Mental Health Issues inJails and Prisons

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page i

Carolina Academic PressLaw Casebook Series

Advisory Board

❦

Gary J. Simson, ChairmanDean, Case Western Reserve University School of Law

Raj BhalaUniversity of Kansas School of Law

John C. Coffee, Jr.Columbia University Law School

Randall CoyneUniversity of Oklahoma College of Law

John S. DzienkowskiUniversity of Texas School of Law

Paul FinkelmanAlbany Law School

Robert M. JarvisShepard Broad Law Center

Nova Southeastern University

Vincent R. JohnsonSt. Mary’s University School of Law

Michael A. OlivasUniversity of Houston Law Center

Kenneth PortWilliam Mitchell College of Law

Michael P. ScharfCase Western Reserve University School of Law

Peter M. ShaneMichael E. Moritz College of Law

The Ohio State University

Emily L. SherwinCornell Law School

John F. Sutton, Jr.Emeritus, University of Texas School of Law

David B. WexlerJohn E. Rogers College of Law

University of Arizona

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page ii

Mental Health Issues inJails and Prisons

Cases and Materials

Michael L. PerlinProfessor of Law

New York Law School

Henry A. DlugaczAdjunct Professor of Law

New York Law SchoolAssistant Clinical Professor of

Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNew York Medical College

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page iii

Copyright © 2008Michael L. Perlin and Henry A. DlugaczAll Rights Reserved

ISBN 10: 1-59460-408-8ISBN 13: 978-1-59460-408-9LCCN: 2007936555

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page iv

As always, to Linda, Julie and Alex — my inspiration and my heart and soul.

M.L.P.Trenton, New JerseyMay 11, 2007

This book is dedicated to the family, immediate and extended, I love so much, fortheir endless support, guidance, (and tolerance). To Luisa, wife and partner, our chil-dren, Isaac, Noah and Alfredo, and to the memories of my father, Dr. Irving Dlugacz,and my uncle, Professor Joseph Bensman, who taught me how to think critically froman early age. I also want to thank the many colleagues, teachers and clients, from whomI’ve learned so much about how to bring humanity to intellectual pursuits, especially,Professor Andrew Hacker, Professor Michael Perlin, Dr. Lambert King, and the Honor-able Jack B. Weinstein.

H.A.D.New York, New YorkMay 9, 2007

And, in the words of the poet, for those . . .

Tolling for the rebel, tolling for the rakeTolling for the luckless, the abandoned an’ forsakedTolling for the outcast, burnin’ constantly at stake

(Bob Dylan, 1964, Chimes of Freedom)

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page v

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page vi

Contents

Table of Cases xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvAbout the Authors xxvii

Chapter 1 An Overview 3A. Introduction 3

Chapter 2 Persons with Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System:Why Should We Care? 7

A. Overview 7B. Scope of the Public Health Problem 8

1. Doris J. James & Lauren E. Glaze, Mental Health Problems ofPrison and Jail Inmates 8

C. Public Safety 91. Introduction 92. Violence and Mental Illness 10

a. MacArthur Research Network on Mental Health and the Law,The MacArthur Community Violence Study 10

3. Victimization of Persons with Mental Illness in the Community 11D. Fiscal Responsibility 12

1. Chad Kinsella, Healthcare Cost Strains Prisons 12E. Historical Background 13

1. “Slave of the State” Doctrine 14a. Ruffin v. Commonwealth 14

2. “Hands Off” Doctrine 15a. Banning v. Looney 15

3. Demise of the “Hands Off” Doctrine 15a. Introduction 15b. Early Pre-Gamble Cases 16

(1) Introduction 16(2) Newman v. Alabama 16(3) Williams v. Vincent 18

F. Questions and Notes 18

Chapter 3 Diversion 21A. Overview 21

1. Mark R. Munetz & Patricia A. Griffin, Use of the Sequential Intercept Model As an Approach to Decriminalization of People with Serious Mental Illness 23

vii

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page vii

B. Different Mechanisms 30C. Developing a Diversion Approach 31

1. Introduction 312. Pre-Booking Approaches 32

a. Special Training for Police 33(1) Crisis Intervention Team 33

(a) Major Sam Cochran, Fighting Stigma in Law Enforcement: The Message Has to Come from the Heart 35

(b) Procedural Justice and Police Response 353. Other Models 36

a. National Alliance of the Mentally Ill, The Mentally Ill and the Criminal Justice System: A Review of Programs 36

D. An Under-Explored Legal Issue: Emergency Rooms 361. Examination and Treatment for Emergency Medical

Conditions and Women in Labor: The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act 36

E. Post-Arrest Diversion Programs 391. The Nathaniel Project 392. At Arraignment: The NY EXIT Program 41

F. Trial Diversion Strategies: Mental Health Courts 421. Introduction 422. Aaron Levin, MH Courts Garner Mostly Favorable Reviews 423. The Role of Mental Health Courts in System Reform 44

a. Brooklyn Mental Health Court Treatment Plan 44The Brooklyn Mental Health Court 44

b. Questions of Appropriateness 46(1) The Broward County Court 47(2) Other Mental Health Courts 47

