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THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

IN

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

PROPOSED CURRICULUM

August 2014

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Table of Contents Section page No. 1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 3

2 Rationale ..................................................................................................................................... 3

3 Programme Aim ........................................................................................................................ 4

4 Goals ............................................................................................................................................. 4

5 Learning Outcomes ................................................................................................................. 5

6 Admission Criteria ................................................................................................................... 6

7 Curriculum .................................................................................................................................. 6

Part 1 Course Work ..................................................................................................................... 6

Part II Research Work.................................................................................................................. 8

8 Course Descriptions .............................................................................................................. 10

CEE 6211 ADVANCED DESIGN OF PRESSTRESSED CONCRETE ....................................... 10

CEE 6241 ADVANCED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES .................. 11

CEE 6242 ADVANCED DESIGN OF STEEL AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES.................... 12

CEE 6282 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ...................................................... 15

CEE 6252 NUMERICAL METHODS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ................................ 16

CEE 6251 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .................................................................. 18

CEE 6142 ADVANCED MATERIALS AND CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY ................................ 19

CEE 6522 GEOMECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING.................................... 21

CEE 6272 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL MECHANICS .............................................................. 23

CEE 6231 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS ................................................................. 24

CEE 6232 STABILITY OF STRUCTURES ................................................................................ 25

CEE 6261 FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES AND STRESS ANALYSIS ................................ 27

CEE 6272 BRIDGE DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 29

CEE 6262 STRUCTURAL OPTIMISATION .............................................................................. 30

GES 5881 RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................................ 32

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 34

APPENDIX 1: CAREER PROSPECTS FOR GRADUATES .................................................. 34

APPENDIX 2: COMPARISON OF SIMILAR PROGRAMMES IN OTHER UNIVERSITIES 36

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1 Background Zambia is embarking on massive development of infrastructure to improve the livelihoods of its citizens. For this to happen, Structural Engineers are key to ensure that the design and construction of infrastructure meets the design, construction, operation and maintenance needs. Structural Engineers have to work in partnership with other design and construction professionals, such as civil engineers, architects, quantity surveyors to create all kinds of infrastructure ranging from simple dwelling houses to, theatres and conference centres, sports stadia, shopping complexes, hospitals, bridges, oil rigs and space satellites. Furthermore, Structural Engineers are charged with developing new methods of assessing and monitoring of existing structures to ensure that they remain safe, fit for purpose and take into account environmental and sustainability issues that may not have been obvious or understood when the structures were first designed. In addition to working in the infrastructure construction, structural engineers may find themselves working in construction design, project/construction management, research, disaster relief and academia. The Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP) of the Government of Zambia which covers the period 2011 – 2015, charts an ambitious path to transform the lives of Zambians. This plan is the successor to the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP), 2006 – 2010, the first in the series of medium term plans aimed at making Zambia a prosperous middle-income country by 2030. The theme of the SNDP is “Sustained economic growth and poverty reduction” which will be achieved through accelerated infrastructure and human development, enhanced economic growth and diversification, and promotion of rural development. Vision 2030-Zambia, is aimed at Transforming Zambia into a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030. The Vision 2030 is founded on seven key basic principles. These principles are: (i) sustainable development; (ii) upholding democratic principles; (iii) respect for human rights; (iv) fostering family values; (v) a positive attitude to work; (vi) peaceful coexistence; and (vii) upholding good traditional values. 2 Rationale The undergraduate programme in Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Zambia does not fully address the demanding needs of structural engineers professionals, in view of the new trends in design, materials of construction and construction of infrastructure. A Master of Engineering programme in Structural

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Engineering is therefore key to address accelerated infrastructure development and sustainability to support both economic and human development. The proposed programme has been developed for full-time academic training over a period of two years. Programme participants will be drawn from construction industry professionals within and outside Zambia. Participants, once they complete the programme, will be competent enough to provide structural assessment, design and construction supervision services, on civil and building construction projects. The proposed programme will contribute to enhanced professional skills in Structural Engineering, will contribute the body of knowledge in research and will overall contribute to efficient, effective and optimal design of civil engineering infrastructure. The programme will follow the University of Zambia calendar which includes both course work and a dissertation at the end of the programme. 3 Programme Aim The aim of this programme is to equip structural engineering professionals with skills to analyse, design and supervise the construction of new civil infrastructure as well as assess, evaluate and monitor existing infrastructure.

The programme aims at equipping the students with knowledge on the formulation of structural optimization problems, modern methods of structural modeling, analysis and interpretation of results. The programme will expand on fundamental knowledge on structural analysis, mechanics of materials and design in various materials of construction, and will introduce the basic concepts of structural design sensitivity analysis and structural identification, formulated as an optimization problem. The emphasis is on the application of modern optimization techniques linked to the numerical methods of structural analysis, particularly, the finite element method.

4 Goals The goals of the programme are to: Impart a high quality education that develops and sustains analysis, design,

assessment, monitoring and construction supervision personnel’s skills, knowledge and aspirations in the furtherance of their careers;

Produce structural engineers with a more holistic perspective of the construction design process and integrated supply chain;

Equip Civil and Environmental Engineering graduates with an innovative and forward looking approach to analysis, structural design, assessment, evaluation monitoring and supervision processes;

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Provide students with an appreciation and understanding of each aspect of managing the project life cycle, from inception to completion, and successful realisation of the project objectives;

Provide structural engineering professionals a balanced combination of design and construction, business, management and ICT related knowledge and skills; and

Equip structural engineering professionals the opportunity to develop their key transferable skills, in assessment, design, evaluation and construction, supervision.

5 Learning Outcomes At the end of the programme, graduates will be expected to: Demonstrate knowledge of in structural analysis, mechanics and design in

various materials of construction Apply various computer based analysis and design tools and procedures to

design new structures

Carry out analysis, assessment and evaluation, and monitoring of existing structures

Supervise the construction of various civil engineering structures Demonstrate ability to work in multi-discipline design, and construction teams Programme teaching, learning and assessment strategies The programme has been designed to ensure interactive and innovative learning and reflective thinking. The teaching strategies include lectures, tutorials, workshops, practical sessions, and site visits. Since students on the programme may have varied practical experiences, group work will be encouraged so that students can learn from their different experiences and backgrounds. This will also impart team building, an important element in any construction project. Feedback will be provided to students on all the coursework covered on a continuous basis. The end of programme examinations are used as summative assessment. Emphasis is placed on the application of modern optimisation techniques linked to the numerical methods of structural analysis, particularly, the finite element method.

