Prospects for preventing bacterial meningitis Prospects for preventing bacterial meningitis
Meningitis
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Meningitis A Review for Health Care Professionals Hector E. Hernandez Ph.D.: Epidemiology Walden University PUBH 8165-2 Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thron Spring , 2012
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A Review for Health Care Professionals. Meningitis. Hector E. Hernandez Ph.D.: Epidemiology . Walden University PUBH 8165-2 Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thron Spring , 2012. Agenda. For today’s agenda we will:. Review presentation objectives. Define the two main types of meningitis. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Meningitis
MeningitisA Review for Health Care Professionals
Hector E. Hernandez Ph.D.: Epidemiology
Walden UniversityPUBH 8165-2
Instructor: Dr. Raymond ThronSpring , 2012
Agenda Review presentation objectives.
Define the two main types of meningitis. Bacterial and viral
Review the signs and symptoms.
Discuss treatments.
Review global meningitis. The Meningitis Belt
Discuss prevention and control measures. Health care providers
List exposure recommendations. Health care providers
Discuss the 6 B’s. Summarize with concluding remarks.
Include references.
Provide additional sources.
For today’s agenda we will:
Expected Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Define meningitis. Provide a historical perspective on the disease. Provide awareness of the incidence and
prevalence of meningitis. Review the two main types of meningitis. List the signs and symptoms. Discuss exposure prevention tips for health care
providers and recommendations for treatment if exposure occurs.
List the 6 B’s of meningitis.
Stakeholders Health Care Providers American Hospital Association Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Environmental Health Department Public Health Department National Meningitis Association
Permission obtained from: State of Connecticut Department of Public Health.
What is Meningitis? Meningitis is defined as a
disease caused by the inflammation of the meninges; these provide protective functions to the central nervous system (CDC, 2012).
Cerebral spinal fluid that surrounds the central nervous system becomes infected, which causes the meningeal inflammation.
CDC. (2012). Meningococcal Disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/index.html.
Lee Memorial Health System. (2012). Meningitis requires swift care for best outcomes. Retrieved from http://www.leememorial.org/mainlanding/meningitis.asp.
Historical Perspective In the first decade of the 20th
century, untreated meningitis had about an 80% mortality rate.
Anton Weichselbaum discovers the bacterium that causes meningitis.
Simon Flexner successfully treating bacterial meningitis with equine antiserum in 1913.
Morton, S.N. (2004). Bacterial meningitis: A view of the past 90 years. New England Journal of Medicine. 00284793, Vol. 351, Issue 18.
A.
Picture Source: Meningitis.com. (2012). History of Meningococcal Meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.meningitis.com/US/about/history-meningitis/#tab_1913.
Historical Perspective
In the 1930’s, Sulfonomides decreased mortality rate to about 15%.
Penicillin therapy began in the 1940’s.
Today, a combination antibiotic therapy is the best treatment for meningitis
CT scan technology has revolutionized diagnosis.
B.
Picture Source: Meningitis.com. (2012). History of Meningococcal Meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.meningitis.com/US/about/history-meningitis/#tab_1913.Morton, S.N. (2004). Bacterial meningitis: A view of the past 90 years. New England Journal of Medicine. 00284793, Vol. 351, Issue 18.
Source: Morton, S.N. (2004). Bacterial meningitis: A view of the past 90 years. New England Journal of Medicine. 00284793, Vol. 351, Issue 18.
Incidence and Prevalence
From 1998 to 2007, about 1,500 Americans were infected each year.
Between 900 to 3,000 cases, (11% ),died annually.
15% of all cases were adolescents and young adults which have an increased incidence of meningococcal meningitis.
One out of seven adults will die of meningitis. Survivors of meningococcal meningitis, have a
20% chance of suffering brain damage, kidney disease, deafness or limb amputations (NMA, 2012).
National Meningitis Association. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Active bacterial core surveillance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/index.html.
Types of Meningitis
There are 2 main types of Meningitis:
1. Viral etiology
2. Bacterial etiology
Graphic Source: Vaccine News daily. (2012). CDC holding meetings on meningitis vaccine. Retrieved from http://vaccinenewsdaily.com/news/253692-cdc-holding-meetings-on-meningitis-vaccine/.
Is it Viral or Bacterial? Meningitis is difficult to diagnose since it has symptoms that are
similar to flu-like symptoms.
The bacterial form is the most dangerous and fatal.
Amputations, deafness and kidney damage are common long term effects.
Although viral meningitis has similar symptoms to its bacterial counterpart, it is neither as deadly nor as debilitating.
There is no treatment for viral meningitis.
Microscopic analysis and spinal fluid analysis will determine if the meningitis is of bacterial or viral etiology.
National Meningitis Association. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
Types of Bacterial Meningitis
There are 3 main kinds of bacterial meningitis in the U.S.:
1. Meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis)
2. Pneumococcal meningitis (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
3. Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease
CDC. (2012). Meningococcal Disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/photos.html.
National Meningitis Association. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
A.
B.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of meningococcal disease include:Fever Headache and neck stiffeningNausea and vomiting Sensitivity to lightAltered mental statusSeizuresSkin rash
National Meningitis Association. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
Treatment Health care consists of immediate and aggressive
doses of antibiotics to prevent serious side effects and/or death.