4. Council of State Governments: A Guide to Mental Health Court Design and Implementation 47

5. On Effectiveness 50a. Rearrest and Linkage to Mental Health 50

G. What Works? 501. Joseph Morrissey & Piper Meyer, Extending Assertive

Community Treatment to Criminal Justice Settings,The National GAINS Center for Systemic Change for Justice-Involved People with Mental Illness 50

2. The Most Recent Research 53H. The Role of the Judge and Court System 53

1. Judge Jack Weinstein, When Is a Social Worker As Well As a Lawyer Needed? 53

I. Questions 56

Chapter 4 Entry into the Criminal Justice System 57A. Detainees 57

1. Introduction 572. Statistical Profile 57

a. The National GAINS Center, The Prevalence of Co-Occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders in Jails 58

viii CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page viii

b. Suicide 59B. What Is Legally Required? 61

1. Detainee Status 61a. Griffin B. Bell et al. v. Louis Wolfish et al. 61

C. Application: Screening/Suicide 801. Introduction 802. Michelle Gibson v. County of Washoe, Nevada 81

D. Duty to Screen 961. Phyllis Jean Belcher, Administratrix of the Estate of Arthur Belcher,

Plaintiff-Appellee v. Sidney Oliver, Individually and As Mayor ofClendenin, West Virginia; et al. 96

2. Elise Elizabeth Gordon, Individually and As Administratrix of the Estate of Clarence Gordon, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee v.C.W. Kidd, et al. Defendants-Appellants 99

3. Questions 1084. Joe Marsh, Leroy Owens, Plaintiffs-Appellants v. Butler County,

Alabama, the Butler County Commission, et al.,Defendants-Appellees 109

E. Competency to Stand Trial 1221. Background 122

a. Bruce Winick, Restructuring Competency to Stand Trial 122b. Note: The Identification of Incompetent Defendants:

Separating Those Unfit for Adversary Combat from Those Who Are Fit 125

c. Bruce Winick & Terry DeMeo, Competence to Stand Trial in Florida 127

d. Questions 1292. Substantive Rights 129

a. Milton R. Dusky v. United States of America 129b. James Edward Drope v. Missouri 130c. Questions 135

3. Procedural Standards 136a. Frank J. Pate v. Theodore Robinson 136b. Burden of Proof 143

(1) Teofilo Medina, Jr. v. California 143(2) Byron Keith Cooper v. Oklahoma 153

c. Questions 1614. Medication 1625. Non-Psychiatric Disorders 162

a. Introduction 162b. James Ellis & Ruth Luckasson, Mentally Retarded

Criminal Defendants 162c. Questions 171

6. Disposition and Placement of Issues 172a. Note: Before Jackson v. Indiana 172

(1) Historical Background 172(2) Institutional Conditions 172

b. Theon Jackson v. State of Indiana 172c. Questions 183

CONTENTS ix

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page ix

d. Grant Morris & J. Reid Meloy, Out of Mind? Out of Sight: The Uncivil Commitment of Permanently Incompetent Criminal Defendants 184

e. Questions 191F. Insanity 192

1. Introduction 192a. Michael L. Perlin, Mental Disability Law: Civil and Criminal 192

2. Substantive Standards 195a. Michael L. Perlin, Mental Disability Law: Civil and Criminal 195b. On Clark v. Arizona 202

3. Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) 213a. People v. William Lee Seefeld 213b. Arthur C. Whitt v. State of Indiana 214c. People v. Shirley Marshall 215d. Linda Fentiman, “Guilty But Mentally Ill”: The Real Verdict

Is Guilty 216e. Ira Mickenberg, A Pleasant Surprise: The Guilty but

Mentally Ill Verdict Has Both Succeeded in Its Own Right and Successfully Preserved the Traditional Role of the Insanity Defense 223

4. After Hinckley 228a. The Insanity Defense Reform Act 228

(1) Michael L. Perlin, Mental Disability Law: Civil and Criminal 228

(2) Lisa Callahan, Connie Mayer & Henry Steadman,Insanity Defense Reform in the United States Post-Hinckley 230

(3) Questions 2365. Procedural Issues 237

a. Burden of Proof 237(1) Michael L. Perlin, The Jurisprudence of the Insanity

Defense 237b. Privilege against Self-Incrimination 239

(1) Michael L. Perlin, Law and Mental Disability 239c. The Right to Refuse Medication 240d. Experts and Counsel 240

(1) Glen Burton Ake v. Oklahoma 240e. Questions 248

6. Defendants with Other Disabilities 250a. Mental Retardation 250

(1) James Ellis & Ruth Luckasson, Mentally Retarded Criminal Defendants 250

b. Physiological Disorders 253(1) Michael L. Perlin, “Big Ideas, Images and Distorted Facts:”

