Mental Health and Substance Use Problems in Prisons: Bangalore Mental Health Study (2011)

7/30/2019 Mental Health and Substance Use Problems in Prisons: Bangalore Mental Health Study (2011)

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Bò}fk D`fk}d fom Spns}foc` Ps` X~ink`bs ao X~asios:Kicfk K`ssios li~ Of}aiofk Fc}aio/



Bò}fk D`fk}d fom Spns}foc` Ps` X~ink`bs ao X~asios

]d` Nfogfki~` X~asio Bò}fk D`fk}d S}pmq:

Kicfk K`ssios li~ Of}aiofk Fc}aio

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Nfceg~ipom

Wi~km i|`~+ a} dfs n`ò `s}fnkasd`m }df} x~asios df|` f dagd x~`|fkòc` il bò}fk d`fk}d

fom spns}foc` ps` x~ink`bs/ @s}abf}`s l~ib mall`~ò} cipo}~a`s spgg`s} }df} }d`

x~`|fkòc` il bò}fk d`fk}d x~ink`bs ao x~asios as }d~`` }i la|` }ab`s dagd`~ }dfo ao }d`

gò`~fk xixpkf}aio/ ]d` Wi~km D`fk}d I~gfoazf}aio ao >884 oi}`m }df} il }d` oao` bakkaio

x~asio`~s wi~km"wam`+ f} k`fs} io` bakkaio spll`~ l~ib f sagoalacfo} bò}fk masi~m`~ fom

`|ò bi~` spll`~ l~ib cibbio bò}fk masi~m`~s spcd fs m`x~`ssaio fom fota`}q/ ]d`~` as

il}ò ci"bi~nama}q wa}d cioma}aios spcd fs x`~siofka}q masi~m`~+ fkcidik fom m~pg

m`xòmòc`/ Bò}fk masi~m`~s fom spns}foc` ps` $}infcci+ fkcidik fom i}d`~ m~pgs! bfq

à}d`~ n` x~`sò} x~ai~ }i x~asio ò}~q i~ g`} `tfc`~nf}`m ao x~asio/

D`fk}d x~ink`bs ao Aomafo x~asios df|` oi} n`ò sqs}`bf}acfkkq s}pma`m/ Askfoms il aoli~bf}aio spgg`s} }df} x~asios ao mall`~ò} xf~}s il }d` cipo}~q df|` DA\ x~`|fkòc`

lip~ }i àgd} }ab`s dagd`~ }dfo }d` gò`~fk xixpkf}aio $6/7<"</1% ao x~asio cibxf~`m }i

8/3< ao }d` cibbpoa}q!/ ]d` Dpbfo âgd}s Wf}cd ^`xi~} >886 spgg`s}s dagd ~f}`s il

}pn`~cpkisas ao Aomaf/ Diw`|`~+ xdqsacfk d`fk}d x~ink`bs fbiog x~asio`~s ao Aomaf dfs

oi} n`ò sqs}`bf}acfkkq s}pma`m i~ fmm~`ss`m/

Bò}fk masi~m`~s fom spns}foc` ps` ao Aomafo x~asios

]d` eoiwk`mg` il bò}fk d`fk}d fom spns}foc` ps` x~ink`bs ao Aomafo x~asios as `|òsxf~s`~/ F ~`}~isx`c}a|` ~`|a`w ao 611< il lak`s il aoxf}aò}s ~`l`~~`m }i }d` Of}aiofk

Aos}a}p}` il Bò}fk D`fk}d fom O`p~iscaòc`s $OABDFOS! l~ib }d` Cò}~fk X~asio+

Nfogfki~` i|`~ 6> m`cfm`s+ spgg`s}`m }df} f sagoalacfo} opbn`~ w`~` mafgois`m fs df|aog

f s`~aips xsqcdi}ac masi~m`~+ ofb`kq scdazixd~òaf/

Sp~`sd Nfmf Bf}d+ X~f}abf Bp~}dq+ ^fjfoa Xf~}dfsf~}dq+ C Of|`ò Epbf~+ S Bfmdpspmdfo $>866!/

Bò}fk D`fk}d fom Spns}foc` Ps` X~ink`bs ao X~asios: Kicfk K`ssios li~ Of}aiofk Fc}aio/

Xpnkacf}aio+ Of}aiofk Aos}a}p}` il Bò}fk D`fk}d O`p~i Scaòc`s+ Nfogfki~`/

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F cikkfni~f}a|` s}pmq n`}w`ò OABDFOS fom }d` Of}aiofk Cibbassaio li~ Wibò ao

6114 `tfbao`m bò}fk bi~nama}q fbiog wibò ao }d` Cò}~fk X~asio+ Nfogfki~` fom

lipom dagd k`|`ks il bò}fk mas}~`ss $podfxxao`ss+ wi~~qaog+ }dipgd}s il wi~}dk`sso`ss+

xii~ sk``x fom fxx`}a}`!/ F ~`xi~} l~ib ]adf~ Jfak+ M`kda+ lipom }df} 4% il o`w ò}~fo}s

dfm m~pg fnps`/ Fxf~} l~ib f l`w spcd ~`xi~}s fom fo`cmi}fk aoli~bf}aio+ }d`~` dfs n`ò

oi sqs}`bf}ac s}pmq il bò}fk masi~m`~s fom spns}foc` ps` x~ink`bs fbiog x~asio`~s ao

Aomaf/

]D@ NFOGFKI^@ XÂSIO B@O]FK D@FK]D S]PMQ

]das wfs f cikkfni~f}a|` x~ij`c} n`}w`ò }d` Of}aiofk Aos}a}p}` il Bò}fk D`fk}d fom

O`p~iscaòc`s+ M`xf~}bò} il X~asios+ Gi|`~obò} il Ef~of}fef fom }d` Ef~of}fefS}f}` K`gfk S`~|ac`s Fp}di~a}q/ ]d` inj`c}a|`s il }d` s}pmq w`~` }i:

f/ @s}abf}` }d` x~`|fkòc` fom xf}}`~os il bfji~ fom baoi~ xsqcdaf}~ac bi~nama}q fom

spns}foc` ps` ao }d` Cò}~fk X~asio Nfogfki~`

n/ Fss`ss }d` bò}fk d`fk}d o``ms il x~asio`~s

c/ X~`xf~` f ~`sxios` ao ciojpoc}aio wa}d }d` s`~|ac` x~i|am`~s ao x~asio

m/ Ciompc} }~faoaog li~ }d` x~asio s}fll }i ~`cigoas` fom m`|`kix sqs}`bf}ac

ao}`~|ò}aios }i fmm~`ss bò}fk d`fk}d assp`s

`/ M`|`kix baoabpb gpam`kao`s li~ bò}fk d`fk}d cf~` il }d` x~asio`~s wdacd cfo s`~|`

fs f nkp`x~ao} li~ fkk }d` x~asios ao }d` cipo}~q/

B@]DIMIKIGQ

]d` Fss`ssbò} aockpm`m fmbaoas}~f}aio il }d` likkiwaog vp`s}aioofa~`s:

