Memory
description
Transcript of Memory
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Memory
Taking in and Storing Information
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What do we remember?
Phone numbers Social Security Number Lyrics Dates/Birthdays Names Movie lines Write down the very first memory you can think of! How old
were you?– Neural pathways are still developing– Language barrier– Survival responses may take precedence
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Flashbulb Memories
Surprise-induced memorization
– Empirical research shows that flashbulb memories may be formed in response to surprising stimuli and events in general.
Hormonal basis hypothesis
– Cortisol is released in response to stressful incidents causing the brain to remember things to avoid in the future.
Reinforcement Theories
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Informational Processing Model
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Three Stages of Memory: Sensory
Sensory Memory: very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus.
Our senses hold onto memories for fractions of a second.– Iconic Memory: visual sensory memory– Echoic Memory: auditory sensory memory that lasts for 1-2
seconds
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Sensory Memory
Prevents us from being overwhelmed Chance to decide: should I pay attention? Fragile, short lived Capacity is thought
to be around 12 items
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Sensory Memory: Iconic George Sperling : Present stimulus for 50ms to participants
D H F GV J S AD H A U
In one condition he asked for whole (recall was 4) In another condition, he told them which row of letters (after they viewed the
letters: first, second or third, he would like participants to try to recall. (recall 3-4 letters)
This meant that for a brief period of time the grid was available to the participants as sensory memory.
This suggest we “see” more than we can “say”
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How well do you observe?
Count how many times the students in the white t-shirts pass the basketball.
If you have seen this video before, shhhh!!
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Selective Attention
We can’t encode everything! We pay attention to what is meaningful to us.
– Cocktail Party Effect
Inattentional Blindness– Highlights the crucial
role of expectations in
perception. This helps to
explain how we can’t see
things that are really there!
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Write down what you read.
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What did you write down?
A BIRD IN THE BUSH A BIRD IN THE THE BUSH
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The Processes of Memory
First we encode information.
– Encoding: the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.
– We encode information through our senses.
Acoustic Codes: listening, saying something out loud
Visual Codes: mental pictures, images
Semantic Codes: give meaning to the information
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Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing
in the Statement Below.
Finished files are
the results of years
of scientific study
combined with the
experience of years.
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How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?)
Finished files are the results of years
of scientific studycombined with the
experience of years.
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Instructions will appear on the next slide.
Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.
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Group 1
FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY RATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE ITEM, ON A 1-5 SCALE, IF YOU WERE STRANDED ON A DESERT ISLAND.
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Instructions will appear on the next slide.
Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.
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GROUP 2
FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABALS FOUND IN THE WORD.
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The Processes of Memory
Second, we store information.
– Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.
– How much effort was put into encoding?
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The Processes of Memory
Finally, once information is encoded and stored, we can retrieve information.
Retrieval: The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.
– Information is brought back to mind from storage.
– Depends on how information was encoded and stored.
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Encoding, Storage, & Retrieval
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Three Stages of Memory: Short-Term
Short-Term Memory: memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal.
Information needs to be repeated to keep in short term memory.
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Short-Term Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal: a system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it.
Lasts about 20 seconds
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Short-Term Memory
Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.
“Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2) We can remember
about 7 “chunks” Try to remember as
many of the following letters as possible.
FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV F ABC, PBS, NBC,
CNN, MTV. T-HED-OGS-AWT-HEC-AT THE-DOG-SAW-THE-CAT Social Security Numbers Phone Numbers
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Let’s Test Your Short Term Memory!
925 8642 37654 627418 0401473 19223530 486854332 7290035673 61531797264
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Put Your Pens/Pencils Down and Listen to the List of Words I Read.
5 10 1520
DreamNightTossTurnSoundRestSnoreAwakeNightSlumberEatArtichokeComfortWakeTiredClockFatigueSilenceDarkQuiltNightBedSleep
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Short-Term Memory
The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.
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Three Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory: information is stored for long periods of time.
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Try to remember everything you see and hear.
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Long-Term Memory: Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory: knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings.
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Long-Term Memory: Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory: memory of one’s life, including time of occurrence.
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Long-Term Memory: Declarative Memory
Declarative Memory: memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed.
Explicit Memory:– deliberate & effortful
Implicit Memory:– automatic
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Long-Term Memory: Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory: memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.
Skills Habits Classical Conditioning