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6 Admission Criteria

(a) Graduates of the University of Zambia who have been admitted to the appropriate Bachelor’s degree in Engineering or related field with at least a Credit; or

(b) Graduates of other recognized universities who have been admitted to the appropriate Bachelor’s degree in Engineering or related field with at least a Lower second class honors; or,

(c) In exceptional circumstances, graduates who possess a Bachelor’s degree in Engineering or related field with a pass or its equivalent, and have a minimum of two years acceptable professional experience at an appropriate level or other qualifications relevant to the pursuit of graduate studies may be accepted for admission

7 Curriculum Part 1 Course Work The course work will include eight courses, out of which six will be compulsory whilst two will be electives. This programme is the responsibility of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Zambia. The course work will be offered over a periods of one academic year. The final assessment will be based on the performance in the final examination as well as the assessment in tutorials, assignments, laboratory, field work and semester tests. A candidate who fails in courses equivalent to more than one full course credit shall be excluded from the programme. A candidate shall, at the end of Part I, prepare his/her project proposal with the guidance of an academic supervisor. A candidate shall take seven (7) core courses equivalent to 3.5 units. These are compulsory. The candidate shall take one (1) elective course, equivalent to 3.5 units. Table 1 shows the curriculum.

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Table 1 Curriculum Map Year 1 MENG in Structural Engineering Terms 1 and 2

Course Code

Description Total Credits

CEE 6211 Advanced Structural Analysis 3.5

CEE 6221 Finite Element Techniques and Stress

Analysis

3.5

CEE 6231 Numerical Methods in Structural Engineering 3.5

CEE 6241 Advanced Structural Dynamics 3.5

TOTAL 14.0

Terms 2 and 3

Course Code

Description Total Credits

CEE 6222 Advanced Design of Reinforced Concrete 3.5

CEE 6232 Advanced Design of Steel and Composite

Structures

3.5

GES 5881 Research Methods 3.5

Elective 1 3.5

TOTAL 14.0

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Electives Course Code

Description Total Credits

CEE 6182 Advanced Construction Technology 3.5

CEE 6192 Advanced Materials and Concrete

Technology

3.5

CEE 6242 Advanced Design of Prestressed Concrete 3.5

CEE 6252 Structural Optimization 3.5

CEE 6262 Bridge Design 3.5

CEE 6272 Structural Performance Assessment 3.5

CEE 6282 Stability of Structures 3.5

CEE 6292 Advanced Structural Mechanics 3.5

CEE 6512 Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 3.5

Key to course coding system Letters CEE: Represents “Civil and Environmental Engineering” Digits The first digit represents the level of study, i.e. Masters level = 6. The second digit indicates the area of specialization, i.e. 1 for Construction, 2 for Structural Engineering and 5 for Geotechnical Engineering. The third digit indicates the sequential numbering of the courses to uniquely identify each course in the area of specialization. The fourth digit indicates the time when the course is to be taught (i.e. 0: Full course; 1: 1st and 2nd Term; 2: 2nd and 3rd Term ; 5: Either Session). Year 2 Part II Research Work Part II shall comprise research work and a dissertation. No candidate shall be permitted to register for Part II of the programme unless he or she satisfies the requirement of Part I.

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A candidate shall, at the end of his/her research work, and prior to the submission of his or her dissertation, present the results of his/her research work at an open Seminar organized by the Directorate of Research and Graduate Studies for the purposes of discussion and comments. The project supervisor(s) shall furnish a report on each candidate to the School of Engineering Graduate Studies Committee and the Board of Graduate Studies at least once every term. In case of serious delay in the students work from any cause whatsoever, the supervisor(s) shall notify the Dean of the School of Engineering and the Board of Graduate Studies through the relevant Head of Department.

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8 Course Descriptions CEE 6211 ADVANCED DESIGN OF PRESSTRESSED CONCRETE Aim The overall aim of the course is to provide strong skills in the understanding structural behaviour, analysis and design of prestressed concrete structures. Course Objectives At the end of the course students should be able to:

Review the prestressed concrete concepts Analyse and design and prestressed concrete structures Conduct detailing using appropriate codes of practice Apply appropriate construction technologies Rationale Prestressed concrete offers many advantages over the traditional reinforced concrete especially for large span structures such as bridges and slabs. The utilization of prestressed concrete has been limited in Zambia due to limited exposure to the technology. This course therefore imparts knowledge to the student to be able to undertake analysis and design of prestressed concrete structures. Content Introduction to Prestressed concrete: Materials and their properties; Different systems of prestressing; Pretensioning vs post-tensioning methods; Losses in prestressing and special problems; Quality Control; Layout of wires, cables and tendons; Grouting; Analysis of sections; Design of sections; Simple beams; Analysis of continuous beams; Secondary moments; concordancy of cable profiles, trust lines. Analysis and design of prestressed frames and trusses; Special problems with analysis and design of water tanks; Circular prestressing: Prestressed concrete slabs; Analysis and design of bridges; grids; End block design; Codes of practices; Detailing.

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100

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Prescribed Text 1. Antoine E. Naaman (2012), Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design, Third

Edition, Techno Press, ISBN-10: 0967493927, ISBN-13: 978-0967493923 Recommended Texts 1. Lin, TY & Burns, N (1981) Design of prestressed concrete structures, 3rd edition,

Wiley, New York. 2. Nawy E.G., (2006) Prestressed Concrete, A fundamental approach, 5th edition,

Pearson Prentice Hall 3. Yew-Chaye Loo, Sanaul Huq Chowdhury (2013), Reinforced and Prestressed

Concrete Analysis and Design with Emphasis on Application of AS3600-2009, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 9781107637863

Journals 1. PCI Journal, University of California, USA 2. Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN) Journal of Engineering and Applied

Sciences, ISSN 1819-6608 3. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE 4. Structural Concrete, Journal of the fib, Ernst and Sohn, Online ISSN: 1751-7648

CEE 6241 ADVANCED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Aim The overall aim of this course is to provide strong skills in the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures. Code requirements for fire safety, robustness, stability and durability will also be reviewed. Course Objectives At the end of this course, students should be able to:

Review the reinforced concrete concepts Conduct the analysis and design and reinforced concrete structures Conduct detailing using appropriate codes of practice Apply the construction technologies

Review detailing and the codes of practice Rationale Reinforced concrete offers many advantages over other construction materials such as flexibility in design and construction, stability and durability. This course therefore imparts knowledge to the student to be able to undertake analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures of varying sizes, shapes and complexity.