The Insanity Defense, Genetics, and the “Political World,”from Genetics and Criminality: The Potential Misuse ofScientific Information in Court 253

c. Notes and Questions 2587. Insanity Defense Myths 259

a. Empirical Myths 259

x CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page x

(1) Michael L. Perlin, Mental Disability Law: Civil and Criminal 259

b. Question 262c. John Hinckley: The Saga Continues 262

8. Post-Acquittal Commitment 262a. State of New Jersey v. Stefan Krol 262b. Michael Jones v. United States 270

(1) On Jones 277(a) Michael L. Perlin, Mental Disability Law: Civil and

Criminal 277(2) Under the IDRA 278

9. Questions 279

Chapter 5 Sentenced Inmates 281A. Introduction 281B. Federal Sentencing Guidelines 282

1. Background 282a. Jack B. Weinstein & Christopher Wimmer,

Sentencing in the United States 282b. How Do the Guidelines Apply to Individuals with

Mental Illness? 2832. Departures and Mental Illness: Standards and

Underlying Attitudes 283a. Michael L. Perlin & Keri K. Gould, Rashomon and the

Criminal Law: Mental Disability and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines 283

b. Success of Defendants with Mental Disabilities in Seeking Departures 293(1) United States of America, Appellant v.

Jose Maldonado-Montalvo, Defendant, Appellee 293c. Note on the Feeney Amendment 300

3. Guidelines Are Advisory Not Mandatory: The Booker Case 300a. United States, Petitioner v. Freddie J. Booker, United States,

Petitioner v. Ducan Fanfan 300b. Post-Booker Applications 316

(1) United States of America, Appellee v. Paul M. Anderson,Defendant, Appellant 316

(2) United States of America, Plaintiff v. Jacob Pallowick,Defendant 322

(3) United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee v.Marion Hungerrord, Defendant-Appellant 329

C. Post Sentence: Inmate Discipline 3351. Jamie Fellner, A Correctional Quandary: Mental Illness and

Prison Rules 335D. Legal Standard for Disciplinary Actions: Sandin 346

1. Cinda Sandin, Unit Team Manager, Halawa Correctional Facility,Petitioner v. Demont R.D. Conner et al. 346

E. Post-Conviction Transfer to a Psychiatric Hospital 3501. Joseph Vitek, etc., et al. v. Larry D. Jones 350

CONTENTS xi

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xi

F. Probation: Special Issues Involving Probationers with Mental Disabilities 3581. Risdon N. Slate, Richard Feldman, Erik Roskes &

Migdalia Baerga, Training Federal Probation Officers As Mental Health Specialists in Federal Probation 358

G. Questions 370

Chapter 6 Special Populations 371A. Juveniles 371

1. Introduction 3712. Historical Background 371

a. Development of the Juvenile System and Unique Characteristics of the Population 371(1) Carrie Fried Mulford, N. Dickon Reppucci,

Edward P. Mulvey, Jennifer L. Woolard & Sharon L.Portwood, Legal Issues Affecting Mentally Disordered and Developmentally Delayed Youth in the Justice System 371

b. Shift towards a More Rights-Oriented Approach 395(1) In re Gault 395

c. Rights within Institutions: Constitutional Standard and Applicability of Federal Statutes — Is There a Right to Rehabilitation? 408(1) Flora Santana, et al., Plaintiffs, Appellants v.

Jenaro Collazo Collazo, et al., Defendants, Appellees.Flora Santana, et al., Plaintiffs, Appellees and United States of America, Plaintiff-Intervenor, Appellant v.Jenaro Collazo, et al., Defendants, Appellees 408

(2) Alexander S., Alfred S., Benny B., Christopher M.,Lafayette M., and Ricky S., by and through Their Guardian ad Litem, Lesly A. Bowers, Individually and As Representatives of a Class of Juveniles, Plaintiffs v.Flora Brooks Boyd, Individually and in Her Official Capacity As Director of the Department of Juvenile Justice; Richard E. McLawhorn, Individually and in His Official Capacity As Former Commissioner of the Department ofJuvenile Justice for the State of South Carolina; John F.Henry, Frank Mauldin, Kathleen P. Jennings, Joseph W.Hudgens, Karole Jensen and J.P. Neal, Individually and in Their Official Capacities As Former Board Members for the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice,Defendants 417

d. Questions 429B. Super-Max or Extended Control Units 430

1. Introduction 4302. What Are Supermax Facilities? What Effect Does Isolation

Have on People? 430a. Overview 430

(1) In re Medley 430

xii CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xii

(2) Jeffrey Metzner & Joel Dvoskin, An Overview ofCorrectional Psychiatry 433

(3) Disability Advocates, Inc. v. New York State Office ofMental Health 441

b. Is There a Protected Interest Due Process Proceedings Prior to Placement in Isolation? What Procedures Does the Constitution Require and What Is the Standard Employed? 442(1) Reginald A. Wilkinson, Director, Ohio Department of

Rehabilitation and Correction, et al., Petitioners v.Charles E. Austin et al. 442

(2) Note 451c. Does Confinement in Supermax Aggravate, Cause or

Promote Mental Illness? What Does the Constitution Require? 451(1) Christopher J. Scarver, Plaintiff-Appellant v.

