MENA3100 – Characterization of materials Projects spring 2012 OBK, 17.01.12.
MENA3100, 3/2-10, OBK X-ray diffractionXRD Røntgendiffraksjon Single crystalPowder.
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Transcript of MENA3100, 3/2-10, OBK X-ray diffractionXRD Røntgendiffraksjon Single crystalPowder.
![Page 1: MENA3100, 3/2-10, OBK X-ray diffractionXRD Røntgendiffraksjon Single crystalPowder.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d095503460f949daebe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MENA3100, 3/2-10, OBK
X-ray diffraction XRD
Røntgendiffraksjon
Single crystal Powder
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Diffraction
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Crystal
Atomic arrangement Lattice
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1848The 14 Bravais lattices
Lattice + base
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Bragg’s law
2d sin = n
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Bragg’s law
2d sin = n
n = 2
But XRD is typically done with monochromatic radiation
2nd. order
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Bragg’s law
2d sin = n
2nd. order from 001
1th. order from 002
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The 14 Bravais lattices
Face centered cubic lattice
-iron NaCl -brass
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Extinction
Example: Face centered cubic
Special example: Cubic close packed structure
Utslukning
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Extinction
Example: Face centered cubic
Special example: Cubic close packed structure
Utslukning
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Don’t confuse with ...
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X-ray diffraction
Need X-rays
Brehmsstrahlung= white radiation
Characteristic X-rays
Wavelenght
CuK1 = 1.54056 ÅMoK1 = 0.70930 Å
CuK1 = 1.54056 ÅCuK2 = 1.54433 Å
CuK = 1.5418 Å
I(CuK1) = 2·I(CuK2)
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Need sample
Single crystal
Powder
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Need experimental setup
Diffractometer
Bragg-Brentano geometry
(Primary monochromator)
(Secondary monochromator)
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Want monochromatic radiation
Brehmsstrahlung= white radiation
Characteristic X-rays
Monochromators: Many possibilities
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Euclid, The Elements (300 B.C.)
Proposition 21, Book III: The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal to another
Johansson monochromator
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Bragg-Brentano geometry
The source S can be:
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Need detector
…
Need some slits …
S
Sample
Fixed slits: Smaler area at high angle Smaller area at high angles
Variable slits: Same area at all angles
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The experiment
Got some crystals
Want a powder
Gets lot of small crystals
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Want powder
Random orientation
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The resultL
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2-Theta - Scale
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The diffractogram
Quartz
(Don’t call it spectrum)
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Why?
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Lin
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2-Theta - Scale
19 20 30 40 50
Identification
PDF = JCPDS
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Indexing
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Lattice dimensions
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Strain
Particle size
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Lin
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nts)
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2-Theta - Scale
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Fluorescens
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CuK1 = 1.54056 ÅCuK2 = 1.54433 Å
Primary and secondary monochromators
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Rietveld refinement
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