Mendels Law1. Law of Segregation (the "First Law") The Law of Segregation states that every individual contains a pair of alleles for each particular trait which segregate or separate during cell division(assuming diploidy) for any particular trait and that each parent passes a randomly selected copy (allele) to its offspring. The offspring then receives its own pair of alleles of the gene for that trait by inheriting sets of homologous chromosomes from the parent organisms. Interactions between alleles at a single locus are termed dominance and these influence how the offspring expresses that trait (e.g. the color and height of a plant, or the color of an animal's fur). Book definition: The law of segregation states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.2. Law of Independent Assortment (the "Second Law") The Law of Independent Assortment, also known as "Inheritance Law", states that separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring. That is, the biological selection of a particular gene in the gene pair for one trait to be passed to the offspring has nothing to do with the selection of the gene for any other trait. More precisely, the law states that alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.3. Law of Dominance (the "Third Law") Mendel's Law of Dominance states that recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles. Therefore, a cross between a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive will always express the dominant phenotype, while still having a heterozygous genotype. Law of Dominance can be explained easily with the help of a mono hybrid cross experiment:- In a cross between two organisms pure for any pair (or pairs) of contrasting traits (characters), the character that appears in the F1 generation is called "dominant" and the one which is suppressed (not expressed) is called "recessive." Each character is controlled by a pair of dissimilar factors. Only one of the characters expresses. The one which expresses in the F1 generation is called Dominant. Example of Dihybrid CrossIn contrast to amonohybrid cross, adihybrid crossis a cross betweenF1offspring (first-generation offspring) of twoindividualsthat differ in twotraitsof particular interest. For example: RRyy/rrYY or RRYY/rryy parents result in F1offspring that areheterozygousfor both R and Y (RrYy).[1]The rules ofmeiosis, as they apply to the dihybrid, are codified inMendel's first lawandMendel's second law, which are also called theLaw of Segregationand theLaw of Independent Assortment, respectively.For genes on separatechromosomes, eachallelepair shows independent segregation. If the first filial generation (F1generation) produces four identical offspring, the second filial generation, which occurs by crossing the members of the first filial generation, shows aphenotypic(appearance) ratio of 9:3:3:1.