6/ Sicai"m`big~fxdac vp`s}aioofa~`

>/ Kal` S}qk` Vp`s}aioofa~` }i cfx}p~` m`}faks il kal`}ab` ps` fom ps` ao }d` q`f~ x~ai~

}i abx~asiobò} il spns}foc`s aockpmaog }infcci+ fkcidik $psaog }d` Wi~km D`fk}d

I~gfoazf}aio FPMA] vp`s}aioofa~`! fom i}d`~ m~pgs+ gfbnkaog+ dagd ~ase s`tpfkn`df|aip~/

3/ BAOA Xkps ao}`~|a`w scd`mpk` }i fss`ss bò}fk d`fk}d bi~nama}q

=/ O``ms Fss`ssbò} Vp`s}aioofa~`

0/ Gò`~fk D`fk}d Cd`ce



]d` s}pmq wfs ciompc}`m fl}`~ li~bfk fxx~i|fk nq }d` OABDFOS @}dacs Cibba}}``/

A} wfs cf~~a`m ip} ao }d~`` xdfs`s:

Xdfs` A

S}fg` 6: Fss`ssbò} il x~asio ~̀s $o208>=! aoXf~fxxfof Fg~fdf~f $Cò}~fk X~asio! Nfogfki~` iof s}~pc}p~`m aos}~pbò} li~ bò}fk d`fk}d bi~nama}qfl}`~ aoli~b`m ciosò}

S}fg` >: Foioqbips p~ao` sc~`òaog il }d`x~asio`~s wa}d s}~ac} ciolamò}afka}q ~`gf~maog }`s}~`spk}s

Xdfs` AA

S}fg` 6: M`|`kixbò} il f n~a`l sc~`òaog }iik li~ fss`ssbò} il bò}fk akko`ss ao }d` x~asioxixpkf}aio

S}fg` >: Bò}fk d`fk}d }~faoaog x~ig~fbb` li~ }d`x~asio s}fll ao `f~kq amò}alacf}aio fom }~`f}bò} il bò}fk d`fk}d x~ink`bs

S}fg` 3: Fss`ssbò} il Bò}fk d`fk}d bi~nama}q il x~asio s}fll f} }d` Cò}~fk X~asio+ Nfogfki~`

Xdfs` AAA

S}fg` 6: M`|`kixbò} il gpam`kao`s li~ }d`fss`ssbò} fom bfofg`bò} il bò}fk d`fk}d fomspns}foc` ps` x~ink`bs ao x~asios

S}fg` >: X~`xf~f}aio fom mass`baof}aio il }d`laomaogs il }d` x~ij`c}/



Cibxioò}s il }d` `|fkpf}aio aockpm`m:

X`~siofk ao}`~|a`w wa}d fkk }d` x~asio`~s }i fss`ss bò}fk d`fk}d bi~nama}q

aockpmaog spns}foc` ps` fs w`kk fs x`~cà|`m o``ms ao x~asio

Foioqbips ~fomib p~ao` sc~`òaog il P]X fom C]X x~asio`~s fs w`kk fs o`w

ò}~fo}s

C~iss"s`c}aiofk d`fk}d sc~`òaog il f ~fomibkq s`k`c}`m x~asio sfbxk` wa}d

cd`ceaog li~ p~ao` spgf~ fom x~i}ào+ n~`f}d cf~nio bioitam` fs f x~itq aomacf}i~

li~ sbieaog fom n~`f}d fkcidik `s}abf}`s

F sabakf~ `t`~cas` wfs fksi ciompc}`m li~ }d` x~asio s}fll/

LAOMAOGS IL ]D@ S]PMQ

F n~a`l x~ilak` il }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio

]d`~` w`~` 0>88 x~asio`~s mp~aog }d` x`~aim il ciompc} il }d` s}pmq $>884">881!

fs fgfaos} fo fxx~i|`m cfxfca}q il >688+ aomacf}aog >=4% iccpxfocq ~f}`/ 08>=

x~asio`~s w`~` ao}`~|a`w`m li~ }d` s}pmq/

F bfji~a}q il }d` x~asio`~s $<0/=%! w`~` Pom`~ ]~afk X~asio`~s $P]Xs!/

Pom`~}~afks w`~` bis}kq bfk`s+ ao }dà~ kf}` >8‑s+ f bfji~a}q saogk` $03/7%! i~

bf~~a`m $=6/=%! fom }wi"}da~ms w`~` l~ib p~nfo f~`f wdak` io` ao lip~ wfs l~ib

f s`ba"p~nfo nfceg~ipom/ Io` ao la|` P]Xs wfs akka}`~f}` i~ dfm iokq aoli~bfk

`mpcf}aio/

Cio|ac} x~asio`~s w`~` ikm`~+ f spns}fo}afk opbn`~ w`~` bf~~a`m $73/4%! fom f

bfji~a}q w`~` l~ib s`ba"p~nfo nfceg~ipom $01%!/ O`f~kq io` ao lip~ $>3/=%!

cio|ac} x~asio`~s wfs akka}`~f}`/

Fxx~itabf}`kq 60% il ni}d P]X fom cio|ac} x~asio`~s w`~` `mpcf}`m px}i x~`"

poa|`~sa}q i~ dagd`~/

Bis} P]X fom cio|ac} x~asio`~s w`~` `bxkiq`m x~ai~ }i abx~asiobò}/

F }da~m il P]Xs $33/0%! fom f dagd`~ x~ixi~}aio il C]Xs $==/=%! ~`xi~}`mlfbakq aocib`s n`kiw ^s 3888 x`~ bio}d/

F bfji~a}q $4<%! ~`xi~}`m s}fqaog wa}d }dà~ lfbaka`s x~ai~ }i x~asio ò}~q/

Li~ f bfji~a}q $48/=%!+ }das wfs }d` la~s} abx~asiobò}/



F n~a`l x~ilak` il wibò x~asio`~s

]d`~` w`~` >68 wibò x~asio`~s $=%! f} }d` }ab` il ciompc}aog }d` s}pmq fom617 il }d`b w`~` ao}`~|a`w`m/

Wibò x~asio`~s w`~` sagoalacfo}kq ikm`~ $b`fo fg` 37/0 6=/= q`f~s! cibxf~`m

}i }d` bò $38/= 68/3!/

F bfji~a}q il }d` wibò w`~` pom`~}~afk x~asio`~s $<>/=%!+ w`~` i~ dfm n`ò

bf~~a`m $1>/3%! fom fbiog }dis` wdi ~`sxiom`m+ fkk ka|`m wa}d }dà~ lfbaka`s

x~ai~ }i x~asio ò}~q/

=7/>% cfb` l~ib p~nfo fom =>/<% l~ib s`ba"p~nfo nfceg~ipoms/

Fnip} io` ao la|` $>>/0%! wfs f dips`wal`+ i}d`~s w`~` ògfg`m ao poseakk`m i~

s`baseakk`m wi~e $=>%! i~ fg~acpk}p~` $6=/0%!/

Gò`~fk d`fk}d s}f}ps

S`kl ~`xi~} il d`fk}d x~ink`bs wfs |`~q kiw/ ]d` cibbio`s} x~ink`bs ~`xi~}`m

w`~` nfce i~ o`ce x~ink`bs $6<%!+ f~}d~a}as $6=/7%!+ mag`s}a|` masi~m`~s $63%!

