Member Country Report of REPUBLIC OF...

CCOP-52AS/3-10

52nd CCOP Annual Session 31 October - 3 November 2016 Bangkok, Thailand

Member Country Report of

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Submitted by

<Dr. Yongje KIM / KIGAM>

(For Agenda Item 3)

COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP)

CCOP Member Country Report: Republic of KOREA 1

ANNUAL MEMBER COUNTRY REPORT

Country: Republic of Korea Period: 1 July 2015 – 30 June 2016

1. OUTREACH1.1. SummaryKorea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) considers outreach as themost important activity in order to provide the KIGAM’s various research outcomes to thepublic, related industries, experts as well as policy makers. For this reason, KIGAM hastwo unique facilities to meet this purpose; Geological Museum and International Schoolfor Geoscience Resources (IS-Geo) practically dealing with the public needs. Besides,KIGAM always tries to communicate with the public through the SNS activities such asits official website, facebook and posting divers geoscientific knowledge of KIGAMthrough the nation’s top search engines (e.g. NAVER) as additional communicationchannels directly with the public.

1.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities 1.2.1. Geological Museum

The Geological Museum of KIGAM exhibits diverse types of geologic specimens so that the public visit to fulfill their interests in the field of Earth sciences. Furthermore, in order to support the education of the younger generation, the Geological Museum annually provides various programs for students ranging from elementary school to university levels.

1.2.2. International School for Geoscience Resources (IS-Geo) The critical mission of IS-Geo is to provide educational programs in order to foster the geoscience experts from domestic and abroad. To meet its goal, the IS-Geo provides customized programs such as certificate courses, degree courses and geo-future courses. The well-designed educational facilities also support students to concentrate on their studies. For inviting and retraining experts from CCOP member countries, IS-Geo has provided four regular training courses on an annual basis in the last few years including 1) Exploration and Development of Mineral Resources, 2) Petroleum Exploration, Development and Production, 3) Groundwater Theory and Application, and 4) Coastal Geology and Geohazards. Besides, IS-Geo tries to establish new training courses to lead world geoscientific issues and trends as well as to meet the needs from developing countries. For example, IS-Geo has run the new course entitled “Aspiring Geoparks; Development and Preparation” with 17 participants from CCOP MCs from May 19 to 28, 2016.

COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP) CCOP Building, 75/10 Rama VI Road, Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2644 5468, Fax: +66 (0) 2644 5429, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ccop.or.th

mailto:[email protected]

2 CCOP Member Country Report: Republic of KOREA

1.2.3. SNS Activities KIGAM is actively operating the official website just like most of other research institutes do. On the website, KIGAM publicly announces its research activities and the research data resulted. What’s more, each research division of KIGAM provides quick links to its independent websites which are constantly updated with the latest data and information. Thus, anyone who wishes to get more detailed scientific knowledge should access the websites through the quick links on the KIGAM website. KIGAM Facebook is an additional approach in order to engage with the public. The effects of advertisement through its Facebook official page has been maximizing and certainly became a public-friendly promotion tool as it is automatically connected with 1.4 billion Facebook users. In addition to that, KIGAM is collaborating with NAVER which is the top national search engine in Korea, the books published by KIGAM appear in the science section of NAVER Cast. The aims of the collaboration is to help the audience in Korea to get easy access to what KIGAM have published and accurate scientific knowledge.

1.3. Assistance Required from CCOP/Other Member Countries in Support of Future

Activities For the IS-Geo’s invited training course, MCs must consider to nominate qualified experts and students who are very much related and involved in the area of the course topics. This would encourage all the participants and lecturers to satisfy themselves with the quality and the effectiveness of the course.

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Choon SUNWOO; +82-42-868-3235; [email protected] / IS-Geo Dr. Sung Ja CHOI; +82-42-868-3034; [email protected] / Geological Museum




2. COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP 2.1. Summary 2.1.1. Unconventional Oil and Gas Since 2015, in collaboration with CCOP member countries, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) has been conducting an unconventional oil and gas project (so called “UnCon Project”) with a subtitle of “Mapping of black shale formations for the prediction of shale resources”. In 2016, the unconventional oil and gas project has conducted three (3) meetings with technical sessions and training course.

