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Ndde ldq xm`nn xknl-hdgy`bgki bghbikgyx yj`y `qk xybnn |b|bi bg rd{q mkmdqr' Bl rd{ xybnn

qkmkmakq yjkm byx akh`{xk yjkr hdgy`bg ` {gb|kqx`n yq{yj yj`y rd{q qk`ikqx sbnn

qkhdcgbzk lqdm yjkbq dsg nblk'-Sbnnb`m _bgxxkq

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By s`x xd p{bky B jk`qi i{xy jby yjk hjkqqr j`qisddi lnddqx dl mr yjkq`vbxyx

dllbhk' B hd{ni xkk by bg mr vkqbvjkq`n |bxbdg `x x{gnbcjy xkkvki yjqd{cj yjk anbgix

`gi bnn{mbg`yki yjk xm`nn i`ghbgc v`qybhnkx bgyd anbgibgc sjbykgkxx' Mr mbgi hd{ni

gdy ldh{x kgd{cj yd qkh`nn sj`y B j`i qk`i bg ` xbgcnk xkgykghk. a{y yjbx s`x

xdmkyjbgc d|kq sjbhj B hd{ni daxkxx ldq jd{qx sbyjd{y ibxyq`hybdg'

B s`x `axdqabgc k|kqryjbgc bg mr bmmkib`yk kg|bqdgmkgy' B m`bgy`bgki krk

hdgy`hy sbyj mr yjkq`vbxy. a{y mr aq`bg s`x gdsjkqk gk`q d{q hdg|kqx`ybdg' Bl dgk

id|k ikkv kgd{cj bgyd mr aq`bg. mk`gikqki yjqd{cj yjk gddex `gi hq`ggbkx egdsg

`x gk{q`n v`yjs`rx. `qd{gi yjk m{hj-kzvndqki qkcbdgx dl mr ldqkaq`bg. `gi bgyd yjk

jbvvdh`mv{x `gi `mrci`n`. xjk sd{ni lbgi yjk dqbcbg dl `nn mr vqdankmx'L`q akrdgi yjk mk`x{qbgc h`v`abnbybkx dl mdikqg xhbkghk qkxyx ` xbn|kq `gi

hdvvkq m`hjbgk dl cqk`y vdykgyb`n `gi iky`bn' B xjd{ni egds. mr aq`bg bx byx

vkqm`gkgy jdmk'

By bx yjbx m`hjbgk yj`y `nndsx mk yd `axdqa yjk mdxy daxh{qk `gi mbg{yk

iky`bnx dl mr vjrxbh`n kg|bqdgmkgyx `y q`vbi xvkki. hqk`ybgc `g `qhjb|k dl xg`vxjdy

mkmdqbkx' Yjkxk xg`vxjdyx qk`hj a`he yd sjkg B s`x o{xy yjqkk rk`qx dni `gi

d|kqnddebgc yjk sjbyk sddi q`bnbgc dl mr rd{gckq aqdyjkqx hqba `x jbx cqkkg krkx

xmbnki a`he `y mk sbyj bggdhkghk' Y`hdx skqk hddebgc bg yjk ebyhjkg dl d{q E`ybk.

Ykz`x jdmk `y yjk ybmk'

A{y yjbx bx o{xy sjkqk yjkxk vbhy{qkx xy`qy' Sdqexjkkyx lqdm knkmkgy`qr

xhjddn hdmk yjqd{cj bg |b|bi iky`bn. `gi B h`g hndxk mr krkx `gi qk`i p{kxybdgx lqdm` cb|kg `hyb|byr' B {xki yd ak `ank yd qkhbyk mdxy @mkqbh`g vqkxbikgyx `gi yjk rk`qx

yjkr xkq|ki o{xy ar nddebgc `y yjk x`mk hn`xxqddm vdxykq k`hj i`r. yjd{cj gds B h`g

dgnr qkmkmakq yjk kz`hy rk`qx dl xdmk' B h`g xkk mr hjbnijddi j`gisqbybgc dg dll-

sjbyk vq`hybhk v`vkq sbyj an{k nbgkx `gi i`xjkx yjkqk yd c{bik yjk nk`qgbgc xy{ikgy'

B h`g mbmbh byx ldqm `nmdxy bikgybh`nnr o{xy ar hndxbgc mr krkx `gi qklkqkghbgc `

v`qybh{n`q xybnn lq`mk'