Jon Litscher, et al., Defendants-Appellees 451(2) Dennis E. Jones’El, Micha’El Johnson, De’Ondre Conquest,

Luis Nieves, Scott Seal, Alex Figueroa, Robert Sallie,Chad Goetsch, Edward Piscitello, QuintinL’Minggio,Lorenzo Balli, Donald Brown, Christopher Scarver,Benjamin Biese, Lashawn Logan, Jason Pagliarini and Andrew Collette, and all Others Similarly Situated,Plaintiffs v. Gerald Berge and Jon Litscher, Defendants 455

(3) Note 475d. A Legislative Response? 475

(1) Note: NYSCOBA Testimony 475e. An Executive Response? 475

3. Questions 475

Chapter 7 Conditions in Jails and Prisons: Deliberate Indifference to a Serious Medical Need 477

A. Introduction 477B. Historical Background 478

1. “Slave of the State” 478a. Ruffin v. Commonwealth 478

2. “Hands Off Doctrine” 478a. Banning v. Looney 478

3. Demise of the “Hands Off Doctrine” 478a. Early Pre-Gamble Cases 478

(1) Newman v. Alabama 478(2) Williams v. Vincent 478(3) Questions 479

b. The Supreme Court Speaks: Estelle v. Gamble and the “Deliberate Indifference” Standard 479(1) W. J. Estelle, Jr., Director, Texas Department of Corrections,

et al., Petitioners v. J. W. Gamble 479(2) Note 484(3) Questions 484

c. Applying the Constitutional Standard 484

CONTENTS xiii

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xiii

(1) Larry Grant Bowring, Appellant v. Mills E. Godwin,Individually and As Governor, et al., Appellees 484

(2) The Supreme Court: Refining the Eighth Amendment Standard 486(a) Pearly L. Wilson, Petitioner v. Richard Seiter et al. 486

i) Questions 488(b) Dee Farmer, Petitioner v. Edward Brennan,

Warden, et al. 488i) Questions 500

ii) Note 501d. Reckless Indifference 502

(1) The People of the State of New York, Appellant v.Michael Angelo, Respondent 502

(2) Questions 503e. Medical Needs and Supreme Court Standards 503

(1) Note 503(2) Serious Medical Needs: In General 503

(a) Note 503(b) Test Employed to Determine Seriousness of Need 504

i) Ellis Partee, Plaintiff v. Michael Lane, et al.,Defendants 504a) Question 506

ii) John C. McGuckin, Plaintiff-Appellant v.Dr. Smith, et al.; John C. Medlen, Dr.,Defendants-Appellees 506

iii) Questions 508(3) Specific Issues in Applying the Serious Medical

Needs Prong 508(a) Gender Identity Disorder 508

i) Michelle Kosilek, Plaintiff v. Michael T. Maloney,Defendant 508

(b) Medication Side Effects and Unwanted Medication 519i) Vurnis L. Gillis, Plaintiff v.

Judge Charles H. Toliver et al. 519(c) Lithium Toxicity 521

i) Julie Rogers, Plaintiff v. Nolan County,Nolan County Sheriff Donnie Rannifeld, and Unknown Deputies, Defendants 521

(d) Depression Related to Violation of Religious Belief 525i) Rian Deverick Lewis, Plaintiff v.

John Mitchell, et al., Defendants 525ii) Questions 526

4. Application of the Deliberate Indifference Standard:Cases of Complex Mental Health Delivery Systems 527a. David Ruiz et al., Plaintiff, United States of America,

Plaintiff-Intervenor v. W. J. Estelle, Jr., et al., Defendants 527(1) Note 534

b. David Ruiz, et al., Plaintiffs, United States of America,Plaintiff-Intervenor v. Gary Johnson, et al., Defendants,

xiv CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xiv

Honorable John Culberson and Honorable J.E. “Buster”Brown, Defendant-Intervenors 534(1) Questions 536

c. Ralph Coleman, et al., Plaintiffs v. Pete Wilson, et al.,Defendants 536(1) Questions 563

d. Note 566(1) Questions 566

Chapter 8 Elements of a Constitutional System 569A. Introduction 569

1. Clarence J. Sundram, Monitoring the Quality and Utilization ofMental Health Services in Correctional Facilities 569

B. Elements of a Constitutional System of Care: General Systemic Requirements 5811. Alejandro Madrid, et al., on Behalf of Themselves and All Others

Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs v. James Gomez, Director,California Department of Corrections, et al., Defendants 581

2. Jeffrey L. Metzner, Class Action Litigation in Correctional Psychiatry 616

3. Note 6164. Specific Applications: Screening and Suicide 616

a. Introduction 616b. Pugh v. Wallace 616c. Belcher v. Oliver et al. 618d. Hendrix v. Faulkner 621

(1) Jail Suicide/Mental Health Update 628(2) Henry J. Steadman, Jack E. Scott, Fred Osher,

Tara K. Agnese & Pamela Clark Robbins,Validation of the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen 628