fom seao mas`fs` $68/0%!/ Sxio}foìps s`kl ~`xi~} il bò}fk akko`ss wfs fs k`ss fs

>%/

]dipgd iokq 3/<% il x~asio`~s s`kl ~`xi~}`m f das}i~q il dagd nkiim x~`ssp~`+ io~`ci~maog il nkiim x~`ssp~`+ >8/0% w`~` lipom }i n` dqx`~}òsa|` }dps aoc~`fsaog

dqx`~}òsaio m`}`c}aio ~f}`s nq la|` }ab`s/

Fnip} 0% il }d` ~`samò} x~asio`~s fom =/0% il o`w ò}~fo}s }`s}`m ~fomibkq dfm

xisa}a|` p~ao` spgf~/ Iokq 3% ~`xi~}`m f x~ai~ das}i~q il mafn`}`s/ P~ao` sc~`òaog

d`kx`m }i mipnk` }d` mafn`}`s m`}`c}aio ~f}` ao x~asio/ ]d` sc~`ò`m x~`|fkòc` as

x~infnkq ~`x~`sò}f}a|` il }d` x~`|fkòc` il mafn`}`s ao }d` gò`~fk xixpkf}aio

$3% ao ~p~fk fom 1% fbiog p~nfo xixpkf}aios!/ X~i}àop~af wfs amò}ala`m ao

=/<% il x~asio`~s ~fomibkq sc~`ò`m fom ao 7/3% il }d` o`w ò}~fo}s/ ]das

aomacf}`s }d` x~`sòc` il ~òfk mqslpoc}aio l~ib ma|`~s` cfps`s/

O`f~kq io` ao }d~`` x~asio`~s wfs pom`~wàgd} wa}d f NBA n`kiw 64/0/ P]X w`~`

sagoalacfo}kq bi~` kae`kq }i n` pom`~wàgd} $33/4%! cibxf~`m }i C]X$61/4%!/



Fbiog o`w ò}~fo}s }i }d` x~asio+ o`f~kq io` ao lip~ wfs pom`~wàgd} $>=/3%!+

fom 67/<% w`~` ao }d` i|`~wàgd} cf}`gi~q/

Fxx~itabf}`kq io` ao 68 ~`samò} x~asio`~s cipkm n` ckfssala`m fs nàog

i|`~wàgd} i~ in`s`/ F dagd`~ x`~cò}fg` il cio|ac} x~asio`~s w`~` ao }d`

i|`~wàgd})in`s` cf}`gi~q/

Wibò x~asio`~s lfc` x~ink`bs il ni}d pom`~ fom i|`~op}~a}aio wa}d io` ao lip~

nàog pom`~wàgd} fom fxx~itabf}`kq f sabakf~ x~ixi~}aio+ i|`~wàgd} i~ in`s`

$></3%!+ dagd`~ cibxf~`m }i 68/1% il bfk` x~asio`~s wdi f~` i|`~wàgd} i~

in`s`/ Wdak` }das x~infnkq ~`lk`c}s n`}}`~ liim wa}dao }d` jfak }dfo ip}sam`+ a} ~fas`s

abxi~}fo} cioc`~os fnip} }d` kfce il `t`~cas` ao x~asio fom f g~`f}`~ ~ase }i oio

cibbpoacfnk` mas`fs`s kae` dqx`~}òsaio fom mafn`}`s/

Mf}f l~ib }d` x~asio disxa}fk spgg`s}s }df} }d`~` w`~` n`}w`ò =088 }i 7888

ciospk}f}aios `fcd bio}d+ fom }d` bis} cibbio ciospk}f}aios w`~` li~ seao

mas`fs`s $=8%!+ fom gfs}~iao}`s}aofk x~ink`bs $>8%!/ Ao 68% il ciospk}f}aios+ oi

mafgoisas wfs bfm`/ Bò}fk akko`ss cios}a}p}`m =% il bio}dkq o`w ~`l`~~fks/

DA\ s`~ixisa}a|a}q ao >884 wfs 3% wdacd as bpcd dagd`~ }dfo s`~ix~`|fkòc`

lagp~`s li~ Ef~of}fef f} 8/<1% $lagp~` l~ib OLDS 3 >880">88<!/

Io fo f|`~fg` }d`~` w`~` 64 }i 38 m`f}ds foopfkkq n`}w`ò >887 fom >881/

Mp~aog }das x`~aim+ }d`~` w`~` 1 m`f}ds l~ib spacam`+ bfaokq dfogaog/ Ao >884+ }d`~` w`~` 34 m`f}ds il bfk` x~asio`~s ao cps}imq+ wdacd }~foskf}`s }i 7/3

m`f}ds x`~ 6888+ bi~` }dfo mipnk` }df} ao }d` gò`~fk xixpkf}aio $}d` foopfk m`f}d

~f}` li~ bò wfs 3/> x`~ 6888 li~ >887!+ fom bpcd dagd`~ }dfo ao x~asios ao

m`|`kix`m cipo}~a`s/ Pom`~kqaog cfps`s ~`ci~m`m ao }d`s` m`f}ds w`~` DA\

$><%!+ cf~mafc cfps`s $>3%!+ cfoc`~ $67%!+ spacam` $66%! fom }pn`~cpkisas $1%!/

Io` m`f}d $3%! wfs ~`ci~m`m fs nàog m~pg ~`kf}`m/

Fs }d`~` dfs n`ò oi sqs}`bf}ac sc~`òaog li~ }pn`~cpkisas+ a} as oi} xissank` }i

cibbò} io }pn`~cpkisas x~`|fkòc`/

Iokq 61< ~`sxiomò}s $3/1%! ~`xi~}`m }feaog b`macf}aio ~`gpkf~kq f} }d` }ab` il

ao}`~|a`w/ Iokq 63 il }d`b w`~` fnk` }i bò}aio wdf} b`macao`s }d`q w`~`

}feaog/



D`fk}d Cf~` ao }d` Cò}~fk X~asio

D`fk}d cf~` as x~i|am`m kf~g`kq }d~ipgd }d` x~asio disxa}fk kicf}`m wa}dao }d` x~asio

x~`bas`s ]d`~` wfs iokq io` xsqcdaf}~as} li~ }d` ò}a~` x~asio il i|`~ 0888/ Fxf~} l~ib