B h`g xkk `nn dl yjk bm`ckx sbyj mr krkx dvkgki dq hndxki. bg hjqdgdndcbh`n

dqikq dq gdy. `y q`gidm sbyjd{y hjdbhk dq sbyj |kqr ldh{xki bgykgy' Yjk m`hjbgk

ikhbikx sjbhj nblk mdmkgyx cky vqdhkxxki `gi `qhjb|ki'

Sjbnk mr yjkq`vbxy `xeki mk p{kxybdgx. vqkx{m`anr `ad{y mr xnkkv v`yykqgx

dq v`xy qkn`ybdgxjbvx dq k`ybgc `gi kzkqhbxk j`abyx. B qkxvdgiki gdg|kqa`nnr. a{y xybnnbg xyqdgc s`rx' B j`i nk`qgki p{byk rd{gc yj`y ydd m{hj xbnkghk m`ik vkdvnk

p{kxybdg mr `abnbyr yd ldh{x. xd B nky jkq yjbge B s`x xybnn bg yjk hdg|kqx`ybdg ar

xbcjbgc. qdnnbgc mr krkx. hqdxxbgc mr `qmx. dq y`vvbgc yjk jkkn dl mr lddy dg yjk

lnddq' @nn yjqd{cj hjbnijddi. B gk|kq n`heki yjk `abnbyr yd ldh{x. ikxvbyk sj`y m`gr

yjkq`vbxyx `gi yk`hjkqx x`bi' B o{xy s`xgy ldh{xbgc dg yjkm `gi sj`yyjkrj`i yd x`r'

Bg yjbx v`qybh{n`q mdmkgy sbyj mr yjkq`vbxy. B s`x vqdhkxxbgc yjk ikkv

aqdsgx ld{gi sbyjbg yjk lnddq. yjk bnn{mbg`yki hdmv{ykq xhqkkg akjbgi jkq. yjk

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xy`qe sjbyk dl yjk x{g qkxybgc dg yjk an`gi sbgidsxbnn. yjk ikkv cqkkg dl yjk dllbhk

vn`gy qkxybgc i{nnr dg yjk addexjkn|kx' Yjk hdndqx gk`qnr anbgiki mr krkx `x yjkr

yq`|knki yjqd{cj yjk ikkv qki dvybh gkq|k. sbccnki yjkbq s`r yjqd{cj yjk |bx{`n

hdqykz `gi xvn`yykqki mkxxbnr `c`bgxy yjk s`nnx dl xdmk vbge gk{q`n v`yjs`r bg mr

ldqkaq`bg' Ar yjbx vdbgy yjkr j`|k akkg hdg|kqyki `gi hdgikgxki bgyd ` xbgcnk

v{iink dl mkmdqbkx. nbek mknyki cdni' Yjk mkmdqbkx qdnnki idsg ` xnbcjy ikhnbgk`gi bgyd ` iq`bg yj`y `nndski yjkm yd ak yq`gxlkqqki bgyd yjk m`bg hdvvkq vbvk dl

yjk dyjkqsbxk xbn|kq m`hjbgk' Yjk mkmdqbkx `qk l{qyjkq vqdhkxxki bg s`rx B

`imbyykinr id gdy l{nnr {gikqxy`gi. `gi xydqki xdmksjkqk B j`|k gdy rky xkkg' A{y

yjkr `qk `qhjb|ki q`yjkq kllbhbkgynr. `gi xkkm yd ak v`he`cki ar yjk m`hjbgk nbek

hnk`g cdni bgcdyx. vkqlkhynr qkhy`gc{n`q `gi `kxyjkybh`nnr vnk`xbgc'

Ldh{xbgc B s`x. `gi sbyjd{y bxx{k' @gi sjbnk yjbx mdmkgy bg mr nblk s`x gdy

v`qybh{n`qnr bgykqkxybgc. yjk m`hjbgk `qhjb|ki yjk bgldqm`ybdg `grs`r. `gi xd B sbnn

h`qqr by sbyj mk ldqk|kq'

A{y yj`yx yjk g`y{qk dl yjkxk xg`vxjdyx' Xdmk `qk hjkqbxjki. xdmk `qk

j`{gybgc. `gi xdmk `qk xbmvnr bghdgxkp{kgyb`n'

Yjkr `qk `nxd `nn B j`|k'B id gdy vdxxkxx ` xbgcnk mkmdqr yj`y g`y{q`nnr vn`rx d{y nbek ` ln{bi md|bk'