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Content Philosophy of limit state design; Critical analysis/Rational comparison of various design codes; Design of continuous beams and curtailment; Members subjected to complex forces: Design of members subjected to biaxial bending and axial forces; Design for torsion; Design of deep beams; Design of large frames; Design of water tanks; Design of chimneys, silos and towers; Design of plates: Simple shell design and folded plates; load combination and moment redistribution; Problems of scaffoldings and centering; Detailing techniques and CAD. Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text 1. O'Brien Eugene, Dixon Andrew, Emma Sheils (2012), Reinforced and Prestressed

Concrete Design to EC2: The Complete Process, Second Edition, ISBN-10: 0415571952, ISBN-13: 978-0415571951

Recommended Texts 1. Mosley W.H., Ray Hulse, and Bungey J.H (2012) , Reinforced Concrete Design:

to Eurocode 2, 7th edition, ISBN-10: 0230302858, ISBN-13: 978-0230302853 2. Foster, Kilpatrick, Warner (2010), Reinforced concrete basics 2E: analysis and

design of reinforced concrete structures, Pearson. Journals 1. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, Springer Open, ISSN:

2234-1315 (electronic version), Journal No. 40069 CEE 6242 ADVANCED DESIGN OF STEEL AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES Aim The overall aim of this course is to equip structural engineering professionals with knowledge and skills to analyse, design, and assess structural steel, cold formed steel and composite structures. Students will also be exposed to various codes of practice and foundation design. Course Objectives

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At the end of the course, students will able to:

Analyse and design steel and composite structures Analyse and design cold formed steel members Detail steel and composite structures, including connections Review and apply various codes of practice Check instability and buckling of structural members

Design foundations for steel and composite structures Rationale Steel and composite construction offers many opportunities for optimal utilization of materials of construction and speed of construction. Cold formed steels sections offer many advantages over the traditional structural steel and composite construction. Content Important characteristics of structural steelwork; limit state design of tension, compression, beam and beam-column members; principles of plastic design; analysis and design of single- and multi-bay industrial buildings; portal frame stability, sway, snap-through and deflection calculations; analysis and design of welded and bolted connections; design of cold-formed steel elements; Instability and buckling; Tall building Frames; Three-Dimensional Frames; Transmission towers, special structures; Connections. Composite construction; composite vs. non-composite behaviour; shored vs. Unshored construction; stability of frames; elastic analysis of frames including second order effects; Strength of members subject to combined flexure and axial compression; plate girders; Vertical flange buckling; flexural and shear strength; flexure and shear interaction; stiffener requirements

Foundations; Codes of practice; Detailing and fabrication of steel and composite members.

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text

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1. Trahair, N. S., Bradford, M. A., Nethercot, D. A. and Gardner, L. (2008), The Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to EC3. Taylor & Francis.

Recommended Texts 1. Davison, B and Owens, G. W. (Editors). (2012). Steel Designers' Manual, Seventh

Edition. The Steel Construction Institute. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

2. Gardner, L. and Nethercot, D. A. (2011). Designers' Guide to EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Second Edition, Thomas Telford Publishing, UK.

3. Buick Davison, Graham W. Owens (2012), SCI (Steel Construction Institute) , 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1405189401, ISBN-13: 978-1405189408

4. Standards Australia, AS2327.1:2003, Composite structures – Part 1: Simply supported beams, Standards Australia.

5. Nethercot D. (2003), Composite construction. Routledge 6. Oehlers DJ and Bradford MA (1995), Composite steel and concrete structural

members: fundamental behavior, Pergamon Press. 7. Johnson RP (2004), Composite structures of steel and concrete. Blackwell

Scientific Publications 8. Johnson RP and Anderson D. (2004), Designers’ handbook to Eurocode 4.

Thomas Telford 9. British Standards Institution, Eurocode 4:2004, EC4 Design of composite steel

and concrete structures – Part 1.1: general rules and rules for buildings, British Standards Institution. Steel Designers' Manual [Hardcover]

Journals 1. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, University of Michigan, ISSN: 0733-9445

eISSN: 1943-541X 2. Engineering Structures, Elsevier, ISSN: 0141-0296 3. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering (IJASE), ISSN: 2008-

3556 (print version), ISSN: 2008-6695 (electronic version), Journal No. 40091 4. Structural Engineering International (SEIx IABSE), Switzerland, ISSN 1016-8664,

E-ISSN 1683-0350 5. Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, ISSN 0976 – 4399,

http://www.ipublishing.co.in/jcsindex.html#sthash.BbtK8UEH.dpuf 6. Journal of Civil Engineering Research, open access scientific journal, p-ISSN:

2163-2316 e-ISSN: 2163-2340, Website: http://journal.sapub.org/jce 7. International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering, ISSN

2319-5347, Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.929, ICV 4.94, Indexed in Google Scholar, Index Copernicus

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CEE 6282 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Aim The course aims at imparting knowledge to structural professionals on a wide range of topics; from planning and interpretation of construction drawings and specifications, to construction technologies and practices such as reinforced concrete framed buildings, industrial ground slabs, Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Explain the factors affecting the choice of structural system, the choice of construction materials, and the construction process for commercial buildings;

Differentiate the roles and responsibilities of the designers, builders and other parties involved in the design and construction of a commercial building;

Read and interpret construction drawings; Communicate construction solutions by means of sketches and drawings; Propose and evaluate alternative construction systems.