Early treatment of heavy doses of antibiotics reduces the risk of death; because the disease can progress rapidly, early treatment does not guarantee a full recovery or prevent death.
Antibiotics therapy should also be administered to those having direct contact with a person who is diagnosed with meningitis (NMA, 2012).
National Meningitis Association. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
Viral Meningitis Enteroviruses are the most common
cause of viral meningitis. Transmission can occur through
improper handwashing techniques , diaper changing, and using the restroom.
It can also be transmitted by saliva, sputum, and mucus from one person to the next.
Proper PPE is essential to reduce transmission.
CDC. (2012). Viral Meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html#transmission.
Preventive Measures
Vaccination offers the best protection against the disease.
Meningococcal vaccines are available in the U.S. for people nine months of age and older.
Vaccination protects against four of the five strains of the bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) that cause meningococcal disease in the U.S.
National Meningitis Association. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
Global Meningitis Meningitis occurs in small
clusters around the world. Most of the burden is Sub-
Saharan Africa, where it is known as the meningitis belt,
WHO has taken global health response initiatives that promotes epidemic preparedness, prevention, and response.
WHO. (2012). Meningococcal meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/index.html.
WHO. (n. d.). A new meningitis vaccine for Africa. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/2010/meningitis_vaccine/photo_story/en/index3.html.
Meningitis Belt
Travel Medicine Inc. (2008). Travel-related diseases. Retrieved from http://www.travmed.com/health_guide/ch10.htm.
Hospital and Clinical Setting Prevention Tips Wash hands frequently. Change gloves frequently. Clean and disinfect contaminated
surfaces. Use a dilute solution of bleach. Use masks or shields when
handling meningitis patients. Ensure that you are properly
vaccinated against meningitis. Ensure that pests are properly
controlled in the facility. Click here for further information.
CDC. (2012). Viral Meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html#transmission.
Source: Clip Art
Exposure Recommendations for Health Care Providers Chemoprophylaxis is recommend if workers were
within 3ft from an infected patient. There must be a clear history of exposure for
chemoprophylaxis to be warranted. Eye exposure does not constitute a clear exposure. Masks are strongly encouraged. ICU workers must wear masks using closed
suction. Workers must have routine vaccinations, except
with meningococcal C conjugate.
Stuart, J. M., Gilmore, A. B., Ross, A., Patterson, W., Kroll, J. S., Kaczmarski, E. B., et. al. (2001). Preventing secondary meningococcal disease in health care workers: Recommendations of a working group of the PHLS meningococcus forum. Communicable Disease and Public Health. Vol. 4, No. 2.
The 6 B’s
To prevent meningitis transmission:
1. Be aware. 2. Be alert. 3. Be clean. 4. Become vaccinated. 5. Become informed. 6. Become an advocate.
Source: Clip art.
Conclusion
Source: Clip Art
Thank You!
Questions?
References Anatomy and Physiology @Suite 101. (2011). Meninges: Brain meningeal layers
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater. Retrieved from http://lakshmiananth.suite101.com/meninges-brain-meningeal-layers-dura-mater-arachnoid-pia-mater-a338847.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Bacterial Meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html#transmission.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Meningococcal Disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/index.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Meningococcal Disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/photos.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Viral Meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html#transmission.
Gardner, P. (2006). Prevention of Meningococcal Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 355, Issue 14.
Lee Memorial Health System. (2012). Meningitis requires swift care for best outcomes. Retrieved from http://www.leememorial.org/mainlanding/meningitis.asp.
References con’t Meningitis.com. (2012). History of Meningococcal Meningitis. Retrieved from
http://www.meningitis.com/US/about/history-meningitis/#tab_1913.
Morton, S.N. (2004). Bacterial meningitis: A view of the past 90 years. New England Journal of Medicine. 00284793, Vol. 351, Issue 18.
National Meningitis Association (NMA). (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/.
Stuart, J. M., Gilmore, A. B., Ross, A., Patterson, W., Kroll, J. S., Kaczmarski, E. B., et. al. (2001). Preventing secondary meningococcal disease in health care workers: Recommendations of a working group of the PHLS meningococcus forum. Communicable Disease and Public Health. Vol. 4, No. 2.
Travel Medicine Inc. (2008). Travel-related diseases. Retrieved from http://www.travmed.com/health_guide/ch10.htm.
World Health Organization (WHO). (n. d.) A new meningitis vaccine for Africa. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/2010/meningitis_vaccine/photo_story/en/index3.html.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Meningococcal meningitis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/index.html.
Additional Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Meningococcal: Who
needs to be vaccinated? Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/mening/who-vaccinate.htm.
Meningitis Research Foundation. (2011). Meningococcal Disease. Retrieved from http://www.meningitis.org/disease-info/types-causes/meningoccal-disease.
Thigpen, M.C., Whitney, C.G., Messonnier, N. E., Zell, E.R., Lynfield, R., Hadler,
J.L., et al. (2011). Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 364, Issue 21.
Tunkel, A. R., Hartman, B. J., Kaplan, S. L., Kaufman, B. A., Roos, K. L., Shield, W. M., et al. (2004). Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol. 39.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). The meningitis vaccine project-frequently asked questions. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/events/menafrivac_faqs/en/index.html.
