laureate Arthur H. Compton quickly gained support for

consolidating plutonium research at Chicago and for an ambitious schedule

that called for producing the first atomic bomb in January 1945, a goal that was

missed by only six months.

"Metallurgical Laboratory" was the "cover" name given to Compton's facility. Its

objectives were to produce chain-reacting "piles" of uranium to convert to

plutonium, find ways to separate the plutonium from the uranium and to design

a bomb. Most of the offices were in the university's Eckhart Hall; Szilard laterwrote that "the morale of the scientists could almost be plotted in a graph by

counting the number of lights burning after dinner in the offices at Eckhart

Hall."[1]

In August 1942, a team of scientists under Glenn T. Seaborg isolated the first

weighable amount of plutonium from uranium irradiated in cyclotrons.

Meanwhile, work continued under the renowned Italian physicist Enrico Fermi

to build uranium and graphite piles that could be brought to critical mass in a

controlled, self-sustaining nuclear reaction.

A labor strike prevented the construction of the piles at a laboratory in the

Argonne forest preserve, so Fermi and his associates Martin Whittaker and

Walter Zinn set about building the piles (really the world's first "nuclear

reactor," although that term was not used until 1952) in a racquets court under

the abandoned west stands of the university's Alonzo Stagg Field.[2] The piles

consisted of uranium pellets as a neutronproducing "core" separated from one

another by graphite blocks to slow the neutrons. Fermi himself described the

apparatus as "a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers." The controls

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consisted of cadmium-coated rods that absorbed neutrons. Withdrawing the

rods would increase neutron activity in the pile to lead to a self-sustaining

chain reaction. Re-inserting the rods would dampen the reaction.

On December 2, 1942, Chicago Pile 1 (CP-1) was ready for a demonstration.

Before a group of dignitaries, a young scientist named George Weil worked the

final control rod while Fermi carefully monitored the neutron activity. The pilewent critical at 3:20 p.m. Fermi shut it down 33 minutes later. In 1943, he

rebuilt the pile as CP-2 at the Argonne National Laboratory, in Red Gate Woods.

The stadium was demolished in 1957. The location is commemorated as the

Site of the First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction, a National Historic Landmark,

featuring a sculpture by Henry Moore.

Overview:

Metlab scrutinized the amount and cost of natural gas and electricity consumed

during the

years 1999 and 2000 and found that cost and consumption for both energy

sources rose during the 2-year period. The increase in the cost of natural gas

was especially high, providing Metlab with an incentive to find ways to reduce

its fuel use and costs.

Metlabs goal in performing the assessment was to identify ways that the

company might improve productivity and at the same time reduce energy

consumption, waste, and greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide

(CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The assessment was structured to include a

comprehensive survey and assessment of energy use, emissions, and

production practices at the plant, with special emphasis placed on the large

gas-fired furnaces Metlab uses to perform metal heat-treating operations. The

plan for performing the assessment included:

An inventory of all energy-consuming equipment in the plant, including

furnaces, Black Oxide

Coating System, plant water system, plant compressor system, and the

endothermic gas

generator station

An examination of the use of plant-wide electricity, natural gas, water,

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compressed air,

emissions, discharges, and other plant services

An analysis of selected furnaces performance measurements including

energy use for

critical process cycles, emissions, and energy efficiency.

Metlab managed the assessment with support from Energy Research Company,

CSGI, Inc.,

and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Energy

Research Company

collected data and analyzed the thermal performance of the two pit furnaces

(the two major furnaces mentioned below under Assessment

Implementation). CSGI, Inc. wrote the report and did the bulk of the

assessment. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

provided energy-saving related assistance. Each of these entities and the U.S.