}das+ }d` x~asio disxa}fk dfm iokq 3 mic}i~s $io` xdqsacafo+ io` m`~bf}ikigas}+ io`

ixd}dfkbikigas}! fom 6 s}fll op~s`+ io` kfn }`cdoacafo+ io` t ~fq }`cdoacafo fom >

xdf~bfcas}s/ ]d` lip~ mic}i~s sfw fkk ~ip}ao` ckaoacfk ~`l`~~fks }i }d` x~asio

disxa}fks ao fmma}aio }i }dà~ iwo sx`cafk}q ~`l`~~fks/ ]d`q fksi ~po fo aoxf}aò}

s`~|ac` wa}d 688 n`ms $}das lfcaka}q as pspfkkq i|`~lkiwaog wa}d fnip} >08 xf}aò}s

f} foq ga|ò }ab`!+ x~i|am` d`fk}d ~`xi~}s ao ~`sxios` }i cip~} i~m`~s+ ci"i~maof}`

b`macfk ~`}~fosl`~s fc~iss }d` x~asios ao }d` s}f}`+ fom x~i|am` `b`~gòcq ci|`~ fs

o``m`m/ ]dps+ }d` ~f}ai il b`macfk mic}i~s }i xf}aò}s wfs 6: 6388 f} }d` }ab` il

}d` s}pmq/ Cio}~fs} }das wa}d Fps}~fkaf wd`~` }d`~` f~` }d~`` lpkk }ab` x~il`ssaiofks

li~ `|`~q 688 x~asio`~s ao cps}imq/

]d` scf~ca}q il dpbfo d`fk}d ~`sip~c`s bfe`s a} abxissank` }i sc~`ò x~asio`~s

li~ bfoal`s} fom kf}ò} d`fk}d x~ink`bs+ wdacd ~fog` l~ib pom`~ op}~a}aio }i

cd~ioac cioma}aios kae` dqx`~}òsaio fom mafn`}`s/ F sfbxk` sp~|`q ao }d` x~asio

~`|`fk`m }df} 0% il }d` p~ao` sfbxk`s w`~` xisa}a|` li~ mafn`}`s fom x~i}àop~af

wfs x~`sò} ao =/<%/ Sc~`òaog wfs fnk` }i xace px }wac` }d` opbn`~ il mafn`}acs

cibxf~`m }i s`kl"~`xi~}/ Aofm`vpf}` s`kl fwf~ò`ss il akko`ss`s fbiog }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio/ ]das xissankq

~`lk`c}s }d` kiw fwf~ò`ss ao }d` gò`~fk cibbpoa}q/

Bò}fk Bi~nama}q

]das s`c}aio m`}faks bò}fk d`fk}d bi~nama}q+ spns}foc` ps`+ aockpmaog ~`gpkf~ xf}}`~os il

ps` wdacd spgg`s} m`xòmòc` i~ fmmac}aio/

Fcci~maog }i }d` BAOA xsqcdaf}~ac mafgoisas+ =88> $71/<%! aoma|ampfks cipkm n`

mafgois`m fs df|aog f mafgoisas il à}d`~ bò}fk akko`ss i~ spns}foc` ps`/ ^`cò}

s}pma`s spgg`s} sabakf~ ~f}`s il bò}fk bi~nama}q ao ma|`~s` cipo}~a`s spcd fs

Fps}~fkaf $48%! fom A~fo $44%!/



F kf~g` xf~} il }d` bò}fk bi~nama}q as cio}~anp}`m nq spns}foc` fnps` fom a}s

~`kf}`m cios`vpòc`s/

Fl}`~ `tckpmaog spns}foc` fnps`+ 6341 $>7/<%! x~asio`~s s}akk dfm f mafgoisfnk`

bò}fk masi~m`~/ Ciosam`~aog }df} iokq >% il }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio s`kl"~`xi~}`m

foq bò}fk akko`ss+ a} cfo n` pom`~s}iim }df} f sqs}`bf}ac fss`ssbò} abx~i|`s

amò}alacf}aio il mafgoisfnk` bò}fk masi~m`~ nq lip~}`ò }ab`s/

]infcci Ps`

<7/3% il }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio ~`xi~}`m `|`~ psaog $kal`}ab`! }infcci ao sib`

li~b ao }dà~ ka|`s/ ]das as bi~` }dfo mipnk` }d` }infcci ps` x~`|fkòc` ao

Ef~of}fef $>1/<%"lagp~` li~ >886!/

<8/>% ~`xi~}`m `|`~ sbieaog }infcci fom 6=% `|`~ cd`waog }infcci/ 17% il

}dis` wdi sbie`m i~ cd`w`m }infcci dfm n`ò psaog }infcci ao }d` q`f~ x~ai~ }i

x~asio ò}~q/

Pom`~}~afk x~asio`~s w`~` sagoalacfo}kq bi~` kae`kq }i df|` `|`~ sbie`m i~

cd`w`m }infcci cibxf~`m }i cio|ac} x~asio`~s/ Pom`~}~afk x~asio`~s dfm s}f~}`m

}infcci ps` f} f b`fo fg` il 64/3 q`f~s+ fom dfm n`ò sbieaog li~ f b`fo

opbn`~ il </< q`f~s/ ]dis` cd`waog }infcci dfm s}f~}`m f} f b`fo fg` il 61 q`f~s

fom dfm n`ò ~`gpkf~kq cd`waog }infcci li~ 0/6 q`f~s/

Cio|ac} x~asio`~s wdi sbie`m dfm aoa}af}`m sbieaog f} >8/= q`f~s fom dfm n`ò

sbieaog li~ f b`fo il 1/4 q`f~s/ Cd`w`~s ao }das g~ipx dfm s}f~}`m cd`waog f}

>8/> q`f~s fom w`~` ~`gpkf~kq cd`waog li~ 7/0 q`f~s/

67/1% il wibò x~asio`~s ~`xi~}`m ps` il }infcci ao sib` li~b/ ]das as

bf~gaofkkq bi~` }dfo }d` x~`|fkòc` il }infcci ps` fbiog wibò ao Ef~of}fef

$60/>%"lagp~`s li~ >886!/ Cd`waog }infcci wfs bi~` cibbio fbiog wibò

$6>/7%! cibxf~`m }i sbieaog $0/6%!/

Fbiog o`w bfk` ò}~fo}s ao}i }d` x~asio+ 7=/3% ~`xi~}`m psaog }infcci fom

76/1% ~`xi~}`m psaog }infcci mp~aog }d` bio}d x~ai~ }i x~asio ò}~q/



]infcci ps` xf}}`~o fl}`~ ò}~q ao}i x~asio

Pom`~}~afks dfm aoc~`fs`m }dà~ sbieaog l~ib fo f|`~fg` il 1/> s}aces x`~ mfq

n`li~` x~asio ò}~q }i 3=/3 s}aces x`~ mfq ao }d` kfs} w`è ao x~asio/ Cio|ac}`mx~asio`~s dfm aoc~`fs`m }dà~ sbieaog l~ib 66/= s}aces }i ==/1 s}aces/