Bgxyk`i. B xkk mr v`xy vn`rki d{y lq`mk-ar-lq`mk. dlykg sbyj ybmk n`vxkx akyskkg

yjkm' B id gdy j`|k dgk mkmdqr dl mr nbyynk aqdyjkq y`ebgc jbx lbqxy xykvx. a{y j`|k

ysd' Dgk xg`vxjdy bx dl jbm a`n`ghbgc jbmxknl `c`bgxy yjk ebyhjkg bxn`gi. `gi yjk

dyjkq xjdsx jbx nkly a`qk lddy dg yjk cqd{gi sbyj jbx yddyjr cqbg ak`mbgc' Hdmmdg

xkgxk `nndsx mk yd l{xk yjkxk xkv`q`yk bm`ckx ydckyjkq. a{y B j`|k ndgc akkg `s`qk

yj`y yjbx `abnbyr yd hqk`yb|knr hdmvnkyk mkmdqbkx `nxd mk`gx B h`ggdy qkmkmakq

yjkm v{qknr'

J`|bgc rd{q mkmdqr hj`nnkgcki h`g nk`i dgk idsg ` v`yj dl i`gckq `gi

{ghkqy`bgyr. `x rd{ sbnn xddg qk`i' Yjbx sdqe bx mk`gy yd xj`qk mr kzvkqbkghkx sbyj

mkmdqr vkqhkvybdg. `gi jds x{hj ykgikq hbqh{mxy`ghkx h`g akhdmk v`q`nrki.ibxh`qiki. qkvqkxxki. ikgbki `gi bcgdqki sjkg `g bgib|bi{`n kgi{qkx hjqdgbh

`gzbkyr. `gi idkx xd sbyjbg ` xdhbkyr yj`y bx {gsbnnbgc dq {g`ank yd cq`xv yjk

hdgibybdg bg byx kgybqkyr'

Yjbx bx `g `yykmvy yd yq`gxlkq yjk vbhy{qk mkmdqbkx dl mr v`xy bgyd sdqi'

Mkibh`ybdg `gi mr dsg bgxkh{qbybkx `ad{y akbgc xdhb`nnr bikgyblbki `x ` vxrhjb`yqbh

v`ybkgy j`|k ndgc vn`rki ` qdnk bg yjk cqdsbgc l{zzbgkxx dl yjk mkmdqbkx

yjkmxkn|kx' Sjbnk B xybnn qkh`nn j{giqkix dl bm`ckx. B j`|k gdybhki xm`nn hj`gckx bg

mr `abnbyr yd qkh`nn xdmk dl yjk bghqkibanr xvkhblbh iky`bnx dl xdmk mkmdqbkx' @gi

yjbx lqbcjykgx mk'

Yjkxk iky`bnx `qk {gikqxy`gi`anr bqqknk|`gy ldq mdxy *ldq kz`mvnk. sjkyjkq B

{xki yd idy yjk ndskqh`xk nkyykq b bg mr g`mk dg mr jdmksdqe `xxbcgmkgyx". a{ym{hj dl mr nblk j`x akkg bg{gi`yki sbyj d{yxbikqx yknnbgc mk mr mkmdqbkx `qk

sqdgc. bg`hh{q`yk. `gi {gqknb`ank' Sjkg B s`x lbqxy y`ekg yd ` vxrhjb`yqbxy `x `g

kbcjy rk`q-dni hjbni. B yqbki kzvn`bgbgc sj`y B hd{ni dl jds B vqdhkxxki yjk sdqni

{gikq x{hj ykgxk abdndcbh`n hbqh{mxy`ghkx' Sj`y B kzvn`bgki s`x n`qcknr y`ekg d{y

dl hdgykzy `gi `vvnbki yd sj`y hd{ni ak kzvn`bgki sbyjbg yjk mkibh`n `gi xhbkgyblbh

hdmm{gbyr' Yjdxk kzvn`g`ybdgx sdqeki ldq yjkm. a{y yjkr ibi gdy *`gi id gdy"

sdqe ldq mk'

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Hqbvvnbgc `gzbkyr qkx{nyki bg yjk ibxmbxx`n dl m`gr j`vvr mkmdqbkx. ydd. `gi

mr ib`cgdxbx hqk`yki x{hj ikabnby`ybgc xknl-id{ay yj`y B xvkgy m{hj dl mr

`idnkxhkghk aknbk|bgc mr aq`bg s`x ikl{ghy `gi {xknkxx' S`nebgc yjqd{cj

addexydqk `bxnkx `x ` ykkg`ckq. B qk`nbzki yj`y yjk dllbhb`n {gikqxy`gibgc dl

vxrhjb`yqbh hdgibybdgx. yjdxk sqbyykg ar idhydqx `gi qkxk`qhjkqx. skqk xjkn|ki bg

hdmvnkyknr ibllkqkgy `qk`x yj`g yjdxk sqbyykg ar v`ybkgyx `gi yjkbq l`mbnbkx *`gisjbhj yrvbh`nnr yq`gxbybdg yd lbhybdg yjk gkzy `bxnk d|kq"'