Rationale Each project has characteristic structural forms and resultant methods of construction. Structural design concepts for steel and reinforced concrete are analysed and their influence on construction methods assessed. Planning issues are also of primary importance in construction. Content Basic problems in construction; Co-ordination between planning, designing and construction; Modern materials of construction; Slip form construction for tall building; Chimneys and towers; Lift slab construction: Problems and techniques of shell construction; basement construction and site retention methods, piling systems and construction methods to suit various geotechnical conditions, composite construction, tilt slab construction methods, precast concrete building systems and hybrid construction systems. Folded plates; Infilled structures; Structure - infill interaction problems; soil structure interaction; Scaffolding and their techniques; Heavy concreting; Underwater construction problems; structural modification and maintenance; Heavy construction machinery and equipment: Organisational problems; Material transportation. Human settlements - urban community and regional planning; natural resources administration; Environmental systems analysis concepts and approaches to systems design; mathematical models; application of techniques of systems for environmental quality management; Environmental engineering seminars -

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discussion and analysis of topics dealing with technical processes and innovations, institutions, planning and administration in terms of general application and specific case studies.

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text 1. Chudley and Greeno, Building Construction Handbook, Seventh Edition,

Butterworth-Heinemann. Recommended Texts 1. Wayne. (2007), Architectural structures, John Wiley and Sons.

Dietmar Gross (2009), Engineering mechanics. 1, Statics [electronic resource], Springer.

2. Hosford (2010), Solid mechanics [electronic resource], Cambridge University Press

Journals 1. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. ISSN: 1226-7988 2. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE 3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology Research

(IJCECTR), online and open journal.

CEE 6252 NUMERICAL METHODS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Aim The course aims at presenting of some mathematical results that are at the basis of numerical approximation for partial differential equations, and on the analysis of some of these numerical procedures (boundary element, finite element and spectral methods). Theoretical results are described with the aim of placing the numerical methods on a solid ground and permitting their stability and convergence analysis. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Acquire knowledge of basic element types

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Acquire knowledge on the use of finite element methods for solving problems in structural and geotechnical engineering applications

Formulate finite element equations Apply finite elements to solve civil engineering problems Apply finite element programming and modelling.

Rationale Numerical methods are important in solving structural engineering problems, especially with the use of computers, due to the large amounts of data generated during the solution of structural engineering problems.

Content Introduction to morphology of structural analysis and design; Mathematical complexities in analysis and design; Mathematical tool; closed and open bound solutions to design problems; Approximations, idealisations and assumptions; Numerical techniques as tools. Structural problems leading to simultaneous equations; Non-linearity in structures; Solutions of non-linear equations; Differential equations in structures and their solutions; Solutions of partial differential equations (elliptic equations, parabolic equations, hyperbolic equations, boundary value problems); Finite difference techniques; Southwells relaxation techniques; Moment distribution methods; Deterministic vs probabilistic techniques; Formulation of probabilistic design problems and their solutions; Variational techniques in mechanics; Virtual work and energy methods; Dynamics of structures; Formulation and solution of different cases. Basics of optimisation techniques. Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text 1. Steven C. Chapra, Raymond P. Canale (2010), Numerical Methods for Engineers,

Sixth Edition, ISBN 978–0–07–340106–5, MHID 0–07–340106–4, Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan

Recommended Texts 1. Hughes Thomas J. R. (2000), The Finite Element Method, Linear Static and

Dynamic Finite Element Analysis

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2. Michael Schäfer (2006) Computational Engineering - Introduction to Numerical Methods, Springer, ISBN: 3540306854, 9783540306856

3. Anthony M. Waas and Joe G. Eisley (2011), 1st Edition, Wiley, ISBN-10: 0470977620, ISBN-13: 978-0470977620

Journals 1. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering , John Wiley & Sons,

Ltd, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0207 2. International Journal on Numerical and Analytical Methods in Engineering

(IRENA), Print ISSN: 2281-7026, cD-Rom ISSN: 2281-7034

CEE 6251 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Aim This course examines the links between form, geometric shape, and design. It deals with different ways of breaking up a continuum, and how this affects global structural properties; structural concepts and preliminary design methods that are used in the design of structures. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Apply advanced analytical concepts to solve structural engineering problems Analyse frame structures using matrix methods and the finite element

method Utilize commercial software for structural analysis

Rationale Structural is key to the design of structures and in fact analysis and design is a cyclic process. In order to carry out a successful structural analysis, understanding of the basic concepts is prime importance in the use of commercial software for analysis and design.

Content Muller Breslau’s principles and their general application to structural analysis; Betti's Reciprocal theorem; Influence lines for determinate trusses and frames; Advanced problems in moment distribution; Analysis of structural members with varying sections; Composite sections; Kani's method for complex frames; Concepts of flexibility and stiffness methods; Flexibility and stiffness matrix inter-relationships; Systematic methods of formulation of these matrices; Solutions by different techniques; Three dimensional frames and trusses; Computer applications; Simplified techniques for complex structures; Analysis of plates and shells.

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Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text 1. Karnovsky, Igor A., Lebed, Olga (2010), Advanced Methods of Structural Analysis

XXIV, ISBN 978-1-4419-1047-9

Recommended Texts 1. Ashwini Kumar (2004), Stability of Structures, Allied Publishers, ISBN

9788170238041

2. Chai H. Yoo and Sung Lee (2011), Stability of Structures-Principles and Applications, ISBN: 978-0-12-385122-2, Elsevier Inc

3. NGR Iyengar (2007), Elastic Stability of Structural Elements, Macmillan India, ISBN 023063186X, 9780230631861

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Journals 1. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, Springer Open Journal 2. The Structural Engineer, The Institution of Structural Engineers, United Kingdom CEE 6142 ADVANCED MATERIALS AND CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY Aim This course aims at relating concepts of mechanics of materials and structural systems construction technologies and practices. Various forms of structural systems such as masonry, timber, reinforced concrete and steel construction will be investigated and practical examples given. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to: Acquire a fundamental understanding of the properties of engineering materials

and how these mechanical properties influence the selection of materials for application in contemporary buildings;

Acquire sound theoretical background in statics, mechanics and structural analysis for understanding the choice of materials and structural systems;

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Develop the capacity to evaluate the effects of loads and actions in the behaviour of structural systems; and

Apply the principles of concrete technology

Rationale It is important to relate engineering materials to structural systems and construction technologies and practices. This course provides a general understanding of engineering materials and discusses how these materials are incorporated in various types of construction.