5. Specific Applications: Records 628a. Hott v. Hennepin 628

6. Specific Applications: Restraint 633a. Hadix v. Caruso 633b. Metin Bosog lu Maria Livanou & Cvetana Crnobaric,

Torture vs Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment,Is the Distinction Real or Apparent? 634

C. Professional Judgment Standard: Applicable to Assessment ofAdequacy? 6341. Youngberg v. Romeo 6342. Langley v. Coughlin 6393. Application of Youngberg Standard: In General 648

a. Anderson v. Caden 6484. Application of Youngberg: The Question of Suicide 653

a. The Estate of Max G. Cole, by Its Administratrix Lois Pardue, and Lois Pardue, Plaintiffs-Appellants v.Jackie Fromm, Phill Spires, Dan Beck, Katie Grier Easton,Clement Morris, and Nancy Butler, Defendants-Appellees 653

b. Questions 659

CONTENTS xv

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xv

Chapter 9 The Right to Refuse Treatment 661A. Pretrial 661

1. Incompetency to Stand Trial 661a. The Charters Decisions 661b. Charles Sell v. United States 662

B. In Prison 6701. Washington v. Walter Harper 670

C. On Trial 6861. David Riggins v. Nevada 686

D. Other Criminal Statuses 6961. Michael L. Perlin, Decoding Right to Refuse Treatment Law 6962. Questions 697

E. Non-Psychiatric Treatment 6981. William Pabon, Plaintiff-Appellant, Felix Manuel Ruiz a/k/a

Pedro Ruiz, Plaintiff v. Dr. Lester Wright, et al. 6982. Questions 707

Chapter 10 The Death Penalty 709A. Competence to Be Executed 709

1. Alvin Bernard Ford v. Louie L. Wainwright 7092. Johnny Paul Penry v. James A. Lynaugh 720

a. Subsequent Developments in Penry 735b. Note 735

3. Daryl Atkins v. Virginia 7364. Scott Louis Panetti, Petitioner v. Nathaniel Quarterman,

Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice,Correctional Institutions Division 748

5. Questions 763B. The Constitutionality of Medicating a Defendant So As to Make

Him Competent to Be Executed 7671. The Perry Litigation 767

a. Michael L. Perlin, Decoding Right to Refuse Treatment Law 767b. State of Louisiana v. Michael Owen Perry 768c. Michael Owen Perry, Petitioner v. Louisiana 770d. State of Louisiana v. Michael Owen Perry 770

2. Developments after Perry 786a. Fred Singleton, Respondent v. The State, Petitioner 786b. Charles Laverne Singleton, Appellant v. Larry Norris,

Director, Arkansas Department of Correction, Appellee 7903. The Most Recent Developments 798

a. Scott Louis Panetti, Petitioner-Appellant v. Doug Dretke,Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice,Correctional Institutions Division, Respondent-Appellee 798

b. Subsequent Developments 8034. Questions 803

Chapter 11 Statutory Issues 805A. Introduction 805B. The Americans with Disabilities Act 806

xvi CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xvi

1. An Overview 808a. Michael L. Perlin, The ADA and Persons with Mental

Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone? 8082. Threshold Question: Does the ADA Apply to Prisons? 814

a. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, et al., Petitioners v.Ronald R. Yeskey 814

3. Does Title II of ADA Permit Suits for Monetary Damages by a Prisoner with a Disability? 817a. United States, Petitioner v. Georgia et al.; Tony Goodman,

Petitioner v. Georgia et al. 8174. The Interplay between Title II of the ADA and Other Federal

Statutes 822a. Laurence W. Paradis, Rights of Prisoners with Disabilities

under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 822

b. Interplay with Other Statutes 8315. Applicability of ADA to Parole Decisions 831

a. William G and Walter W. Complaint 831b. Messiah S. Complaint 831c. Dennis B. Anderson, Petitioner v. Teresa A. Schwartz, Respondent 832

6. Is the Community Integration Mandate Relevant to Corrections? 836a. Olmstead, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Human

Resources, et al. v. L. C., by Zimring, Guardian ad Litem and Next Friend, et al. 836

7. Is Lack of Funding a Sufficient Defense to an ADA Claim? If So, What Is a Sufficient Showing? 847a. Frederick L.; Nina S.; Kevin C.; Steven F., on Behalf of

Themselves and all Persons Similarly Situated, Appellants v.Department of Public Welfare of the Commonwealth ofPennsylvania; Estelle B. Richman, in Her Official Capacity As Secretary of Public Welfare for the Commonwealth ofPennsylvania 847

C. Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) 8521. Overview 852

a. John Boston, The Prison Litigation Reform Act 8522. The Statute 8523. Should the PLRA Be Amended? 861

a. Prison Reform: Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons, Confronting Confinement 861

b. Application: Standards for Continuation or Termination ofInjunctive Relief 864(1) Charles E. Austin et al., Plaintiffs v.

