Memory systems What kinds of things do we know? Is all memory the same? Types of memory systems...
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Transcript of Memory systems What kinds of things do we know? Is all memory the same? Types of memory systems...
Memory systems
• What kinds of things do we know?
• Is all memory the same?
• Types of memory systems
• Semantic and episodic memory.
Types of things we know
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Is there just one memory system?• Are all of these types of memory the same?
• How do you learn a new skill?– How long does it take?– How do you study?– How long does the memory last– Are you conscious of retrieving the skill?
• How about learning a new fact?
• How about learning about an event you experience?
Maybe there isn’t just one LTM
• We will discuss many kinds of memory systems– Procedural vs. declarative memory– Episodic vs. semantic memory– Implicit vs. explicit memory
• These distinctions overlap somewhat
Questions to answer
• What kind of information is stored in that memory?
• How do you get information into the system?– How long does it take?
• How do you get memory out of the system?
• Are you conscious of the experience of retrieval?
• What brain regions are involved in that system?
Semantic and episodic memory
• One of the earliest distinctions to be made
• Semantic memory– Memory for facts, categories, and types of events
• Who is the President of the United States?
• What type of furniture do you sit on?
• What is this person doing?
Episodic memory
• Memory for things that happened to you.– What happened at a birthday party?– What did you eat for breakfast?– What did you see at the football game?
Structure of semantic memory• Semantic memory is organized around content
– The hierarchical model (Collins & Quillian)
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Structure of semantic memory• Semantic memory is organized around content
– The hierarchical model (Collins & Quillian)
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Nodes
Structure of semantic memory• Semantic memory is organized around content
– The hierarchical model (Collins & Quillian)
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Nodes
Links
Structure of semantic memory• Semantic memory is organized around content
– The hierarchical model (Collins & Quillian)
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Living Thing
Animal Plant
Mammal Bird
Dog
Cat
Lion Robin Canary
is - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - a
is - ais - a
is - ais - a
has-part
Red Breast
has-part
Wings
Nodes
Links
Nodes and Links have Labels
Why does this makes sense?• Why should we think semantic memory
looks like this?
• Allows efficient storage of properties– Do rhinos have horns?– Do rhinos breathe?– Are rhinos made of molecules?
• We would not want to store every property with every concept.
• It would be useful to be able to derive some information.
Animal
Thing
Rhino
is-a
is-a
Animal
Thing
Rhino
is-a
is-a
Lexical Decision tasks
• Seeing one word prepares us to see related words.
NURSE DOCTOR
150ms
DOMTIR
DOUBLE
Related
Nonword
Unrelated
Episodic Memory• Some things are not facts.
A chairA chair
The time the dog sat in the chairThe time the dog sat in the chair
Episodic Memory• Some things are not facts.
A chairA chair
The time the dog sat in the chairThe time the dog sat in the chair
A factA fact
An episode of (someone’s) lifeAn episode of (someone’s) life
How is episodic memory structured?
• Tulving
• Organized chronologically– Think about what you did last weekend.
• Memory for sensations
• Truth is determined by personal belief
• Often requires deliberate access
• Admissable as eyewitness testimony– Only experts may testify about semantic memory
Studies of episodic memory
• Most memory studies tap episodic memory
• Recall and recognition– Do you remember this item from a particular
list you studied?– Do you recognize this item as one you saw on a
particular occasion?
Distinguishing types of memory
• Jacoby and Dallas (1981)
• Find a way to dissociate the types of memory– An episodic test that is influenced by a manipulation– A semantic test that is not
• Return to depth of processing– Episodic task: Recognition– Semantic task: Identify word from brief presentation
Test Type Appearance Sound MeaningSemantic 0.80 0.81 0.82
Episodic 0.50 0.63 0.86
Summary
• There are many types of memory
• Memory systems have different characteristics
• Semantic memory– Memory for facts, organized around content
• Episodic memory– Memory for events, temporal organization