Content Critical comparison of steel, Concrete, wood glass, aluminium and plastics as structural materials; Economics of their utilisation, local conditions and associated material problems; Structural composites of two or more materials; Mechanical and structural properties of these materials; Theory of stress analysis in composite materials; cracking and failure theories; Concrete as a structural materials; Mechanics and production of good structural concrete; Mix design; Fibre reinforced concretes, Glass reinforced concretes; Light weight concrete; Modern Structural materials Cold drawn sections of high strength steel, High strength bolts and welds; Creep in structural materials and their effects; weathering action. Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Texts 1. Zongjin Li (2011), Technology & Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN

0470902434, 9780470902431 2. John Brian Newman, B. S. Choo (2003), Advanced Concrete Technology:

Constituent Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann 0750651032, 9780750651035 Recommended Text 1. John Newman, B S Choo (2003), Architecture, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN

0080490018, 9780080490014 Journals 1. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, University of Miami, ASCE, ISSN:

0899-1561, eISSN: 1943-5533

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2. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, ISSN: 2234-1315 (electronic version)

3. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials (ACEM), ASTM, ISNN: 2165-3984 4. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, ASCE, ISSN: 1822-3605

CEE 6522 GEOMECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Aim The course aims to provide an understanding of sub-surface geology and rock mechanics and its influence on the engineering design of slopes, tunnels and foundations. Some aspects associated to testing of rocks and soil both in the laboratory and in-situ are also discussed. The course also provides an overview of groundwater flow through soil and rocks as well as introducing techniques for the in-situ measurement of permeability and methodologies for site investigation in dewatering projects. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to: Describe sub-surface geology and rock mechanics and its influence on the

engineering design of slopes, tunnels and foundations; Test rocks and soil both in the laboratory and in-situ; Design and analyze foundation systems; and Design and analyze support systems for unstable soil or rock masses

Rationale Geomechanics and geotechnical engineering are of prime importance in the design of foundations and underground structures such as tunnels. With more complex structure and advances in construction technologies there is need for comprehensive knowledge of the sub-surface conditions and appropriate foundations and support systems for unstable soil or rock masses.

Content Applications of rock mechanics; investigation of rock masses; in situ and laboratory testing of rocks, their applications and limitations, and their interpretation; rock mass classification systems; rock parameter assessment; rock support and excavation lining systems; and analytical and numerical analyses of rock masses, including example applications to rock slopes, underground excavations in rock, and rock support and excavation lining systems.

Equilibrium of stresses Elastic stress analysis; plastic stress analysis; Plane strain and plane stress conditions; Theory of consolidation; Theory and techniques of soil stabilisation; Two dimensional failure theories; Radial failure; Stability of slopes; Soil exploration; Classification of soils in Zambia; Shallow foundations; Pile foundations; Diaphragm walls; Foundation construction.

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Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Texts 1. Chandrakant S. Desai, Musharraf Zaman (2012), Advanced Geotechnical

Engineering: Soil-Structure Interaction using Computer and Material Models, CRC Press

2. Duncan C. Wyllie , Chris Mah (2004), Rock Slope Engineering, Fourth Edition, 4th Edition, Amazon, ISBN-10: 041528001X, ISBN-13: 978-0415280013

3. William G. Pariseau (2011), Design Analysis in Rock Mechanics, Second Edition, Amazon, ISBN-10: 0415893399, ISBN-13: 978-0415893398

Recommended Texts 1. John P Harrison , John A Hudson (2000), ENGINEERING ROCK MECHANICS - AN

INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES, 1st edition, Amazon, ISBN-10: 0080438644, ISBN-13: 978-0080438641

2. Jonathan Knappett , R.F. Craig (2012), Craig's Soil Mechanics, Eighth Edition, ISBN-10: 0415561264, ISBN-13: 978-0415561266

3. Thomas Benz, Steinar Nordal (2010), Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering (NUMGE), CRC Press

4. Braja M. Das (2009), Shallow Foundations: Bearing Capacity and Settlement, Second Edition, CRC Press

Journals

1. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering journal

2. Geotechnical Engineering journal

3. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering

4. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

5. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics journal

6. Computers and Geotechnics journal

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CEE 6272 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL MECHANICS Aim The course aims at equipping structural engineers with knowledge and skills to carry out analysis of structural components and varying stress conditions. It also imparts plastic analysis knowledge. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Analyse structural components under various stresses components Apply approximate and exact solution techniques Apply plastic analysis to structural elements

Rationale Analysis of complex structures requires understanding and application of advanced techniques in structural engineering, such as the Finite Element Method.

Content Theory of elasticity; Stress functions; Development of field equations; Stress analysis problems in simple elements; Torsion; Strain energy and virtual work techniques; Theories of failure of elements; Temperature stress in Simple elements; Buckling of slender members; Behaviours of elements subjected to complex stresses; Approximate and exact solutions; Application of numerical techniques to elasticity problems; Elements of plasticity and viscoelasticity; Mechanics of development of field equations and general mathematical techniques for their solutions; Yield surfaces; Upper and lower bound theorems; Uniqueness of solutions; Plastic analysis of simple elements. Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text 1. Keith D. Hjelmstad (2007), Fundamentals of Structural Mechanics, 2nd Edition,

Springer Scientific, ISBN: 0-387-23330-X , eISBN 0-387-23331-8

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Recommended Texts 1. David Johnson (2000), Advanced Structural Mechanics, 2nd edition, Hardbound

ISBN: 978-0-7277-2860-9, Paperbound ISBN: 978-0-7277-4095-3 , ebook ISBN 978-0-7277-3714-4

2. R. O. Davis , a. P. S. Selvadurai (2002), Plasticity and Geomechanics, ISBN 0 521 81830 3

Journals 1. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, ISSN: 0733-9399 eISSN: 1943-7889

CEE 6231 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS Aim The main aim of this course is to provide a general grounding in the basic principles of dynamics applied to structures and their interaction with soils in foundations, by applying the principles to practical problems. A secondary aim is to show how problems of structural dynamics can be expressed as equivalent problems of statics, thereby allowing students to draw upon their well-established knowledge of the equilibrium of structures. Course Objectives On successfully completing this course, students will be able to:

Demonstrate the requirements for modelling structures for dynamic analyses; Demonstrate the validity of modelling structures as single or multiple degree-

of-freedom systems; Explain the role of damping and its influence upon structural response; Limit the possibility of their structures being influenced by resonance; Model systems using lumped masses, generalised co-ordinates or a

combination of these; Model the response of soil deposits as discrete and continuous media.