Fbiog }dis` wdi cd`w`m }infcci+ P]Xs dfm aoc~`fs`m }dà~ ps` l~ib 4/3 sfcd`}s

x~ai~ }i x~asio ò}~q }i >8/1 sfcd`}s ao }d` kfs} w`è ao x~asio+ fom C]Xs dfm

aoc~`fs`m ciospbx}aio l~ib 4/7 sfcd`}s }i 68/4 sfcd`}s/

]dps+ sbieaog fbiog P]Xs fom C]Xs aoc~`fs`m fnip} lip~ }ab`s fl}`~ cibaog

ao}i x~asio/ Cd`waog }infcci aoc~`fs`m bf~gaofkkq fbiog C]Xs fl}`~ x~asio ò}~q

fom fnip} }wi fom f dfkl }ab`s fbiog P]Xs/

N~`f}d CI bioa}i~aog

Io n~`f}d cf~nio bioitam` bioa}i~aog+ wdacd as f x~itq aomacf}i~ li~ sbieaog+

=>/<% il }d` bfk` x~asio`~s }`s}`m $o26<1! dfm CI k`|`ks il fni|` 7 xxb

aomacf}aog }df} }d`q dfm ~`cò}kq sbie`m/

Fkcidik ps`

Bi~` }dfo io` ao }wi x~asio`~s $06/0%! ~`xi~}`m ciospbaog fkcidik ao }dà~ ka|`s/

]das as o`f~kq mipnk` }d` of}aiofk x~`|fkòc` il fkcidik ps` $>6%!/ Il }dis` wdi

~`xi~}`m `|`~ m~aoeaog+ 4<% dfm FPMA] sci~`s fni|` 4 aomacf}aog df~blpk

m~aoeaog xf}}`~os/ B`fo FPMA] sci~` wfs 67 fom wfs cibxf~fnk` n`}w`ò P]Xs

fom C]Xs/ P]Xs dfm s}f~}`m m~aoeaog fkcidik f} f b`fo fg` il 61/= q`f~s fom

C]Xs f} f b`fo fg` il >6/= q`f~s/

=3/0% il ~`samò} x~asio`~s lpklakk`m mafgois}ac c~a}`~af li~ kal`}ab` fkcidik

m`xòmòc` fom 6=% li~ cp~~ò} fkcidik m`xòmòc` $ao }d` q`f~ x~ai~ }i x~asio

ò}~q!/ Cp~~ò} fkcidik m`xòmòc` ~f}`s ao }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio f~` o`f~kq }d~``

}ab`s bi~` }dfo ao }d` gò`~fk xixpkf}aio/ 3/7% il }d` ~`samò} x~asio`~s ~`xi~}`m fkcidik ps` ao }d` kfs} w`è/ Diw`|`~+ io

n~`f}d fofkqsas il 6<1 bfk` x~asio`~s s`k`c}`m ~fomibkq+ oio` wfs xisa}a|` li~

n~`f}d fkcidik/



Fbiog o`w ò}~fo}s+ 04% ~`xi~}`m `|`~ ps` il fkcidik fom 06/1% ~`xi~}`m ps` ao

}d` kfs} bio}d/

Fbiog wibò ~`samò} x~asio`~s+ 3% ~`xi~}`m `|`~ psaog fkcidik/

I}d`~ m~pgs il fnps`

63% il ~`sxiomò} x~asio`~s ~`xi~}`m `|`~ df|aog ps`m f m~pg fxf~} l~ib }infcci

fom fkcidik/ ]das wfs bi~` cibbiokq ~`xi~}`m nq P]Xs $63/4%! }dfo C]Xs

$68/0%!/

P~ao` M~pg Sc~`òaog

F ~fomib p~ao` m~pg sc~`òaog wfs cf~~a`m ip} io 7>6 ~`samò} x~asio`~s ao fo

foioqbips bfoo`~/ Il }d`s`+ ==> $<6/3%! }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ io` i~ }d` i}d`~ m~pg/

Fbiog }dis` wdi }`s}`m xisa}a|`:

=3% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ nòzimafz`xao`s

36% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ cfoofnas

60% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ cicfao`

1% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ nf~na}p~f}`s

<% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ fbxd`}fbao`s

3% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ ixaiams

O`f~kq f }da~m il xisa}a|` p~ao` sfbxk` w`~` xisa}a|` li~ }wi i~ bi~` m~pgs/

Gò`~fkasaog }d` laomaogs fbiog ~`samò} x~asio`~s+ p~ao` }`s}aog ~`|`fk`m

`t}~fi~maof~akq dagd k`|`ks il m~pg ps` $<6/3%! cibxf~`m }i s`kl ~`xi~} $6/0%!/

3>0 cios`cp}a|` o`w ò}~fo}s w`~` fksi sc~`ò`m li~ m~pgs nq p~ao` sc~`òaog/

6=< $==/1%! }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ io` i~ }d` i}d`~ m~pg/ Fbiog }dis` xisa}a|`:

>4/3% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ nòzimafz`xao`s

67% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ cicfao`

63/>% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ cfoofnas

=/3% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ fbxd`}fbao`s

6/0% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ nf~na}p~f}`s

6/>% }`s}`m xisa}a|` li~ ixaiams



Xpnkacf}aio+ Of}aiofk Aos}a}p}` il Bò}fk D`fk}d O`p~i Scaòc`s+ Nfogfki~`/

^`l:



Io cibxf~asio il x`~cò}fg`s il xisa}a|` p~ao` m~pg }`s}s n`}w`ò ~`samò}

x~asio`~s fom o`w ò}~fo}s+ }d` ps` il bis} m~pgs dfm fc}pfkkq aoc~`fs`m fl}`~

ò}~q ao}i x~asio/ ]dps+ ps` il cfoofnas fl}`~ x~asio ò}~q dfm aoc~`fs`m >/3 }ab`s

cibxf~`m }i ps` f} }d` xiao} il ò}~q ao}i x~asio+ ps` il nòzimafz`xao`s 6/0

}ab`s+ nf~na}p~f}`s < }ab`s+ ixaiams >/0 }ab`s fom fbxd`}fbao`s 6/= }ab`s/

Cicfao` sdiws f sabakf~ xf}}`~o ni}d aosam` fom ip}sam` x~asios+ wa}d f skagd}

m`ckao` il ps`+ wdacd cfo n` f}}~anp}`m }i a}s cis}/

@tx~`ss`m o``m li~ d`kx li~ fmmac}aio

Fbiog spns}foc` ps`~s+ 40% il sbie`~s+ 73% il }infcci cd`w`~s+ 11% il

fkcidik ps`~s fom 76% il m~pg ps`~s `tx~`ss`m }d` o``m li~ d`kx ao nàog fnk` }i

ga|` px psaog }d`s` spns}foc`s/

Gfbnkaog

Fnip} io` ao }ò x~asio`~s dfm aompkg`m ao sib` li~b il gfbnkaog mp~aog }dà~

kal`}ab`/ ]d` cibbio`s} li~b wfs xkfqaog cf~ms li~ s}fe`s/

I}d`~ xsqcdaf}~ac akko`ss`s

6>/7% il ~`samò} x~asio`~s dfm f kal`}ab` das}i~q il bfji~ m`x~`ssa|` `xasim` fom