Department of Energys Office of Industrial Technology (OIT) shared

assessment costs with Metlab. OITs contribution was $100,000, or about 42%

of the total assessment cost. OIT supports plant-wide energy efficiency

assessments that will lead to improvements in industrial efficiency, waste and

emissions reduction, productivity, and global competitiveness in OITs

Industries of the Future

BENEFITS:

Saves an estimated $528,400

annually in operating and energy

costs

Reduces natural gas use by

50,070 million British thermal units

(MMBtu) per year

Reduces electrical use by

329,400 kWh per year

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APPLICATIONS:

Metlab uses large amounts of naturalgas and electricity for process heatingand

process services. The significantresults of Metlabs plant-wideassessment may

encourage otherindustries with similar equipment andprocess lines to seek

opportunities tosave energy and cut cost

MECHANICAL TESTING:

This mechanical testing facility positions METLAB very well for a wide range of

tests such as product testing, welder certification, weld procedure qualification

and re-certification of material.

American (ASTM) and British/European (BSEN) standard test procedures

are followed.

All test equipment is calibrated against a preset calibration programme

as determined by international standards, using SANAS approved

facilities.

Tensile testing is performed on four (4) tensile machines with a capacity

of 7.5 - 60 ton (75 - 600KN)

Elevated tensile testing is performed on a 7.5 ton machine, temperatures

ranging form 100C to 950C

Bend testing is performed around 4 - 150mm formers

Impact testing is performed on two (2) impact machines, 294 Joule (ASTM

E23 calibrated) and 300 Joule (BSEN10045 calibrated), temperatures

ranging form -196C to +300Cs.

SERVICES:

A comprehensive range of destructive and non-destructive metallurgical

testing is available, which may be conducted in our testing house, or

where suitable on clients' sites. The METLAB replication, hardness and

chemical test technicians have an excellent reputation for specialized

testing on our clients' premises throughout Africa. A dedicated machine

shop is located on the premises, well equipped to produce machined test

samples of the highest standards in accordance with BS/ISO/ASME/AWS

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requirements.

This expertise positions METLAB very well for a wide range of tests /

services, such as:

Chemical Laboratory:

Spectrographic analysis (in-house/on site)

Wet chemical analysis

Mechanical Test Laboratory:

Tensile testing (ambient/elevated to 950C)

Bend testing

Load testing

Impact testing (-196C to 300C)

Welding procedure qualification

Welder certification

Metallographic Laboratory:

Hardness testing (in-house/on site)

Corrosion testing (salt spray/inter-granular)

Replication

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Fracture mechanics assessment

Delta ferrite testing (microstructure / ferrite scope)

Consultancy:

Metallurgical, material engineering consultancy

Welding engineering consultancy

Quality Assurance consultancy

On site services:

Spectrographic analysis

Hardness testing

Replication

Delta ferrite testing (ferrite scope)

Machining:

Specialise in machining of test samples for destructive testing in accordance

BS/ISO/ASME/AWS requirements.

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EQUIPMENT:

Calibrated equipment available to conduct the services provided

are:-

4 Tensile testing machines with a machine capacity of 7.5 - 60 ton

(75-600KN)

2 Impact testing machines, 294 Joule (ASM) 300 Joule (BSM)

4 hardness testing machines including portable, Brinnell, Rockwell,

Vickers

1 Spectrometer for laboratory testing

1 Mobile Spectrometer for site testing

1 Wet analysis equipment: I.C.P.

1 Leco Carbon Sulphur Analyzer

1 Salt spray cabinet

1 Ferrite scope for laboratory and site testing

General laboratory equipment

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CLIENT BASE:

The services supplied by METLAB since 1982, are currently utilised by

companies in all sectors of African business including:-

Transport

Manufacturing

Power Generation

Petrochemical

Food and Beverage

Utilities

Steel Suppliers

Construction

Consultants

Reference Cited :-

www.britannica.com/metlabs

www.wikipedia.com/en/metlabs

www.martain metlabs.com

www.metlabs.com

http://www.britannica.com/metlabshttp://www.wikipedia.com/en/metlabshttp://www.martain/http://www.metlabs.com/http://www.britannica.com/metlabshttp://www.wikipedia.com/en/metlabshttp://www.martain/http://www.metlabs.com/

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