Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture...
Transcript of Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture...
![Page 1: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mesopotamia
Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24)
Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies
Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Essential Question: How did Mesopotamian civilization emerge, and what technologies promoted its advancement?
![Page 2: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Geography• ~8,000 B.C.E.
agriculture & civilization arose in the “Fertile Crescent”– Arc of rich farmland in
the Middle East
![Page 3: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Geography• Mesopotamia (“land
b/t the rivers”)– On the flood plains b/t
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
• Located mostly in modern Iraq
• Rivers deposit silt from mountains, making the soil fertile
• Flooded unpredictably
![Page 4: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Geography• States (like
Mesopotamia) were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources
• ~5000 B.C.E., agriculture reached Mesopotamia– Area required irrigation to
cultivate• Artificial provision of water
to crops
![Page 5: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cities• Farming villages occasionally grew into urban
centers (cities)– Relied on agriculture from surrounding villages
• Cities allowed for specialized in crafts, religion or administrative duties
• Surrounding villages looked to cities for protection & manufactured goods
– City-states = a city & its surrounding agricultural areas
• Self-governed• Sumer, Akkad, Ur, etc.
![Page 6: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
City-States in Mesopotamia
![Page 7: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Political Beliefs
• Early city-states were ruled by kings– Some were believed to
be gods (theocracy)– Others claimed to have
divine support– Had the support of an
army
![Page 8: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Political Beliefs• One of Mesopotamia’s most
influential kings was Hammurabi– First king of the Babylonian
Empire– Created a common set of laws
known as the Code of Hammurabi
• Reflected existing hierarches in society
• Facilitated government rule over people
![Page 9: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Trade• Mesopotamians participated in
long distance trade (often with pastoralists)
• Trade was done through barter– Acquired new weapons and modes of
transportation• Ex. Compound bows, iron weapons,
chariots
– Exchanged goods, cultural ideas and technology
• Over time trade expanded from local to regional to transregional
![Page 10: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mesopotamian Society• Social and gender
hierarchies intensified as states expanded
• Three social classes– Free landowning– Dependent farmers
& artisans– Slaves
![Page 11: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mesopotamian Society• Women lost social standing with the spread of agriculture
– In Mesopotamia, women could own property, maintain control of their dowry & engage in trade, but men controlled political life
![Page 12: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Religion• Mesopotamians were polytheistic
– These gods embodied the forces of nature & were anthropomorphic
– Each city-state worshipped specific deities
• Early civilizations developed monumental architecture– Ziggurats were huge pyramidal temples
built as monuments to local gods
![Page 13: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The 4100 year old Great Ziggurat of Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq
![Page 14: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Technology & Science• Early civilizations developed
urban planning– Sewage, streets & roads, etc.
• Writing (appeared ~3300 B.C.E.)– Systems arose independently in
early civilizations and later diffused
– Cuneiform = system of writing involving wedge-shaped symbols representing words or symbols
• Hundreds of symbols confined literacy to small groups of scribes
![Page 15: Mesopotamia Ch. 1 (pp. 16 – 24) Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649f285503460f94c4096b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Technology & Science• Examples (continued)
– Bronze weapons/tools– Clay structures & pottery
• Potter’s wheel
– Military tactics/inventions• Horseback riders• Archers• Chariots
– Base-60 number system– Early advances in astronomy