Rationale Structural engineers need to understand how real-world systems may be modelled as equivalent single or multi-degree of systems, and how to use numerical methods to solve the equation of motion.

Content Basic concepts of dynamical behaviour of structures; Revision of basic concepts of rigid body dynamics; Modification due to electricity of elements; Causes and effects of dynamic behaviour of elements; Dynamic loadings, Impact loadings; Blast loadings; Earthquakes effects; Natural and Forced vibrations; Generation of field equations; Mathematical methods of solving them; Eigen values and eigen modes; damping effects in actual structures. Damping models; Analysis of large frames;

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Design principles for dynamic effects. Earthquake resistant design of structures - Earthquake zones and loadings; Dynamic response of soil deposits (Energy dissipation in soils, Response of soils modelled as discrete or continuous media, Numerical integration schemes); Explicit and implicit schemes (central difference method, Newmark's method, Wilson-0 method), Analysis of nonlinear systems

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Text 1. Craig RA and Kurdila J, (2006), Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics, Wiley

Publishers, ISBN 10-0-471-43044-5, ISBN 13-9780-471-43044-7 Recommended Text 1. Paz, Mario (2005), Structural Dynamics-Theory and Computation, 4th Edition,

Kulwr Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-412-07461-3

Journals 1. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, Print ISSN: 0219-

4554, Online ISSN: 1793-6764 2. International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics: John

Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Baffins Lane, Chichester, Sussex, England. r, quarterly Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America February 1973 63:332

CEE 6232 STABILITY OF STRUCTURES Aim The overall aim is give students understanding of the fundamental principles of structural stability and become familiar with common types of bifurcation and buckling phenomena and to formulate methods capable of dealing with geometrically non-linear structural behaviour. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Explain the theory of structural stability and nonlinear structural behaviour; Determine the potential failure modes that can occur due to geometric

nonlinearity; Explain the techniques to classify post-buckling phenomena;

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Acquire the techniques to analyse geometrically perfect and imperfect systems for structural stability;

Differentiate between linear and nonlinear buckling analysis; Demonstrate how basic structural components and systems behave when they

are subject to instability; Use various techniques to analyse basic structural components and systems that

are susceptible to instability; Apply the fundamental basis of design rules concerned with structural instability.

Rationale With more slender structural elements, arising from more refined analysis and design procedures, instability of structure requires special attention. Content Concepts of stability of simple axially loaded member; Beam columns and beam ties; Torsional stability; Stability of frames; stability of shells; Inelastic instability.

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100

Prescribed Text

1. Bazant ZP and Cedolin L (2010), Stability of structures: Elastic, Inelastic, Fracture and damage, World Scientific, ISBN 9814317020, 9789814317023

2. N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, D.A. Nethercot and L. Gardner (2008), The behaviour and design of steel structures to EC3, 4th Edition, Spon

Recommended Texts

1. Simitses G and Hodges D (2005), Fundamentals of Structural Stability, ISBN: 978-0-7506-7875-9, Butterworth Heinemann

2. J.M.T. Thompson and G.W. Hunt (1984), Elastic instability phenomena, Wiley

3. J.M.T. Thompson and G.W. Hunt (1973), A general theory of elastic stability, Wiley

4. H.G. Allen and P.S. Bulson (1980), Background to buckling, McGraw-Hill

5. Z.P. Bazant and L. Cedolin (1991), Stability of structures, Dove) 6. S.P. Timoshenko and J.M. Gere (1961), Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill

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Journals 1. International journal of structural stability and dynamics (Online), ISSN 0219-

4554, OCLC 49333919 2. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering (online), Springer

CEE 6261 FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES AND STRESS ANALYSIS

Aim The aim of the course is to demonstrate the use and usefulness of the finite element method for the solution of engineering problems, and acquaint students with typical commercial software packages.

Course Objectives At the end of the course students should be able to:

Acquire the basic principles of generating a finite element model

Demonstrate the formulation of problems, solution techniques and interpreting the results

Apply of the FEM methods to various problems Review and apply commercially available software on the market.

Rationale The Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most commonly used tool in practice for the structural design and analysis of bridges, buildings and other types of structures. In order to carry out a successful FE analysis, a basic knowledge of the theory behind the FEM is required as well as an understanding of the applications to different types of structural elements and analyses. This course covers both of these two aspects, which are essential for learning how to perform a FE analysis. Content The concept of considering an engineering structure as an assembly of elements whose properties are pre-defined. The integration of this concept with the matrix displacement/stiffness/finite element method.

The basic steps in a finite element analysis. Use of commercial software to analyse structures comprised of one-

dimensional bar and beams elements: o pin-jointed plane frames, o rigid-jointed plane frames, o generalised plane frames, o use of symmetry and skew symmetry.

Exact and approximate solutions; consideration of round off, discretisation and approximation errors.

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Use of commercial software to solve the following categories of two-dimensional and a quasi-two-dimensional stress analysis problems:

o structures in a state of plane stress, o structures in a state of plane strain, o axisymmetric structures, o plates in bending.

Use of commercial software to solve two-dimensional steady state field problems.

Assessment

Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Texts 1. Singiresu S. RAO (2010), The Finite Element Method in Engineering, Fifth Edition, ISBN-

13: 978-1856176613 ISBN-10: 1856176614 , Butterworth-Heinemann 2. Cook, R. D. (2007). CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS,

4TH ED: Wiley India Pvt. Limited.

