Membranes are a fluid mosaic of - Los Angeles Mission College 3 Ch 5... · 2011-11-08 · Membranes...
Transcript of Membranes are a fluid mosaic of - Los Angeles Mission College 3 Ch 5... · 2011-11-08 · Membranes...
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Membranes are a fluid mosaic of
phospholipids and proteins
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Membrane proteins have specific
functions
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Membranes form spontaneously, a
critical step in the origin of life
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Passive transport is diffusion across a
membrane with no energy investment
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Osmosis is the diffusion of water
across a membrane
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Water balance between cells and its
surroundings is crucial to organisms
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Transport proteins may facilitate
diffusion across membranes
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Cells expend energy in the active transport of a
solute against its concentration gradient
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Exocytosis and endocytosis transport
large molecules across membranes
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Cells transform energy as they perform
work
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Two laws govern energy
transformations
• First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be
transferred and transformed, but it cannot be
created or destroyed.
• Second law of thermodynamics: Energy
conversions increase the Entropy of the
universe.
• Entropy: A measure of disorder
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Chemical reactions either release or
store energy
Exergonic reaction
Endergonic reaction
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ATP shuttles chemical energy and
drives cellular work
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ATP powers cellular work
Phosphorylation
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Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical
reactions by lowering energy barriers
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A specific enzyme catalyzes each
cellular reaction
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Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action and
can regulate enzyme activity in a cell