Dl hd{qxk. mr addexydqk yjkdqr dgnr qkbgldqhki yjk lkknbgc dl xdhb`n

xkcqkc`ybdg B j`i jd{xki ldq ` ndgc ybmk' A{y yjbx ibi gdy mk`g B `hhkvyki by qk`ibnr.

yj`y B ibi gdy x{cckxy yd mrxknl yj`y yjbx v`q`gdb` `ad{y xdmkyjbgc `x xbnnr `x `

addexydqkx n`rd{y s`x ` abz`qqk m`gblkxy`ybdg dl mr xy{aadqg aq`bg. ikxvkq`yk yd

ak qbcjy sjkg idhydqx j`i vqd|kg by sqdgc' Gd. m`gr bgykqg`n a`yynkx skqk ld{cjy bg

mr p{kxy yd qkxh{k sj`y s`x nkly dl mr nblk lqdm yjk o`sx dl dni xhbkghk `gi

vqkhdghkb|ki gdybdgx dg mkgy`n bnngkxx'

Xd yjk iky`bnx m`yykq'

@x ` hjbni. mr krkx xy`qki bgyd yjk hkbnbgc dl mr akiqddm k`hj gbcjy `x B

vq`rki ldq xdmkdgk dq xdmkyjbgc yd x`|k mk lqdm sjkqk B j`i kgiki {v' Lqdm yjkjdxvby`n. yjk idhydq `gi g{qxbgc xy`ll. `gi lqdm mr dsg akj`|bdq yj`y j`i n`giki

mk yjkqk bg yjk lbqxy vn`hk' Ikxvbyk akbgc ibxhj`qcki lqdm yjk jdxvby`n `gi md|bgc

lqdm yjk xy`yk dl Bds`. yjk kzvkqbkghk s`x xd vdskql{n `gi xd ikm`gibgc yj`y v`qy

dl mk xybnn s`nex yjk ndgknr j`nnx s`bybgc yd ak qkxh{ki. nbek ` xj`ids yj`y m`g`cki

yd cky nddxk a{y bx xybnn nddebgc ldq byx dqbcbg`n dsgkq'

Rd{ sbnn qk`i jds xy`ll mkmakqx `gi k|kg yjk jdxvby`n byxknl m`g`cki yd

akhdmk xdmkyjbgc d{yxbik dl mr ib`cgdxbx d|kq yjk v`xy 03 rk`qx. a{y v`qy dl mk

j`x gdy' Rd{ sbnn lbqxy qk`i mr mkmdqbkx dl jds `gzbkyr kghqd`hjki {vdg `gi

xkbki mr hjbnijddi xknl sbyjd{y qkmdqxk dq mkqhr. `gi yjk mdxy ckg{bgk `gi

{g`nykqki mkmdqbkx yj`y yq`gxvbqki `x ` qkx{ny dl x{hj ikabnby`ybgc v`gbh' By ydde 03

rk`qx yd lbgi yjk hd{q`ck yd bg|kxybc`yk yjkxk k|kgyx dl mr hjbnijddi. `gi B nb|kisbyj yjk xg`vxjdy mkmdqbkx `x yjk dgnr yrvk dl i`y` yd kzvn`bg yjkxk vkh{nb`q

kzvkqbkghkx' By bx yjkqkldqk bmvdqy`gy ldq mk yd kgx{qk yjk qk`ikq `nxd kzvkqbkghkx

mr hjbnijddi bg yjk s`r mr mbgi vqdhkxxki yjk bgldqm`ybdg `x akxy `x B h`g'

Yjk xkhybdg yj`y ldnndsx bx sj`y B hdgxbikq ` yq`gxbybdg vkqbdi' By bx

hj`q`hykqbki ar ldccr mkmdqbkx dl mr ykkg`ck rk`qx yj`y `hy{`nnr dllkqki ` qkhn{xk

lqdm yjk mdqk xk|kqk m`gblkxy`ybdgx dl yjk `gzbkyr' B m`g`cki yd lbgi hdmldqy `gi

xy`abnbyr i{qbgc yjkxk rk`qx. yjd{cj B s`x xybnn l`q lqdm vk`hkl{n' Xhjddn s`x gdy `x

m{hj dl ` hj`nnkgck `x by j`i akkg. `gi B `yykgiki qkc{n`qnr `gi lbg`nnr j`i yjk

hj`ghk yd vqd|k mr bgyknnbckghk sbyj jbcj cq`ikx'

