Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.
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Transcript of Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.
![Page 1: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mendelian genetics
![Page 2: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Gregor Mendel
• Father of modern genetics
• Researched with pea plants
•
![Page 3: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gregor Mendel
• Father of modern genetics
• Researched with pea plants
• Developed ideas of dominance and trait segregation
![Page 4: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phenotype
• Phenotype – Physical
characteristics
![Page 5: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Genotype
• Phenotype – Physical
characteristics
• Genotype – Genes we inherit
from our parents
![Page 6: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phenotype
– Facial structure
Notice the similarities:
![Page 7: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Phenotype
– Facial structure– Eyes
Notice the similarities:
![Page 8: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Phenotype
– Facial structure– Eyes– Smile
Notice the similarities:
![Page 9: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Phenotype
– Facial structure– Eyes– Smile– Ears
Notice the similarities:
![Page 10: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phenotype
– Facial structure– Eyes– Smile– Ears– Nose
Notice the similarities:
![Page 11: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phenotype
– Facial structure– Eyes– Smile– Ears– Nose– Neck
Notice the similarities:
![Page 12: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL
![Page 13: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW
![Page 14: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW• Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND
![Page 15: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW• Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND• Seed coat color - white or GRAY
![Page 16: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW• Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND• Seed coat color - white or GRAY • Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH
![Page 17: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW• Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND• Seed coat color - white or GRAY • Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH• Pod color - yellow or GREEN
![Page 18: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW• Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND• Seed coat color - white or GRAY • Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH• Pod color - yellow or GREEN• Flower position - terminal or AXIAL
![Page 19: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mendelian Genetics
We will work with the following three:
• Height - short or TALL• Seed color - green or YELLOW• Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND• Seed coat color - white or GRAY • Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH• Pod color - yellow or GREEN• Flower position - terminal or AXIAL
![Page 20: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Predicting Inheritance
To determine the chances of inheriting a given trait, scientists use Punnett squares and symbols to represent the genes.
UPPERCASE letters are used to represent dominant genes.
lowercase letters are used to represent recessive genes.
![Page 21: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Predicting Inheritance
For example:T = represents the gene for TALL in pea plantst = represents the gene for short in pea plants
So:TT & Tt both result in a TALL plant, because T is dominant over t. t is recessive. tt will result in a short plant.
Remember there are two genes for every trait! One from each parent.
![Page 22: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Predicting Inheritance
For example:T = represents the gene for TALL in pea plantst = represents the gene for short in pea plants
So:TT & Tt both result in a TALL plant, because T is dominant over t. t is recessive. tt will result in a short plant.
Remember there are two genes for every trait!
Mendels’ Principle of Dominance
Some genes (alleles) are dominant and others are recessive. The phenotype (trait) of a dominant gene will be seen when it is paired with a recessive gene.
![Page 23: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Predicting Inheritance
Let’s cross a totally dominant tall plant (TT) with a short plant (tt).Each plant will give only one of its’ two genes to the offspring or F1 generation.
TT x tt
T T t t
![Page 24: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Predicting Inheritance
Let’s cross a totally dominant tall plant (TT) with a short plant (tt).Each plant will give only one of its’ two genes to the offspring or F1 generation.
TT x tt
T T t t
Mendels’ “Law” of Segregation
Each gene (allele) separates from the other so that the offspring get only one gene from each parent for a given trait.
![Page 25: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Punnett Squares
Tt Tt
Tt Tt
The genes from one parent go here.
The genes from the other parent go here.
![Page 26: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
![Page 27: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
![Page 28: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
![Page 29: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
![Page 30: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
![Page 31: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt TtF1 generation
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Interpreting the ResultsThe genotype for all the offspring is Tt.The genotype ratio is:
Tt - 4/4
The phenotype for all the offspring is tall.The phenotype ratio is:
tall - 4/4
![Page 33: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T ?? ??
t ?? ??
Your Turn!!
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Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt ttF2 generation
![Page 35: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Next, give the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring (F2 generation).
![Page 36: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype ratio: TT - 1
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Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype ratio: TT - 1, Tt - 2
![Page 38: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype ratio: TT - 1, Tt - 2, tt - 1
![Page 39: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype ratio: TT - 1, Tt - 2, tt - 1
Phenotype ratio: Tall - 3
![Page 40: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype ratio: TT - 1, Tt - 2, tt - 1
Phenotype ratio: Tall - 3, short - 1
![Page 41: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
This is a monohybrid cross. We worked with only one trait. The height of the plant.
![Page 42: Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Researched with pea plants.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103004/56649cf65503460f949c5908/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Punnett Squares
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
This is a monohybrid cross. We worked with only one trait. The height of the plant.
Later we will work with a dihybrid cross, using the height of the plant and either seed color or seed shape.
two