Recommended Texts 1. Seshu, P (2003), TEXTBOOK OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, 4th Edition, ISBN

81-203-2315-7, Prentice Hall of India 2. S. S. Quek and G.R. Liu (2003), Finite Element Method: A Practical Course, 1st

edition, ISBN-13: 978-0750658669 ISBN-10: 0750658665 3. Thomas J. R. Hughes (2000), The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and

Dynamic Finite Element Analysis, Dover Civil and Mechanical Engineering, ISBN-13: 978-0486411811 ISBN-10: 0486411818

4. Kenneth H. Huebner, Donald L. Dewhirst , Douglas E. Smith and Ted G. Byrom (2001), The Finite Element Method for Engineers, 4th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0471370789 ISBN-10: 0471370789, Wiley-Interscience

5. Rao S S (2011), The Finite Element Method in Engineering, Fifth Edition, ISBN: 978-1-85617-661-3, Elsevier Inc

Journals 1. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, ELSEVIER, ISSN: 0168-874X 2. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, John Wiley & Sons,

Ltd., Online ISSN: 1097-0207 3. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, Springer Online

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CEE 6272 BRIDGE DESIGN Aim This course aims at imparting the fundamentals of bridge theory, analysis, and design, including single and continuous span bridge structures. Other topics covered in the course include connection design and construction, fatigue analysis, deck design and bearing design. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Select appropriate bridge types and materials Select and apply appropriate design codes Analyse and design bridges

Rationale Bridges form an integral part for any transport system and structural engineers need to be exposed to the various types of bridges and materials of construction, analysis and design techniques and construction technologies.

Content Basic aspects of bridge design; Different types of bridges; Structural analysis; Components; Classification and loading on bridges; codes of practices; Design techniques; Detailing and constructional problems, Bearings and expansion joints. Time-temperature-dependent superstructure deformations, construction methods, load conditions. Special problems in analysis—box girders, curved and skewed bridges, environmental and seismic loads.

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Texts 1. D. Johnson Viktor (2008), Essentials of Bridge Design, Oxford & IBH Publishing

Company Pvt. Limited 2. W.F. Chen, Lian Duan (2003), Bridge Engineering: Substructure Design, ISBN-

10: 0849316847, ISBN-13: 978-0849316845 3. Chen W.F., Lian Duan (2003), Bridge Engineering: Construction and Maintenance

(Principles and Applications in Engineering), Fifth Edition, ISBN: 0849316812

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Recommended Texts 1. Wai-Fah Chen , Lian Duan (2014) , Bridge Engineering Handbook, Five Volume

Set, 2nd edition, ISBN-10: 1439852057, ISBN-13: 978-1439852057 2. Ioannis Vayas, Aristidis Iliopoulos (2013), Design of Steel-Concrete Composite

Bridges to Eurocodes, Amazon, ISBN-10: 1466557443, ISBN-13: 978-1466557444

3. Jim Zhao, Demetrios Tonias (2012), Bridge Engineering, Third Edition, ISBN-10: 0071752498, ISBN-13: 978-0071752497

Journals 1. Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, ISSN: 1084-0702 eISSN: 1943-5592 2. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, ISSN: 2234-1315

(electronic version), Journal No. 40069 CEE 6262 STRUCTURAL OPTIMISATION Aim The aim of this course is to acquaint the students with the formulation of a structural optimization problem, modern methods of nonlinear mathematical programming and interpretation of the results. To introduce the basic concepts of structural design sensitivity analysis and structural identification, formulated as an optimization problem.

Course Objectives At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Demonstrate modern concepts of optimal design of structures, by use simple design examples.

Apply analytical and numerical methods Use of numerical simulation methods in the design process Use concepts of structural design sensitivity analysis and approximation

methods will be Apply modern optimization techniques linked to the numerical methods of structural analysis, particularly, the finite element method.

Rationale Structural optimization ensures rational and cost effectiveness in the design of structures. The use of modelling techniques such as the Finite Element Method facilitates the optimization process.

Content Criteria of structural efficiency. Formulation of an optimisation problem as a nonlinear mathematical programming problem.

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Choice of design variables and an objective function. Formulation of typical constraints imposed on structural behaviour.

The relationships between fully-stressed and minimum weight structures. Maxwell-Michell structural continua. Topology optimisation.

Global and local optima. Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. Classification of structural optimisation problems. Constrained and

unconstrained problems. Multi-objective problems. Pareto optimum solutions. Basic approaches to the formulation of a combined criterion.

Numerical optimisation techniques. Local and global one-dimensional optimisation. Unconstrained multi-parameter optimisation techniques. Linear programming. Geometric programming. General constrained optimisation techniques. Random search, genetic algorithms, neural networks.

Approximation techniques. Local, mid-range and global approximations, used in conjunction with the finite element structural analysis.

Design sensitivity analysis based on the finite element modelling of structural behaviour. Analytical, semi-analytical and finite difference techniques.

Structural identification problems: finite element model identification, material parameter identification, structural damage recognition. Formulation of an identification problem as a general optimisation problem.

Real-life examples of structural optimisation and identification. Availability and use of commercial software.

Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Texts 1. Christensen, Peter W., Klarbring, Anders (2009), An Introduction to Structural

Optimization, eBook, ISBN 978-1-4020-8666-3 2. Cavazzuti, Marco (2013), Optimization Methods, from Theory to Design, Scientific

and Technological Aspects in Mechanics, eBook, ISBN 978-3-642-31187-1 Recommended Texts

1. Yannis Tsompanakis, Nikos D. Lagaros, Manolis Papadrakakis (2008),Structural Design Optimization Considering Uncertainties: Structures & Infrastructures Book , Vol. 1, Series, Series Editor: Dan M. Frangopol, Series: Structures and Infrastructures, CRC Press

2. Kirsch, U. (1993), Structural Optimization: fundamental and applications, Springer-Verlag.

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3. Adeli, H. (1994), Advances in Design Optimization. Chapman & Hall 4. Atrek, E.; Gallagher, R.H.; Ragsdell, K.M.; Zienkiewicz, O.C. (1984), New

Directions in Optimum Structural Design. Wiley & Sons 5. Bunday, B.D. (1984): Basic Optimisation Methods. Edward Arnold 6. Gallagher, R.H.; Zienkiewicz, O.C. (1973), Optimum Structural Design. Theory

and Applications. Wiley & Sons 7. Haftka, R.T.; Gürdal, Z. (1992): Elements of Structural Optimization. 3rd ed.,

Kluwer Academic Publishers 8. Hemp, W.S. (1973), Optimum Structures. Clarendon Press 9. Kamat, M.P (1993), Structural Optimization : Status and Promise,

Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 10. Majid, K.J.(1974), Optimum Design of Structures. Newness-Butterworth 11. Vanderplaats, G.N.(1984), Numerical Optimization Techniques for Engineering

Design, McGraw-Hill, New York Journals 1. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, the official journal of the

International Society of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Springer Verlag, ISSN: 16151488, 1615147X

2. Computers & Structures, ELSEVIER, ISSN: 0045-7949 GES 5881 RESEARCH METHODS Aim On completion of this course, the student should be able to apply research methodologies to conduct research and prepare a dissertation. Course Objectives

development of a research proposal review of relevant literature selection of research methodology

collection of data data analysis preparation of research report Rationale Development of research proposals requires careful thought and thorough literature review to rationalize the research. Collection of data requires adequately prepared research methodologies and tools. Analysis of data requires various tools to enable meaningful analysis and draw meaningful conclusions.

