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Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing...
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Transcript of Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing...
![Page 1: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MemoryModules 22-23
![Page 2: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each:
a. Encoding- getting information into the memory system
b. Storage- retaining information in memory over time
c. Retrieval- getting information out of memory storage
![Page 3: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
2- Define “Automatic Processing”:
-The unconscious and effortless process of encoding information such as space, time,
and frequency
-Example- remember WHERE information is in your notes/book, but not exactly WHAT that information actually is
![Page 4: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
3- Define “Effortful Processing”:
-Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
-Example: actually learning material contained within the pages of a textbook (like the definition of effortful processing!)
![Page 5: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
4. What did most of Hermann Ebbinghaus’ research conclude?
-Rehearsal (practice) is a key in retaining information. The more you rehearse, the more you retain.
![Page 6: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
5- Define “overlearning”:
-Continuing to rehearse information even after you have memorized it
-Many of you got “hippocampus” correct on the brain test, but how many of you still know what it does today?
![Page 7: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
6- What is “serial position effect” and the two conditions that are associated with it?
-The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily
-Conditions:
-Primary effect: enhances ability to recall items near the beginning of a list
-Recency effect: enhances ability to recall items near the end of a list
![Page 8: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
7- Define “Semantic encoding”:
-Encoding of meaning
-We are more likely to remember a word
based on the meaning of the word rather than the
sound or the visual of how the word looks
-We are also more likely to remember things that we can visualize
![Page 9: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
8- Define:
a. Mnemonic Device:
-A memory trick or technique
-”Letfy loosey, Righty tighty” OR “Latitude Fatitude”
![Page 10: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
8- Define:
b. Method of Loci:
-Associating items you want to remember with imaginary places
c. Peg-word system:
-Using words or phrases that you already know to help you remember new words
![Page 11: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
9- What are the three types of memory storage? Define each:
a. Sensory memory:
-Brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system
-Visual items are held for as little as .5 seconds, while sounds last 3-4 seconds. This lets us decide if they are important or not
![Page 12: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
b. Short-term/working memory:
-Part of your memory system that contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored more permanently or forgotten
-Lasts for approximately 20 seconds without rehearsal- 20 minutes with
-Most people can retain 5-9 “chunks” of information in their working memories
![Page 13: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
c. Long-term memory:
-Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
-Can hold memories without conscious effort
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Module 22 Questions
10. What is a “Flash-bulb memory”?
-Vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
-9/11 attacks, JFK assassination, attack on Pearl Harbor
-1st kiss, car accident, meeting Mickey Mouse
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Module 22 Questions
11- Define “Explicit and Implicit Memory”:
-Explicit memory:
-The memory of facts and experiences
-Requires conscious effort to retrieve
-Implicit memory:
-The memory of skills and procedures
-No conscious effort needed
![Page 16: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
12- What is the difference between “recall” and “recognition”?
-Recall:
-Type of retrieval in which you must search for information that you previously stored (fill-in-the-blanks)
-Recognition:
-Type of retrieval in which you must identify items you learned earlier (multiple choice)
![Page 17: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Module 22 Questions
13- Define “context effect”
-Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information
-Example: I had American Government class in this classroom when I was a Junior- I remember more about that class now that I’m in the room again than I did before
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Module 22 Questions
14- Define “state-dependent memory”:
-Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information
![Page 19: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Module 23 Questions
1- Explain what it was that Ebbinghaus discovered through his research on memory in regards to the “forgetting curve”:
-Most memory loss happens rapidly, then levels off
-Memories not lost during the initial stages tend to be stored permanently
![Page 20: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Module 23 Questions
2- Define “interference”:
-Retrieval problem when one memory gets in the way of another
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Module 23 Questions
3- Define “proactive interference” and give an example:
-Older memory disrupts the recall of a newer memory
-Examples: locker combos from year to year, previous boyfriends/girlfriends when talking to new ones, writing your old address on an application when you recently moved
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Module 23 Questions
4- Define “retroactive interference” and give an example:
-Recent memory disrupts an older memory
-Example: what did you have 6th period in 8th grade? This year’s schedule may make that tough to remember.
![Page 23: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Module 23 Questions
5. What was the essence of Elizabeth Loftus’ research on constructing memories?
-Memories can be manipulated by wording
-Memories can be manipulated by incorporating misleading information
![Page 24: Memory Modules 22-23. Module 22 Questions 1- What are the three basic steps in processing information and define each: a. Encoding- getting information.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649f2b5503460f94c462aa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Module 23 Questions
6. What are the three ways in which an interviewer can get more accurate information from a child’s testimony during an interview?
-Phrase questions using words the child can understand
-Have no contact with the child before the investigation
-Use neutral language and do not ask leading or suggestive questions