Where We’ve Been tell them what you told them 1 A Trip Down Memory Lane.
Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning...
-
Upload
lesley-clark -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning...
![Page 1: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Memory
The stories we tell...
![Page 2: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cognitive Perspective
• Language
• Intelligence
• Thinking and Reasoning
• Memory
![Page 3: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of Memories
• Explicit/Declarative– semantic: facts, knowledge
– episodic: autobiographical events
• Implicit– procedural: the ‘how tos’
![Page 4: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Memory: The persistence of learning over time.
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
![Page 5: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Memory Construction
• Recall is not an exact replica of original events
• Recall is a construction built and rebuilt from various sources
• We often fit memories into existing beliefs
• Schemas provide a framework for new information
![Page 6: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Word List
BEDCLOCKDREAMNIGHTTURNMATTRESSSNOOZENODTIRED NIGHTBLANKET
ARTICHOKE INSOMNIARESTTOSSNIGHTALARMNAPSNOREPILLOW
![Page 7: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Enhancing Remembering
• Serial Position Effect: – primacy– recency
• Repetition
• Distinctiveness
• Organization
• Mnemonics
![Page 8: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Enhancing Remembering
• Mass vs. Spaced Practice
• Automatic vs. Effortful Processing
![Page 9: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Automatic Processing
A B C
D E F
![Page 10: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Encoding Specificity
• Context dependence: Scuba Diver study
![Page 11: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Encoding Specificity
• State dependence– arousal level, altered states of consciousness
• Mood congruence– effects of depression on memory and
perception
![Page 12: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Flashbulb Memories
• ‘Video-like’ memory, vivid and detailed
• Usually highly emotional, shocking
• Example: September 11
• How accurate are they?
![Page 13: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flashbulb Memories
• Neisser and Harsch (1992) Challenger disaster
• 1 day later vs. 3 years later
![Page 14: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Eyewitness Testimony
• Eyewitness testimony is influential in court
• Eyewitness confidence is related to juror conviction
• How accurate is eyewitness’ memory for an event?
![Page 15: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Leading Questions
• Loftus and Palmer (1974) Subjects shown video of an accident between two cars
• How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
![Page 16: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Results
‘hit’ = 34.0 mph
‘contacted’ = 31.8 mph
‘bumped’ = 38.1 mph
‘collided’ = 39.3 mph
‘smashed’ = 40.8 mph
![Page 17: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Misinformation Effect
• Witness event
• Receive incorrect post-event information
• Asked to recall event, recall incorrect information
![Page 18: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Misinformation Effect
• Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978)
• Slideshow depicting car accident
• Car stopped at stop sign
• Asked “What was the color of the car stopped at the yield sign?”
![Page 19: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Misinformation Effect
• Forced-Choice Recognition Test:
Which slide did you see?
![Page 20: Memory The stories we tell.... Cognitive Perspective Language Intelligence Thinking and Reasoning Memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf761a28abf838c80b6c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Other Eyewitness Factors
• Race Identification
• Witness Expectations/Perceptions
• Duration of Event
• Emotional Arousal
• Transference– mug shots and lineups