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This course therefore prepares the student to undertake research and produce a meaningful dissertation. Contents Research process Includes an overview of the research process, planning of a successful research endeavor, development of a research proposal, review of relevant literature, selection of research methodology literature review, qualitative and quantitative research methods Conducting research Collection of data, data analysis using various analysis procedures and tools Preparation of the dissertation Preparation of research report as per set guidelines Ethics in research publication Assessment Continuous Assessment Assignments 20 Tests 20 Laboratories/Field work 10 Sub Total (%) 50 Final Examination (%) 50 Total (%) 100 Prescribed Book Recommended Book Journals

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: CAREER PROSPECTS FOR GRADUATES

Introduction The ultimate aim of a learning programme at advanced level is to produce graduates who will add an extra dimension to their future activities. Career prospects for graduates who follow the MEng Programme in Structural Engineering are discussed below in relation to various aspects. Growth in the Construction Sector The growth on the construction sector demands well grounded structural engineers who can deal with the complexities in the design and construction of infrastructure and the downstream monitoring, assessment and maintenance. Hence the need for a MEng in Structural Engineering. Government Policy and Employment in Public Service Construction Policy PPP Policy Housing Policy Private Sector Involvement and Job Opportunities Private sector participation in structural engineering by way of infrastructure development and sustainability can be supported by funding facilitated by the private sector and government agencies such as the following: Zambia Development Agency (ZDA) Citizen Economic Empowerment Commission (CEEZ) National Council for Construction (NCC) Zambia Public Procurement (ZPPA) RDA NRFA Research and Development at Learning and Research Institutions Opportunities also exist locally and internationally, in teaching and research institutions, such as: CSIR-South Africa UNZA-Zambia NISIR-Zambia Copperbelt University-Zambia Investment in the Construction Sector There are great opportunities to invest in infrastructure development and sustainability, through projects and programmes by:

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Various parastatals of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), RDA, NRFA, RATSA, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) World Bank Cooperating Partners PPP linkages Global Outlook: Construction Sustainability Innovative construction materials and practices are being encouraged through projects that address climate change and green construction. Currently Zambia is implementing the Pilot Project for Climate Resilience (PPCR). Entrepreneurship The skills and tools acquired from undertaking ten MEng is Structural Engineering do encourage entrepreneurship, through which SMEs can progress to well established Consultancy firms of Large Scale Contractors. Conclusion Career prospects for graduates of MEng in Structural Engineering are numerous, whether one needs to establish a firm or wants to work for a private firm or a government agency. Opportunities exist in analysis, design, construction, monitoring and assessments. Further opportunities exist in research and academic institutions. The Master’s degree in Structural Engineering is necessary to address the advances in technologies and practices, and to encourage innovation and optimization in structural Engineering Practice. This outcome gives a strong position to propose a specialised graduate programme in Structural Engineering at the University of Zambia.

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APPENDIX 2: COMPARISON OF SIMILAR PROGRAMMES IN OTHER UNIVERSITIES

Introduction The School of Engineering at the University of Zambia (UNZA) is proposing a Master of Engineering programme in Structural Engineering. Structural Engineering forms an integral part of Civil and Environmental Engineering programmes in curricula at many other universities both at undergraduate and graduate levels. This section makes comparison of the Master of Structural Engineering programme at UNZA with other similar programmes at other universities. The comparison is made with universities in the sub-region, Australia, Europe and North America. All programme seem to follow a structure consisting of course work and a dissertation at the end of the course work. Whereas in Europe and other countries the masters can be competed in one year, the practice in North America is generally one year course work followed by the second year consisting of the dissertation work. The general format of the course work consists of core course and electives. The core courses come from the following subject areas:

Structural Analysis Structural Design in various materials of Construction Mechanics of materials

Numerical Methods Structural Dynamics

Elective course may come from subject areas, such as:

Structural Stability

Risk Analysis and Reliability Structural Assessment and Condition Monitoring Structural Optimization Earthquake Engineering Bridge Engineering

Materials and Construction Practices The programmes at a number of universities within the region and elsewhere were looked at, as follows: Universities within the Region

University of Cape Town University of Stellenbosch

University of Witwatersrand

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Universities in Europe The structure of the programmes and their contents were studied for the following universities in Europe, for various Masters programmes in Structural Engineering. The universities included:

Imperial College University of Brighton Norwegian University of Science and Technology University of Strathclyde

Universities in Australia

Kingston University Adelaide University University of Melbourne

Universities in North America

Stanford University University of Buffalo, State University of NY San Diego University Illinois Institute of Technology University of Wisconsin – Madison, College of Engineering [EGR]

Conclusion The structure of the programmes and the subjects covered in the Masters programmes are dependant on various factors such as

Local / regional needs Economic and Social Activities

Teaching and learning resourses Level of economic and social development

The duration of the programmes vary mainly between 1 and 2 years. However, there are programmes that allow courses to go on up to 5 years. The programme at UNZA is designed to last 2 years. Admission requirements for the programmes at other universities are more open and flexible than at UNZA. UNZA requires the bachelor’s degree only for entry into the programme while other universities admit entry into their programmes with bachelors as well as other qualifications such as diplomas. There also are more exit routes for the programmes in other universities, where students may exit with qualifications such as Postgraduate Diploma and Postgraduate Certificate.

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Despite these differences and some restrictions, it is felt that, the multidisplinary programme designed for UNZA is appropriate for the requirements and resources.