Created by:Indonesian team: Putri, Laura, Marissa, SyifaMaastricht team: Angela, Beatriz, GuillermoMaputo team: Ilka Saide

a) The individualistic and collectivist

societiesb) How different

cultures see the role of the therapist

c) How different cultures interpret

diseasesd) Examples of

Mental Illness across Cultures

e) Debate Questionsf) References

a) The Individualistic&

Collectivist Societies

WHICH COUNTRIES ARE BELONG TO EACH CATEGORIES?

Interesting fact

Little or no education about mental illnesses

Lower socioeconomic class

Have the highest prevalence of mental health disorderGeneral practitioner plays an important role

b) How Different Cultures See The Role of Therapist • Asian• Western • African

(Chen & Mak, 2008)

- responses to therapy from different ethnic groups- influence of therapist

cultural beliefs on the patient

c) How different cultures interpret diseases

Social Stigma (Cheon & Chiao, 2012)

AA showed stronger negative implicit

attitudes

AA endorsed greater desire for social

distance

Cultural variations in mental illness stigma

arise EXCLUSIVELY from cultural differences in automatic reactions

Recognize the Treshold for Mental Illness (Canino & Alegria, 2008)

• Different cultures recognize the same syndromes with different thresholds

• DSM Recognize cultural factors in diagnosis. Is it enough?

d) Examples of Mental Illness across

Cultures

RELATIVISTS

• Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Weisz et al. (2006) syndromes in Thai youngsters that were not matched or even present in US youngsters.

Thai boys as well as a covert delinquency syndrome and a habit problem syndrome among Thai girls were not found among US youth. Similarly, a sex syndrome (e.g., preoccupation with sex, excessive masturbation, behaving like the other sex, general sexual problems) was observed in Thai boys but not found in US youngsters.

Depression(usatoday.com)

• People who live in Western culture may get depressed more than those from East Asian culture because Westerners don't have the cultural support that can protect them from a genetic vulnerability to depression, suggests a new study from Northwestern University, in Evanston.

• Joan Chiao, said that more collectivist cultures may give individuals who are genetically susceptible to depression an implied or expressed social support which buffers them from depressive episodes.

• The researchers found that in

collectivistic nations, such as East

Asia, where nearly 80% of the

population is genetically susceptible

to depression, "the actual

prevalence of depression is

significantly lower than in

individualistic nations, such as the

United States and Western Europe."

e) Debate Question

• Which psychiatric disorders are universal? Which extent do psychiatric disorders differ on their core definitions and constellation of symptoms as a result of cultural/contextual factors?

f) References• Campbell, A. (2013, February 3). In Africa I found the mentally ill were chained, shackled and whipped. Daily Express.

Retrieved July 1, 2015, from: http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/375168/In-Africa-I-found-the-mentally-ill-were-chained-shackled-and-whipped.

• Canino, G. & Alegria, M. (2008). Psychiatric diagnosis – Is it universal or relative to culture?. Child Psychol Psychiatry, 49 (3), 237-250.

• Cauce, A. M., Paradise, M., Rodriguez, M. D., Cochran, B.N. & Shea, J. M. (2002). Cultural and Contextual Influences in

Mental Health Help Seeking: a Focus on Ethnic Minority Youth. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 70 (1), 44-45.

• Chen, S., & Mak, W. (2008). Seeking professional help: Etiology beliefs about mental illness across cultures. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), 442-450.

• Chen, B. K. & Chiao, J. Y. (2012). Cultural Variation in Implicit Mental Illness Stigma. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 43 (7), 1058-1062.

• Jayson, Sharon. (2009, October 27). Eastern ‘collectivist’ culture may buffer against depression. USA Today. Retrieved July

1, 2015, from : http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-10-27-Depression_culture_N.htm.

• Yvonne & Steven Klimidis. 2003. Assessing Mental Health Across Cultures. Brisbane: Watson Ferguson & Company.

• Vaswani, K. (2013, April 14). Mentally ill patients in Indonesia held in chains .BBC News Retrieved July 1, 2015, from : http://www.bbc.com/news/health-22076563.

• Walton, A. (2011, October 4). Why More Americans Suffer From Mental Disorders Than Anyone Else. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://www.theatlantic.com/.../why-more-americans.../246035/

• WHO. Data and statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://www.euro.who.int/.../mental.../data-and-statistics