Meso and South America Political, Economic, Cultural, and Social Aspects.
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Transcript of Meso and South America Political, Economic, Cultural, and Social Aspects.
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Meso and South America
Political, Economic, Cultural, and Social Aspects
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Inquiry Questions
• How were the Inca and Aztecs “theatre states” and how did they manifest?
• What technological and scientific innovations did Mesoamerican culture produce ?
• How did Mesoamerican and Andean societies reflect social stratification?
• How did Mesoamericans express their interest in science?
• What was the impact of trade networks on Meso and Andean America?
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Mesoamerica – quick history to Aztecs
• Mayan Culture – 200 CE – 1500 CE (or present?)
• Maya not a political entity – City States like ancient Greece – are a “Cultural Region”
• Kingdoms/City-states fought each other for dominance with largest dominating neighbors
• Developed agricultural techniques in use later: drained swamps, built elevated or terraced fields, irrigation systems, and managed forest resources
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Mayan Culture (cont)
• Impressive monumental architecture from largest city states
• City of Teotihuacan– Population 150 – 200 K at height – Dominated by pyramidal structures– Urbanization through forced resettlement– Agricultural innovations: Chinampas (floating
gardens)– Social stratification: commoners lived in Apartments
of stone, elite had private homes
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Mayan scribe
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Maya culture ballgame
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Teotihuacan
• Ruled by alliance of wealthy families (Oligarchy)
• Military used to protect and expand long-distance trade
• Collapsed around 650 CE– Mismanagement of resources?– Conflict within elite?– Invasion?
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MOON TEMPLE -- TEOTIHUACAN
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Teotihuacan – Avenue Of The Dead
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Mayan Culture (cont)
• Most Mayan city-states abandoned by 800-900 CE.
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The Toltec
• Based on civilization of Teotihuacan (survivors?)
• Innovative in war
• Capital at Tula– Dual Kingship – may have undermined the
state around 1000 CE– Destroyed by invaders around 1168 CE
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The Aztec
• Originally northern, clan-based• Migration to area around Lake Texcoco• 1325 – established major cities of
Tenochtitlan and Tlateloco• Political form of state: Monarchy
– King increased wealth & power through conquest
– Commoners lost influence– Inequities in wealth worsened
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The Aztec -- Politics
• “Theater State”– Power maintained through massive public
rituals– Trade focused on status items– Large number of gods – most important was
sun god– Gods required sacrifice of human hearts –
thousands per year
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Aztec Warriors
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Aztec warrior-knights
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The Aztec Economy
• Grain & other food tribute met 25% of capital’s needs
• Merchants distinct from and subordinate to elite
• Elite controlled long-distance trade
• No wheeled vehicles, draft animals, or currency (human porters)
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Chinampas
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The Aztec
• Economy: Increased agricultural production through land reclamation:– Chinampas (floating gardens)– Irrigation
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Tenochtitlan ruins (Mexico City)
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Tenochtitlan – ruins (Mexico City)
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Aztec Altar
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Aztec -- Culture
• Large number of Gods– most important was Sun God Huitzilopochtli
• Gods required died of human hearts supplied through sacrifice
• Thousands sacrificed per year – most war captives
• Emperor had special blood rituals
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Maize Goddess
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Aztec blood-letting ceremony
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Aztec ornamental skull
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Aztec priest with blood bowl
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Aztec sacrificial knives
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Aztec wall of Skulls
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Andean Civilizations
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Geography
• Andes mountains – very challenging territory
• Formed thousands of miles of trail to link up three “zones”– Mountains– Jungle– Seaside
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Political form of state
• Originally clan-based– “Allyu” – clan-based “payment” of surplus
grain.– M’ita – tributary labor system
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Social Structure
• Gender roles clear, but all expected to work, participate in economy
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Predecessors -- Moche
• No formal political structure
• Cultivation of staple crops: maize, quinoa, beans, manioc, potatoes
• Use of Alpacas for wool
• Highly stratified and theocratic society– Wealthy lived on platforms above the
commoners
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Moche ceramic portrait vase
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Moche (cont)
• Metallurgists (specialists)
• Fall of Moche culture – 30 years of drought
• Invasions
• Leaders lost authority –“blessing” of god
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The Inca -- Economy
• Used military to set up Tributary relationship with surrounding peoples
• Mit’a labor system (1/7 of each man’s product to social support system)
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Inca Quipus
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The Inca -- Politics
• Kept local leaders in place– Sons kept captive at capital of Cuzco– Sacred idols kept at Cuzco
Significant Imperial Bureaucracy
Royal family as descendent from Sun God
“Theater State” (like Aztecs): rituals and symbols to maintain power & social stratification
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Incan roads in Andes
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The Inca -- Cultural
• Amazing architecture – masonry without mortar
• Puma-shaped city
• Achievements in Astronomy and metallurgy
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Incan Tunic
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The Inca (c. 1400 CE)
• Capital at Cuzco
• Overall population of 6 million
• Vast Geographic territory
• Used military to conquer distant territories of varying environments
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Inca – Machu Picchyu
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Inca- Macchu Pichu
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Macchu Pichu Detail
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Inquiry Questions
• How were the Inca and Aztecs “theatre states” and how did they manifest?
• What technological and scientific innovations did Mesoamerican culture produce ?
• How did Mesoamerican and Andean societies reflect social stratification?
• How did Mesoamericans express their interest in science?
• What was the impact of trade networks on Meso and Andean America?