Reginald Wilkinson et al., Defendants 864c. Application to Consent Decrees 867

(1) Benjamin v. Jacobson 867d. Prior Showing of Physical Injury 879

(1) Thompson v. Carter 879D. Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act 884E. Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004 891

CONTENTS xvii

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xvii

1. Note 8912. Summary of the Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime

Reduction Act of 2004 891

Chapter 12 Reentry Planning 893A. Introduction 893

1. The Presenting Problem 8932. Council of State Governments, Introduction:

The Report of the Re-Entry Policy Council 8943. APIC Model 8944. Newly Released Prisoners at High Risk of Death 894

B. The Constitutional Standard 8951. Joshua DeShaney, a Minor, by His Guardian Ad Litem, and

Melody DeShaney, Petitioners v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, et al. 895a. Note on DeShaney 907

2. Timothy E. Wakefield, Plaintiff-Appellant v. John Thompson,Parole Agent; James Gomez, Director, California Department ofCorrections; Daniel Vasquez, ex-Warden, San Quentin Prison; John Dupre, Staff Psychiatrist, San Quentin Prison; and John Doe,Correctional Officer, San Quentin Prison, Defendants-Appellees 907

3. Application of Wakefield in Cases Involving Medical Care 911a. George Lugo, Plaintiff v. Daniel Senkowski,

Superintendent of Clinton Correctional Facility; Dr. Lee,Medical Director of Clinton Correctional Facilty; Patrick Edwards, Parole Officer, Defendants 911

4. Application of Wakefield in Cases Involving Psychotropic Medications 915a. Brandon Griffith, Plaintiff v. Robert Hofmann, Vermont

Department of Corrections, Vermont Probation Department,Jay Imons, Deb Thibault, Celeste Girrell, Scott Morley,Defendants 915

5. Application of Wakefield to Cases of Parole and Housing 918a. Alonzo Jacobs, Plaintiff-Appellant v. H. Ramirez, Parole Officer,

R. Mroczeck, Parole Counselor, Santiago, Senior Parole Officer,E. Fisher, Assist. Senior Parole Officer, etc., al.,Defendants-Appellees 918

6. Not All Courts Have Followed the Wakefield Reasoning 920a. Joe Marsh, Leroy Owens, Plaintiffs-Appellants v.

Butler County, Alabama, the Butler County Commission, et al.,Defendants-Appellees 920

C. Claims Based upon State Law 9351. Brad H. et al., on Behalf of Themselves and All Others

Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs v. City of New York et al.,Defendants 935

2. Brad H., Stipulation of Settlement 941D. Questions 941

xviii CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xviii

Chapter 13 Selected Private Law Issues 943A. Documentation in the Clinical Record 943

1. Introduction 9432. Basic Functions of the Record 9433. Simpson and Stacy Article 944

B. Confidentiality 9441. Introduction 9442. Confidentiality v. Privilege 944

a. Philip Merideth, The Five C’s of Confidentiality and How to DEAL with Them 944

3. HIPPA and Preemption and Interplay with Other Relevant Standards 946

C. The Duty to Warn 9461. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California 9462. Subsequent Developments 955

a. Ewing v. Goldstein 955D. Confidentiality in Medical Context in Federal Cases 964

1. John Doe, Appellant v. Joan Delie, Health Care Administrator; Paul Noel, Medical Director; Diane Manson, Medical Nurse/Grievance Officer; Sophie Swika, Medical Nurse; Kim Zimmerman, Medical Nurse, and All Other Parties et al.,Relevant to This Instant Civil Action against Them; James Price,Superintendent (SCI Pittsburgh) 964

2. Doe v. Wigginton 973E. Questions 975

Chapter 14 International Law Issues 977A. Introduction 977

1. Human Rights before World War II 9772. David Weissbrodt, An Introduction to the Sources of

International Law 9773. Questions 978

B. Human Rights in the Modern Era 9791. Introduction 979

a. Micheline R. Ishay, History of Human Rights 979b. Questions 980

2. Conceptual Dichotomies 981a. Universalism v. Cultural Relativism 981

(1) Mahmood Monshipouri, Promoting Universal Human Rights: Dilemmas of Integrating Developing Countries 981

(2) Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It 983

(3) Questions 983b. Hard v. Soft Law 983

(1) Jose Alvarez, The New Dispute Settlers: (Half) Truths and Consequences 983

(2) Questions 985c. Peremptory Norms and Derogable v. Non-Derogable

Rights 985

CONTENTS xix

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xix

(1) Sara Stapleton, Ensuring a Fair Trial in the International Criminal Court: Statutory Interpretation and the Impermissibility of Derogation 985

d. Negative v. Positive Rights 986(1) Henry J. Steiner & Philip Alston, International Human

Rights in Context: Law, Politics, and Morality 986(2) Questions 987

e. Civil and Political Rights v. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 987(1) Javaid Rehman, International Human Rights Law:

A Practical Approach 987(2) Questions 988

f. The U.N. and Its Mechanisms for Protecting Human Rights 988(1) The Work of U.N. Bodies 988

(a) Questions 989(2) Looking at International Law 989

(a) The European Convention on Human Rights 989(b) Case Law 989

i) Keenan v. The United Kingdom 990ii) Anthony James Drew against the United Kingdom

the European Court of Human Rights 1008iii) Iorgov v. Bulgaria 1013iv) Questions 1024