1/6% dfm f cp~~ò} bfji~ m`x~`ssa|` `xasim`/ ]das as }wac` }d` ~f}` il }d` gò`~fk

xixpkf}aio/

]wi ip} il `|`~q 688 x~asio`~s ~`xi~}`m df|aog f}}`bx}`m spacam` sib`}ab` ao

}d` xfs} fom bi~` }dfo s`|ò x`~ 688 dfm m`kan`~f}`kq cfps`m aojp~q }i

}d`bs`k|`s/

Fnip} > }i 3 P] x~asio`~s ip} il `|`~q 688 as f} ~ase il f}}`bx}aog s`kl df~b ao

x~asio/ Il }dis` wdi dfm bfm` fo f}}`bx} il m`kan`~f}` s`kl df~b fl}`~ cibaog }i

x~asio+ 08% dfm bfm` fo f}}`bx} x~ai~ }i cibaog }i }d` x~asio/ ]dps xfs} f}}`bx}f} s`kl df~b sdipkm n` amò}ala`m fs f ~ase lfc}i~ li~ ~`x`f}`m s`kl df~b/

>/>% il }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio dfm f mafgoisas il xsqcdisas+ x~abf~akq

scdazixd~òaf/ ]das as }wac` }df} il }d` gò`~fk xixpkf}aio/

F spns}fo}afk opbn`~ il xsqcdi}ac masi~m`~s $6</1%! w`~` spns}foc` ~`kf}`m/



@tc`ssa|` x~ìccpxf}aio wa}d nimakq sqbx}ibs

F spns}fo}afk opbn`~ il ni}d P]X fom C]X x~asio`~s dfm f kal`}ab` fom cp~~ò}

mafgoisas il sibf}asf}aio/ ]das mafgoisas cipkm n` bfm` ao fnip} > ip} il `|`~q688 x~asio`~s/ Cp~~ò} mafgoisas il f xfao masi~m`~ wfs bfm` ao >7> $0/=%!/ Ao

Fsafo cpk}p~`s+ bfoal`s}f}aio il xsqcdikigacfk mas}~`ss }d~ipgd xdqsacfk

sqbx}ibs as ~`kf}a|`kq bi~` cibbio }dfo ao i}d`~ cpk}p~`s/

Fo}asicafk X`~siofka}q Masi~m`~

]da~}`ò li~ `|`~q dpom~`m x~asio`~s cipkm n` mafgois`m fs df|aog f ciompc}

masi~m`~ ao cdakmdiim fom P]Xs w`~` sagoalacfo}kq bi~` kae`kq }i df|` ~`cà|`m

}das mafgoisas cibxf~`m }i C]Xs/

O`f~kq lal}`ò li~ `|`~q 688 P]Xs ~`cà|`m f mafgoisas il fo}asicafk x`~siofka}q

masi~m`~/ ]das as 7"4 }ab`s bi~` }dfo }d` gò`~fk xixpkf}aio/

O``ms il ^`samò} X~asio`~s

]d` bfji~ f~`fs il massf}aslfc}aio w`~` wa}d }d` ck`fokao`ss $33%"==%!+ fcc`ss }i

sfl` m~aoeaog wf}`~ $34%!+ vpfo}a}q $>0%! fom vpfka}q il liim $01%! fom wa}d }d`

|asa}aog lfcaka}a`s $>6%!/

Io` ao }wi x~asio`~s $08%! l`k} }d`q w`~` oi} }~`f}`m wa}d ~`sx`c} nq }d` s}fll/

Bi~` }dfo f }da~m $3=%! lipom a} mallacpk} }i fcc`ss d`fk}d cf~`/

Bis} x~asio`~s $18/3%! mam oi} f}}òm foq li~b il ~`dfnaka}f}aio i~ iccpxf}aiofk

}d`~fxq/

Io` ao la|` x~asio`~s $>>%! wfs oi} fwf~` il }d` k`gfk cdf~g` fgfaos} }d`b/

F bfji~a}q $78%! mam oi} g`} `sci~}s }i f}}òm cip~} x~ic``maogs ~`gpkf~kq fom

06% w`~` podfxxq wa}d }d` xfc` il k`gfk x~ic``maogs/

X~asio S}fll

X~asio s}fll $o2>86! w`~` ao}`~|a`w`m wa}d ~`sx`c} }i }dà~ d`fk}d+ xf~}acpkf~kq

bò}fk d`fk}d assp`s fs w`kk fs }dà~ o``ms ao }d` wi~exkfc`/



F saz`fnk` opbn`~ $>1/>%! wfs i|`~wàgd}/ Sqbx}ibs cfpsaog bim`~f}` }i dagd

k`|`ks il s}~`ss aockpm`m pkc`~ sqbx}ibs $17%!+ d`fmfcd`s $=<%!+ wi~~a`s $31%!+

fcd`s fom xfaos $3=%!+ aofnaka}q }i ~`kft $3>%!+ m`x~`ssaio fom sfmo`ss $3>%!+

}a~`mo`ss $33%!+ fog`~)a~~a}f}aio $38%!+ ~`mpc`m sk``x $60%! fom nfcefcd` $64%!/

F bfji~a}q $46%! ~`xi~}`m bim`~f}` }i dagd k`|`ks il i|`~fkk s}~`ss+ f}}~anp}`m }i

x`~siofk sfl`}q cioc`~os $4>%!+ mallacpk}a`s ao bfofgaog x~asio`~s $<1%!+ lfbakq

x~ink`bs $=8%!+ l`f~ il spsxòsaio $31%!+ laofocafk x~ink`bs $34%!+ fom l`f~ il

}~fosl`~ $>3%!/ =8% il }d` s}fll l`k} pofxx~`caf}`m nq }dà~ spx`~ai~s fom il `|ò

g~`f}`~ cioc`~o as }df} 16% ~`xi~}`m |`~nfk fnps` l~ib }dà~ spx`~ai~s fom 6> %

xdqsacfk fnps`/

]d` kiw s}fll bi~fk` as n`s} `t`bxkala`m nq }d` lfc} }df} >4% dfm ciosam`~`m

~`sagoaog l~ib }d` jin n`cfps` il jin s}~`ss/ ]dipgd 64% il }d`b ~`xi~}`m

sx`calac xdqsacfk x~ink`bs iokq io` s}fll wfs io ~`gpkf~ b`macf}aio/ ]dipgd

oio` il }d`b ~`xi~}`m df|aog sqbx}ibs il bò}fk akko`ss+ 66% cipkm n`

mafgois`m fs df|aog f kal`}ab` bfji~ m`x~`ssa|` `xasim` fom 0% f cp~~ò} bfji~

m`x~`ssa|` `xasim`/

ABXKACF]AIOS

]d` laomaogs l~ib }d` s}pmq dagdkagd} }d` dagd x~ixi~}aio il bò}fk d`fk}d x~ink`bs

fbiog x~asio`~s fom }d` o``m li~ bò}fk d`fk}d cf~` ao x~asios/ ]d`~` as fksi f o``m }i

sòsa}as` fom }~fao }d` s}fll il }d` x~asios ao`ll`c}a|`kq bfofgaog }d` x~asio`~s+ fs w`kk fs

amò}alqaog fom ~`sxiomaog }i }d` bò}fk d`fk}d x~ink`bs/ X~asios cfo x~i|am` f

ci~~`c}a|`+ ~`dfnaka}f}a|` ~ik` iokq al }d`s` cioc`~os f~` fm`vpf}`kq fmm~`ss`m/ ]d`