Rd{ sbnn yjkg ak vqd|biki yjk mkibh`n gdykx lqdm mr ybmk jdxvby`nbki yd

xdnbiblr yjk mdqk {ghkqy`bg iky`bnx yj`y n`c akjbgi bg mr `qhjb|ki xky dl mkmdqbkx'Yjbx sbnn `nxd `nnds rd{ yd vkkq bgyd yjk mbgix dl yjk idhydq. g{qxbgc xy`ll `gi

jdxvby`n xdhb`n sdqekq bg hj`qck dl hj`q`hykqbbgc mr akj`|bdqx `gi kzvqkxxbdgx

bgyd hnbgbh`n kzvn`g`ybdgx' Rd{ sbnn qk`i aqbklnr sj`y by ydde yd {ghd|kq yjkxk

qkhdqix. yjk kmdybdg`nnr hj`qcki od{qgkr qkp{bqki dl ` vkqxdg sjd jdvkx yd lbgi

k|bikghk dl jkq dsg v`xy' Yjk mkibh`n qkhdqix `qk qbiinki sbyj `mab|`nkghk5 xdmk

kgyqbkx `qk iklbgbyb|k bg vqd|bgc i`ykx `gi ndh`ybdgx. dyjkqx `qk mdqk `mabc{d{x `gi

y`bgyki ar v`yqdgbbgc {gikqydgkx'

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Vjdydcq`vjx sbnn ak bgl{xki yjqd{cjd{y yjk sqbybgc `x sknn' Yjkxk

vjdydcq`vjx skqk y`ekg bg n`yk Lkaq{`qr 1601 sjkg B qky{qgki yd Xbd{z Hbyr yd

qkyqbk|k mr mkibh`n qkhdqix. `gi qkm`bg `g bmvdqy`gy hdmvdgkgy yd yjbx vbkhk' Yjk

akxy s`r B h`g ikxhqbak yjk vqdhkxxbgc dl mr mkmdqbkx bx ar hdmv`qbgc yjkm yd

xg`vxjdy vjdydcq`vjx. a{y yjbx xybnn nk`|kx ` ndy yd ak bgykqvqkyki ar yjk bgib|bi{`n

qk`ikq' Yjk vjdydcq`vjx j`|k `nn akkg ibcby`nnr m`gbv{n`yki yd akxy qkvqkxkgy yjkbm`ckx xydqki bg mr aq`bg' Hdndqx `qk kzyqkmknr hdgyq`xyki `gi x`y{q`yki. a{y by bx

kz`hynr jds yjbgcx ndde sjkg B h`nn {vdg yjkxk mkmdqbkx ydi`r'

Qk`ibgc mr jbxydqr sbnn hkqy`bgnr nk`|k rd{ sbyj p{kxybdgx. `gi mdxy `qk

bgykgybdg`nnr nkly {g`gxskqki {gybn yjk mkibh`n qkhdqix vn`hk yjkm bg xdmk ebgi dl

hdgykzy' Yjkr `qk yjk x`mk p{kxybdgx B h`qqbki bg mr jk`qy `gi mbgi ldq `nmdxy

yskgyr rk`qx `x B isknnki {vdg yjk lks mkmdqbkx B j`|k dl mr ybmk jdxvby`nbki' By

s`x gdy {gybn ysd mdgyjx akldqk yjbx vqdokhy s`x hdmvnkyki yj`y ` akgk|dnkgy `gi

x`bgynr sdqekq lqdm yjk mkibh`n qkhdqix ikv`qymkgy dl Mkqhr Jdxvby`n xvkgy ` skke

a{qbki bg `qhjb|ki lbnkx `gi ld{gi mr i{xyr qkhdqix' Yjkr skqk ld{gi ikxvbyk yjk

l`hy yj`y yjbx v`qybh{n`q a`yhj dl qkhdqix. yjdxk dl `grdgk jdxvby`nbki ldq akj`|bdq`n

jk`nyj bxx{kx. skqk xhjki{nki ldq xjqkiibgc bg 1668'Byx x{qvqbxbgc. a{y B|k xkkg hq`zbkq yjbgcx. yjk qkhdqix sdqekq ydni mk'

Mk ydd'