3. International Law in Jail and Prison Cases 1025a. Lareau v. Manson 1025b. Lareau v. Manson (on appeal) 1036c. Thompson v. Oklahoma 1036d. Questions 1041

C. On Applicability of Standards 10421. Atkins v. Virginia 1042

a. Questions 10422. Jamie Fellner, A Corrections Quandary: Mental Illness and

Prison Rules 1042a. Questions 1042

3. Alvin J. Bronstein & Jenni Gainsborough, Using International Human Rights Laws and Standards for U.S. Prison Reform 1043

D. The Relationship between Forensic Mental Health Practice,Professional Standards, International Human Rights Standards, and Conditions in Jails and Prisons 10491. Introduction 1049

Chapter 15 Legal Counseling of Persons with Mental Disabilities in Jails and Prisons: On Sanism and Pretextuality 1053

A. Some Other Jurisprudential Considerations: Heuristics and “Ordinary Common Sense” (OCS) 10531. Heuristics 10532. Ordinary Common Sense (OCS) 1059

B. On Sanism 10601. Introduction 1060

xx CONTENTS

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xx

2. Sanist Myths 1063a. Michael L. Perlin, “Where the Winds Hit Heavy on the

Borderline:” Mental Disability Law, Theory and Practice,“Us” and “Them” 1063

b. Sanist Judges 1066(1) Michael L. Perlin, “Half-Wracked Prejudice Leaped Forth:”

Sanism, Pretextuality, and Why and How Mental Disability Law Developed As It Did 1066

3. Sanism and Legal Representation 1068a. Michael L.Perlin, “You Have Discussed Lepers and Crooks:”

Sanism in Clinical Teaching 1068C. On Pretextuality 1077

1. Introduction 10772. Pretextuality and Morality 1080

a. Michael L. Perlin, Pretexts and Mental Disability Law: The Case of Competency 1080

3. Questions 1086

Index 1089

CONTENTS xxi

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxi

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxii

Ake v. Oklahoma, 151–152, 201, 240, 290,714, 718, 764

Alexander v. Boyd, 386, 417Anderson v. Caden, 648Anderson v. Schwartz, 832Atkins v. Virginia, 171, 736, 759, 763–764,

766–767, 796, 1042, 1044Austin v. Wilkinson, 864Banning v. Looney, 15, 478Belcher v. Oliver, 96, 105, 107, 618Bell v. Wolfish, 61, 87, 96–97, 349, 413–414,

416, 424–425, 454, 495–496, 581, 604,618, 627, 630, 638, 688, 776, 899,1028–1030, 1032, 1034

Benjamin v. Jacobson, 867–868Bowring v. Godwin, 217, 484, 505, 533, 603Brad H. v. City of NY, 935Coleman v. Wilson, 338, 536, 571, 574, 616Cooper v. Oklahoma, 153DeShaney v. Winnebago, 21, 85, 113, 120,

500, 642, 793, 893, 895, 909, 912, 919,925, 933

Disability Advocates, Inc. v. NY OMH, 441Doe v. Delie, 964Doe v. Wigginton, 970, 973Drew v. UK, 1008Drope v. Missouri, 124, 127, 130, 143,

145–146, 148–149, 155, 167, 380, 391,690

Dusky v. United States, 123, 129, 135, 141,146, 150, 155, 160, 726

Estate of Cole by Pardue v. Fromm, 467, 653Estelle v. Gamble, 12, 14, 96–97, 104, 107,

120, 217, 416, 477, 479, 486, 491, 496,505, 509, 519, 525, 533, 536, 538, 563,618, 621, 625, 638, 642–643, 699, 793,899–900, 902, 909, 912, 917,1031–1033, 1046

Ewing v. Goldstein, 955

Farmer v. Brennan, 87, 112, 117, 453, 470,484, 486, 488, 569, 631, 655, 866, 912,917, 923–924

Ford v. Wainwright, 709, 713, 725–727, 740,748, 759–760, 769, 772, 787, 790, 793,799

Frederick v. Dept of Public Welfare of PA,847

In re Gault, 372, 392, 395, 418Gibson v. County of Washoe, Nevada, 81Gillis v. Toliver, 519Goodman v. Georgia, 817Gordon v. Kidd, 99Griffith v. Hofmann, 915Hadix v. Caruso, 633Hendrix v. Faulkner, 621Hott v. Hennepin, 628Iorgov v. Bulgaria, 1013Jackson v. Indiana, 5, 124, 133, 152, 159,

171–172, 183–184, 264–265, 273, 275,354, 387, 392, 409, 413, 421, 423, 696,1042, 1073

Jacobs v. Ramirez, 918Jones v. United States, 210, 217, 261, 270,

272, 275, 277–279, 302, 412, 747Jones’El v. Berge, 452, 455Keenan v. UK, 990Kosilek v. Maloney, 508Langley v. Coughlin, 571–572, 639, 937Lareau v. Manson, 605, 1025, 1046Lareau v. Manson, 1036Lewis v. Mitchell, 525Lugo v. Senkowski, 911, 916, 919Madrid v. Gomez, 341, 454, 467, 475, 541,