~`cibbòmf}aios il }das x~ij`c} f~` ~`k`|fo} }i x~asios oi} iokq ao Aomaf+ np} }d~ipgdip}

}d` m`|`kixaog wi~km/ ]d` kicfk k`ssios cfo }dò aom``m n` }~foskf}`m ao}i of}aiofk fs

w`kk fs gkinfk fc}aio/



^@CIBB@OMF]AIOS LI^ OF]AIOFK FC]AIO NFS@M IO ]D@ KICFK

K@SSIOS

]d` laomaogs l~ib }d` s}pmq dagdkagd} }d` o``m li~ fmm~`ssaog }d` bò}fk d`fk}d cf~`

assp`s il x~asio`~s fom s}fll il x~asios/ X~asios cfo x~i|am` f ci~~`c}a|`+ ~`dfnaka}f}a|`

~ik` iokq al }d`s` cioc`~os f~` fm`vpf}`kq fmm~`ss`m/ Bfji~ f~`fs ~`vpa~aog fc}aio aockpm`

}d` likkiwaog:

6/ X~ix`~ `|fkpf}aio fom fss`ssbò} il `|`~q x~asio`~ pxio ò}~q ao}i x~asio+ fom

f giim sqs}`b il micpbò}f}aio+ wa}d f licps io gò`~fk d`fk}d+ bò}fk d`fk}d fom

spns}foc` ps`/ ]das aockpm`s inj`c}a|` }`s}aog li~ spns}foc` ps` fom ~`l`~~fk li~

`|fkpf}aio fom }~`f}bò}/

>/ F}}ò}aio }i }d` gò`~fk cioma}aios ao x~asio+ aockpmaog i|`~c~iwmaog+

ck`fokao`ss+ xi}fnk` wf}`~+ vpfka}q fom s`~|aog il liim+ fm`vpf}` ~`c~`f}aioxf~}acpkf~kq li~ wibò x~asio`~s/

3/ Abx~i|aog bò}fk d`fk}d cf~` ao x~asio }d~ipgd x~ibx} fom x~ix`~

amò}alacf}aio+ sòsa}a|` dfomkaog wa}d `s}fnkasd`m x~i}iciks li~ c~asas ao}`~|ò}aio+

n`df|aip~fk `b`~gòca`s aockpmaog xsqcdi}ac n`df|aip~ fom spacamfk am`f}aios+

f|fakfnaka}q il fm`vpf}` b`macf}aios fs w`kk fs xsqcdi"sicafk ao}`~|ò}aios+

fm`vpf}` ~`dfnaka}f}aio b`fsp~`s+ fom sx`calac f}}ò}aio }i }d` fl}`~cf~` o``ms il

x`~sios wa}d bò}fk akko`ss $`mpcf}aio fnip} akko`ss+ ògfgaog }d` lfbakq+

|icf}aiofk gpamfoc`+ }~`f}bò} cibxkafoc` fom bioa}i~aog! fs w`kk fs oio"

}~`f}bò} spxxi~}+ xf~}acpkf~kq li~ }dis` wa}dip} lfbaka`s $sd`k}`~+ d`fk}d cf~`+ sicafk

scd`b`s!/

=/ D`kx }i fkk x~asio`~s }i m`fk wa}d }d` s}~`ss il x~asio kal` }d~ipgd fxx~ix~af}`

cipos`kkaog+ s}fll sòsa}asf}aio+ òdfocaog x``~ g~ipx fom s}fll spxxi~}+ fom nq

abx~i|aog ka|aog cioma}aios ao }d` x~asio/

0/ Fmm~`ssaog spns}foc` ps` x~ink`bs ao x~asio }d~ipgd x~ix`~ amò}alacf}aio f}

ò}~q+ x~ibx} ~`l`~~fk li~ }~`f}bò}+ x`~aimac sc~`òaog il ~`samò} x~asio`~s li~

m~pg ps`+ òsp~aog s}~ac} xikaca`s li~ xiss`ssaio fom ps` il spns}foc`s ao x~asio+

òcip~fg`bò} li~ d`kx s`èaog li~ fmmac}aio aockpmaog fxx~ix~af}` b`macf}aiosfom xsqcdisicafk spxxi~} li~ m`}italacf}aio+ kiog"}`~b fns}aoòc` fom fmm~`ssaog il

ci"bi~nam xdqsacfk i~ xsqcdikigacfk x~ink`bs/

</ Abx~i|`bò} il dpbfo fom laofocafk ~`sip~c`s li~ ~pooaog }d` x~asio+

aockpmaog df|aog fm`vpf}` mic}i~s+ op~s`s+ cipos`kki~s fom x~asio s}fll }i x~i|am`



d`fk}d cf~` ao f g~fm`m bfoo`~+ l~ib d`fk}d `mpcf}aio }i aoxf}aò} cf~`/ ]das

aockpm`s f baoabpb il 6 mic}i~ li~ `|`~q 088 xf}aò}s+ fom f}}òmaog sx`cafkas}s

aockpmaog f xdqsacafo+ xsqcdaf}~as}+ m`~bf}ikigas}+ gqof`cikigas} fom sp~gìo5 >

op~s`s li~ `|`~q 088 x~asio`~s+ = cipos`kki~s li~ `|`~q 088 x~asio`~s+ }i x~i|am`

ao}`g~f}`m d`fk}d+ k`gfk fom kal`s}qk` cipos`kkaog fom spxxi~}5 f >8 n`m lfcaka}q li~

`|`~q 088 xf}aò}s/ Fs }d` spxxi~} l~ib }d` S}f}` D`fk}d M`xf~}bò}s dfs n`ò |`~q

|f~afnk`+ c~`f}aog f x~asio d`fk}d ci~xs fkiog }d` kao`s il }d` f~bq d`fk}d ci~xs }i

f}}òm }i fkk }d` d`fk}d o``ms ao cps}imafk s`}}aogs bps} n` s`~aipskq ciosam`~`m/

