Mental Exercise

ANIMALS and BIRDS: In HidingFind the name of the animal hidden between the

following sentences.

Example:

Do not criticize bravado too readily.

Answer:

Do not criticize bravado too readily.

Mental Exercise

1. Small boys tag after their elder brothers.2. Those who do good may be rewarded.3. It was an enormous entrance.4. Bootleggers hijack all trucks.5. He seemed to be a veritable glutton over plum pudding.

Mental Exercise

1. Small boys tag after their elder brothers.

2. Those who do good may be rewarded.

Mental Exercise

3. It was an enormous entrance.4. Bootleggers hijack all trucks.5. He seemed to be a veritable glutton over plum pudding.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Living things feed.

They need food for energy,

growth and repair.

Nutrition

PLANTS ANIMALS

Nutrition

Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. It needs light, water, carbon dioxide and green chemical called chlorophyll. Animals take infood in complex form and digest them into simpler compound that the body can absorb.

Nutrition

Respiration

•All living organisms respire because they need energy.•Respiration is the oxidation of food substances to release energy for cell activities.

Respiration

•There are two types of respiration : aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

•Aerobic respiration can be summarised by the equation :

Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

Respiration

Movement

Living things move on their

own.

Movement

Most animals move from one place to another and it’s called locomotion.

Reproduction

Organisms reproduce their own kind. This process ensures the

survival of the species.

Organisms produce offspring which resemble their parents.

Two types of reproduction : Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cellsEx : bacteria, amoeba, fungi

Sexual reproduction involves male and female sex cells joining togeher. Examples: plants and animals

Reproduction

Growth and Development

•Growth is the permanent increase in the mass and the volume of an organism.•Growth is accompanied by series of changes in form and function. These series of changes is called development. Ex : metamorphosis of a butterfly and growth of

tadpole to adult frog.

Excretion

Excretion is the process where an organism removes metabolic waste

products.

Numerous chemical reactions occur in the cell of living organisms, they are called biochemical

reactions.

Metabolism is all the reactions that occur in an organism.

Excretion

HomeostasisHomeostasisHomeostasis is the

maintenance of constant internal

environment.

•Regulating blood glucose concentration in the body

•Normal human blood pH value is 7.35-7.45

•Normal human body temperature is 37° C

Sensitivity/Irritability

Sensitivity is the ability of organism to respond

to stimuliStimulus (stimuli) is any condition or change in the environmnet (light,

heat, temperature).

Example : closing leaves of Mimosa pudica when touched.

AdaptabilityAdaptabilityAdaptation is any characteristic of an

organism that improves its chances

of surviving in its environment.

AdaptabilityAdaptability

Structural adaptation –having body parts that allow an organism to become better suited to its environment. Ex : cactus has few leaves and fleshy stems.

Behavior adaptation is an adaptation by adjusting behavioral patterns and biological clock to the changing conditions of the environment. Examples : birds migrate to places where more favourable, polar bear hibernate during winter.

AdaptabilityAdaptability

•Organisms are made up of cells. •Organisms gain energy through the process of nutrition.•Organisms respire, that release energy through breakdown of food substances such as glucose.•Organisms remove metabolic waste products through excretion•Organisms are able to control their internal conditions which is known as homeostasis. •Organisms grow. The growth of an organisms is a permanent increase in the mass and volume.•Organisms can move by themselves in a directed and controlled way. •Organisms reproduce their own kind.•Organisms adapt to increase their chances of survival.•Organisms are able to detect and respond to changes in their environment. This is called sensitivity.

The characteristics of life are as follows:

What are cells?

Living organisms are made up of small

building units of life called cells

Cells come in different size and

shapes

Unicellular cells made up of one or single cell only, ex: bacteria, amoeba amoeba

Multicellular cellsmade up of two or more cells, ex: plants, animals.

What is inside of cell?

A cell is made up of a tiny mass of living matter called protoplasmProtoplasm is made up of a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane

Questions?

Let’s move on

with animal

cell

ANIMAL CELL

Nucleus•Largest structure•Spherical in shape•Cell reproduction •Control cell activities•Needed for cell to stay alive •Contains chromosomes

Vacuole •Clear fuild sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals and waste•Store water and other nutrients•Many tiny vacuoles, small, numerous and temporary in animal cell

Lysosome mall structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion

Nucleolus• is found in the nucleus•Contains more genetic information (RNA)

ANIMAL CELL

Mitochondria •The “powerhouse”•Centre of respiration of the cell•Release energy for cell functions.

Golgi Bodies•Tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends•Help package proteins

Ribosomes•Tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins•Found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endopasmic reticulum

Cell membrane

• thin membrane surrouding the cell•Partially membrane

Cell wall•Thick layer surrouding the cell membrane •Made of cellulose •Support cell•Regular shape

Cell membrane •Thin membrane surrouding the cell•Partially permeable •Serces as a boundary between cell and the external •Control subtances entering and leaving the cell.

Vacoule•Single large space •Contains a liquid called cell sap

Chloroplast•Contains the green pigment chlorophyllphotosynthesis

Cytoplasm•Jelly-like substance•Contains chemicals and other tiny structures that carry out special functions•Many chemical reactions take place here

Nucleus •Spherical in shape•Responsible for cell reproduction•Control most cell activities •Needed for cell to stay alive•Contains chromosomes which are genetic material

How can we study about cell and its

part?

We need MICROSCOPES

Simple microscope-contains only one lens

Compound microscope

-contains two or more lens

Binocular microscope

Monocular microscope

Electron microscope

Light microscope

It can magnify objects up tp 1,000x

It can be magnify objects up to 10,000x

Eyepiece Lens:  the lens at the top that you look through.  They are usually 10X or 15X power. Tube:  Connects the eyepiece to the objective lensesArm:  Supports the tube and connects it to the base

Base:  The bottom of the microscope, used for support

Stage:  The flat platform where you place your slides.  Stage clips hold the slides in place. 

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret:  This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change powerObjective Lenses:  Usually there are 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope.  They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. 

Diaphragm :   The diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. 

Magnification Microscope has 3 magnifications: Scanning, Low and High. Each objective will have written the magnification. In addition to this, the ocular lens (eyepiece) has a magnification. The total magnification is the ocular x objective

Magnification Magnification

Ocular Lens

Total magnification

Scanning 4x 10x 40x

Low power 10x 10x 100x

High power 40x 10x 400x