543, 571–572, 574, 581Marsh v. Butler County, 109–110, 920–921McGuckin v. Smith, 506, 526, 538Medina v. California, 143, 155, 157–158,

383, 392

xxiii

Table of Cases

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxiii

In re Medley, 430, 598Newman v. Alabama, 4, 16, 412, 478, 485,

532, 605, 622–623Olmstead v. Zimring, 836Pabon v. Wright, 698Panetti v. Quarterman, 748Panetti v. Dretke, 798Partee v. Lane, 504Pate v. Robinson, 124, 128, 132–136, 143,

146–149, 155, 167, 690, 715Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corrections v. Yeskey,

814Penry v. Lynaugh, 284, 289, 720, 736, 742,

767People v. Angelo, 502People v. Marshall, 215People v. Seefeld, 213Perry v. Louisiana, 767–768, 770–771, 773Pugh v. Wallace, 616Riggins v. Nevada, 148–149, 153, 155, 158,

240, 520, 665, 686, 775, 788, 791, 797,1068

Ruffin v Commonwealth, 14, 478Rogers v. Nolan County, 521Ruiz v. Estelle, 416, 425, 527, 535–536, 538,

570, 943Ruiz v. Johnson, 342, 467, 534, 616,

862–863Sandin v. Conner, 346, 445–446, 522, 834Santana v. Collazo, 387, 393, 408, 420, 422,

643

Scarver v. Litscher, 451Sell v. US, 162, 662–665Singleton v. Norris, 790Singleton v. State, 250, 786, 796State v. Krol, 239, 262State v. Perry, 767–768, 770–771, 793, 796Thompson v. Carter, 879, 918Thompson v. OK, 1036Tarasoff v. Regents of University of CA, 946US v. Anderson, 316US v. Booker, 300US v. Georgia, 817US v. Hungerford, 329US v. Maldonado-Montalvo, 293US v. Pallowick, 322Vitek v. Jones, 350, 446, 534, 636, 671,

775–776, 789, 821, 840, 900, 1074Wakefield v. Thompson, 121, 386, 394, 893,

907, 913, 916, 919, 933–934Washington v. Harper, 4, 495, 520, 551–552,

577, 589, 650, 665, 670, 688, 691,694–695, 701, 770–772, 774–775, 778,788, 790, 797, 1074, 1083

Whitt v. Indiana, 214Wilkinson v. Austin, 442Williams v. Vincent, 18, 478, 483, 517Wilson v. Seiter, 88, 486, 490, 492, 496–498,

500, 513, 538–539, 866, 967Youngberg v. Romeo, 88, 215, 387, 395, 412,

416, 423, 634, 642–643, 652, 658, 661,673, 679, 684, 846, 897–900, 902

xxiv TABLE OF CASES

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxiv

xxv

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Lisa Ruff, our research assistant, for her truly phenomenal(there is no other word) assistance in every phase of this book. It is an overused cliche,but, truly, we could not have done this without her. We also wish to thank KatriceAyarza for her flawless administrative support. Finally, we wish to thank Deans RichardMatasar and Stephen Ellmann for their encouragement and on-going support.

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxv

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxvi

xxvii

About the Authors

Michael L. Perlin is Professor of Law at New York Law School (NYLS), director ofNYLS’s Online Mental Disability Law Program, and director of NYLS’s InternationalMental Disability Law Reform Project in its Justice Action Center. He is also an AdjunctProfessor at NYU Medical Center and the University of Rochester Medical Center. For-merly the Director of the Division of Mental Health Advocacy in the NJ Department ofthe Public Advocate, and Deputy Public Defender in charge of the Mercer County(Trenton) NJ Office of the Public Defender, he now serves on the Board of Advisors ofMental Disability Rights International, and on the Board of Directors of the Interna-tional Academy of Law and Mental Health. He has also recently served as a member ofthe Board of Advisors of the Correctional Association of New York’s Mental Health Ser-vices project.

Henry A. Dlugacz is an adjunct professor at New York Law School, at St. John’s Uni-versity School of Law, and an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioralSciences at New York Medical College. He is an attorney, psychiatric social worker andconsultant in private practice in New York City, specializing in mental disability issues.His work includes the monitoring of complex, federal class action litigations related toforensic psychiatric hospitals and correctional mental health. Before entering privatepractice exclusively, Prof. Dlugacz served as Director of Mental Health for the St. Vin-cent’s Hospital Correctional Health Program, Assistant Program Director for the St.Vincent’s Hospital Correctional Health Program, an expert consultant and mediator forthe Special Master appointed by the Chief Judge of the District of New Mexico in amulti-party class action litigation. As an attorney and psychiatric social worker, he hasperformed similar court-appointed duties in cases in numerous jurisdictions aroundthe country and lectured on this topic in national and international forums.

perlin dlugacz 00 fmt auto5.qxd 12/5/07 2:03 PM Page xxvii