7/ Fkk of}aiofk d`fk}d x~ig~fbb`s bps} n` abxk`bò}`m ao x~asios/

4/ X~asio s}fll }~faoaog fom fmm~`ssaog }dà~ o``ms sdipkm licps io abx~i|aog wi~e

cioma}aios+ abx~i|aog s}fll bi~fk` fom cid`saio+ n`}}`~ cibbpoacf}aio wa}d

x~asio`~s fom g~`f}`~ sòsa}a|a}q }i }dà~ o``ms/ Sx`cafk }~faoaog ao dpbfo ~agd}s fombò}fk d`fk}d assp`s as ~`vpa~`m/ Spcd }~faoaog as fksi ~`vpa~`m li~ i}d`~ x`~sioo`k

oi} ma~`c}kq bfooaog }d` x~asio+ aockpmaog }d` jpmacaf~q+ kfwq`~s fom xikac`/ ]d`

K`gfk S`~|ac`s Fp}di~a}q fom Dpbfo âgd}s Cibbassaios f~` am`fkkq xias`m }i

cf~~q ip} spcd }~faoaog ao kafasio wa}d bò}fk d`fk}d x~il`ssaiofks/

1/ I}d`~ d`fk}d x~ink`bs ao x~asio+ ni}d fcp}` fom cd~ioac+ ni}d cibbpoacfnk`

fom oio"cibbpoacfnk` bps} n` fm`vpf}`kq fmm~`ss`m/ ]das aockpm`s np} as oi}

kaba}`m }i seao aol`c}aios+ cf~mafc fom ~`sxa~f}i~q masi~m`~s+ }pn`~cpkisas+ DA\+

i}d`~ s`tpfkkq }~fosba}}`m akko`ss`s+ dqx`~}òsaio+ mafn`}`s+ s}~`ss ~`kf}`m

sqbx}ibs+ fota`}q+ m`x~`ssaio+ fom fll`c}`m x`~sios bps} n` òcip~fg`m }i s`è

d`kx li~ spcd sqbx}ibs/

68/ I}d`~ o``ms il x~asio`~s aockpmaog k`gfk fom |icf}aiofk o``ms fom n`}}`~

ao}`~fc}aios wa}d lfbaka`s sdipkm n` fm`vpf}`kq fmm~`ss`m/ Spxxi~} li~ }das cfo

n` lfcaka}f}`m nq fc}a|` kafasio wa}d `mpcf}aiofk aos}a}p}aios spcd fs kfw+ sicafk wi~e

fom sabakf~ aos}a}p}aios/

66/ X~ix`~ micpbò}f}aio – cibxp}`~az`m mf}f nfs`+ ~`gpkf~ sp~|àkkfoc` il d`fk}d

cioma}aios+ d`fk}d s}f}ps ~`ci~ms+ x~`"fom xis} mascdf~g` ~`ci~ms bps} n` bfao}fao`m

b`}acpkipskq/6>/ @osp~aog cio}aopa}q il d`fk}d cf~` n`qiom }d` x~asio as fnsikp}`kq o`c`ssf~q al

x~asios sdipkm c`fs` n`cibaog ~`s`~|ia~s il aol`c}aio fom akk d`fk}d/ ]das as

xissank` }d~ipgd `ll`c}a|` `mpcf}aio+ sc~`òaog+ ao}`~|ò}aio+ ~`dfnaka}f}aio fom

bioa}i~aog/



63/ Foi}d`~ |a}fk f~`f ~`vpa~aog f}}ò}aio as fmm~`ssaog }d` sqs}`bac o``ms/ ]d`s`

aockpm`:

f/ ^fasaog x~asio s}fomf~ms }i b``} }d` x~`sc~an`m PO s}fomf~ms/

n/ S`}aog px il f x~asio wi~eaog g~ipx li~ abx~i|aog fom bioa}i~aog

d`fk}d cf~` ao x~asios+ xf~}acpkf~kq l~ib ~agd}s nfs`m x`~sx`c}a|`/

c/ ^`mpc}aio ao }d` x~asio xixpkf}aio }d~ipgd x~ibi}aog fk}`~of}a|`s }i

abx~asiobò}

m/ @osp~aog fo fc}a|` Nif~m il \asa}i~s/

`/ Sqs}`bf}ac }~faoaog il fkk x~il`ssaiofks aockpmaog jpmacaf~q+ kfwq`~s fom

xikac`/

l/ Bfomf}i~q fkkicf}aio il ~`sip~c`s li~ abx~i|aog laofocafk fom dpbfo

~`sip~c`s }i x~asios/g/ Abx~i|`bò} ao }~afk x~ic`mp~`s }i ~`mpc` m`kfqs+ ~`mpc` mp~f}aio il

aocf~c`~f}aio fom bò}fk fogpasd/

6=/ @osp~aog f giim x~asio ò|a~iobò} ciompca|` }i ci~~`c}aio fom ~`dfnaka}f}aio

}dps n`cib`s f jiao} ~`sxiosanaka}q il }d` x~asio m`xf~}bò}+ k`gfk s`~|ac`s

fp}di~a}a`s+ dpbfo ~agd}s cibbassaios+ gi|`~obò}s+ oio"gi|`~obò}

i~gfoasf}aios fs w`kk fs ca|ak sica`}q/

60/ S`~aips ciosam`~f}aio bps} n` ga|ò }i aos}a}p}` f Of}aiofk Aos}a}p}` il

Ci~~`c}aiofk S`~|ac`s+ pom`~ wdacd pbn~`kkf d`fk}d ~`kf}`m x~`|ò}aio+

ao}`~|ò}aio fom ~`s`f~cd fc}a|a}a`s ao ci~~`c}aiofk s`}}aogs cfo n` pom`~}feò/

CIOCKPSAIO

X~asios f~` }d` ba~~i~ il ip~ sica`}q/ X~asio`~s f~` l~ib ip~ cibbpoa}q fom }d`q ~`}p~o

}i ip~ cibbpoa}q/ Mf}f l~ib }d` s}pmq ~`xi~}s il dagd x~`|fkòc` il bò}fk d`fk}d

x~ink`bs fom spns}foc` ps` ao x~asio`~s/ Spacamfk f}}`bx}s fom m`kan`~f}` s`kl df~b nq

}d` x~asio`~s f~` abb`maf}` cioc`~os/ X~asio d`fk}d o``ms bps} n` ciosam`~`m fs f

x~ai~a}q ao xpnkac d`fk}d fom bfomf}i~q abxk`bò}f}aio il fkk }d` of}aiofk d`fk}dx~ig~fbb`s aosam` }d` x~asio bps} n` mio`/ X~i|amaog ao}`~|ò}aio li~ cibbpoacfnk`

mas`fs`s+ spns}foc` ps`+ bò}fk akko`ss fom dagd ~ase n`df|aip~ }dps nò`la}s ni}d

x~asio`~s fom }d` wam`~ cibbpoa}q fom ~`mpc`s }d` np~mò io f cipo}~q‑s d`fk}d sqs}`b

fs f wdik`/



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Mental Health and Substance Use Problems in Prisons: Bangalore Mental Health Study (2011)

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Transcript of Mental Health and Substance Use Problems in Prisons: Bangalore Mental Health Study (2011)