2.1.2. Carbonated Reservoir Characterization and Modeling Also, KIGAM has been studying carbonate reservoir modeling project for Canadian Paleozoic, Middle East Mesozoic and Indonesian Cenozoic carbonate reservoirs since 2015. The research can be divided into three parts: 1) measurement of carbonate reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, wettability, fabric, composition, etc. and establishment of carbonate reservoir-rock type, 2) development of static modeling technique and validation process, and 3) petroleum system analysis for better understanding of carbonate plays. 2.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities 2.2.1. Unconventional Oil and Gas Project KIGAM has conducted the unconventional oil and gas project (UnCon Project) with a subtitle of “Mapping of black shale formation for the prediction of shale resources” since 2015. The UnCon Project has performed three (3) meetings with technical sessions and training course in 2016. The first meeting was held in Siem Reap, Cambodia from March 7 to 8, 2016 with 20 national coordinators from the CCOP member countries. The shale sample analysis was one of the critical topics in this meeting and the shale basin mapping was also planned in detail. The second meeting, held in Vientian, Lao-PDR from May 10 to 12, 2016 with 20 participants, had a chance for all the participants to learn how to use QGIS software and draw the maps with it. The third meeting was held from Aug 16 to 18, 2016 in Da Nang, Vietnam, where the GIS shale basin maps were checked and revised. In addition, all participants were trained to use Siroquant software for evaluating mineral quantification. Petroleum experts from CCOP member countries have developed knowledge of geologic evaluation and assessment of shale basins not only by these meetings where they have shared information and knowledge, but also by learning from experiences of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the British Geological Survey (BGS). Besides, each member country has collected shale samples from potential shale basins, and submitted the samples to KIGAM. KIGAM has analyzed the samples mineralogically and chemically by X-ray diffraction and Rock-Eval pyrolysis to determine source and reservoir potentials for each sample. Based on the geologic evaluation and sample analyses, KIGAM and the CCOP member countries have chosen favorable basins and formations for shale resources, and mapped prospective basins and formations using QGIS software for the shale resources in East and Southeast Asia. The GIS map includes 1) basin boundary map, 2) shale formation boundary map, 3) cross section, and 4) sample location and analysis data. According to a recent released analysis of Energy Information Administration (EIA), approximately 20% of the world’s shale resource reserves are located in Asia including China, Indonesia, Thailand and etc. Therefore, this UnCon project will provide a new


opportunity and challenge for the CCOP countries. The objective of the project is to establish the areal extents of basins and formations of the shale resources in the CCOP member countries, and then to evaluate prospective areas in detail. The UnCon Project will serve to enhance our understanding of shale gas resources in the region of CCOP member countries, and allow us to discover new potential areas for the development of the member countries with unconventional energy resources.

2.2.2. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization and Modeling Carbonate reservoirs are more complex than the siliciclastics due to carbonate sediments being mostly derived from biogenic activity as well as clastic transportation. Carbonate reservoir characterization and modeling have been extensively studied by major oil companies and research institutes. KIGAM has been carrying out a carbonate reservoir modeling project for Canadian Paleozoic, Middle East Mesozoic and Indonesian Cenozoic carbonate reservoirs since 2015. The research can be divided into three parts: 1) measurement of carbonate reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, wettability, fabric, composition, etc. and establishment of carbonate reservoir-rock type, 2) development of static modeling technique and validation process, and 3) petroleum system analysis for better understanding of carbonate play. The carbonate rock types based on the relationship among geological, geochemical, and petrophysical properties measured from carbonate rock provide accurate reservoir properties and then, predict precise distribution of reservoir facies. The reservoir modeling includes the application of state-of-art methods such as Multiple-Point Statistics (MPS) and AI-based simulation to build and test carbonate static model. These reservoir modeling techniques improve accuracy of static modeling and reduce time and effort to validate model. Finally, petroleum system modeling for western Canadian sedimentary basin provides important information about the evolution history of oil and gas field as well as distribution of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources in the basin. This research can improve exploration models in frontier carbonate play and enhance commercial recovery in mature carbonate field.

Fig. 2.1 MPS simulation to build static reservoir model without inverse scheme.


Shale reservoir evaluation has been studied during the last decades and relied on generation potential, storage capacity and frackability. These three parameters were calculated based on extensive measurement and intensive characterization of shale cores. The goal of the shale-gas project of KIGAM is to evaluate shale reservoirs with respect three parameters and to find the best area for drilling and fracturing for specific reservoirs in Horn River and Deep basins in Canada. The Devonian thick shale formed in Horn River Basin and has high TOC (more than 3%) with abundant silica content. It can be categorized to tight shale system and has great potential for recovery of commercial quantities of hydrocarbons, particularly gas. On the other hand, the shale in the Deep Basin is formed due to the Triassic transgression in pro-deltaic environments. This shale is mostly interlayered with abundant sandstone and siltstone layers, making a hybrid shale system. This shale has less than 1% of TOC and high porosity. This research can be applied to the comparative approach to identify key differences and commonalities between two different shale systems under scrutiny. These data will help to tailor the best methodologies suited for each specific shale play.

Fig. 2.2 Seismic attribute analysis to estimate TOC distribution.

2.3. Proposed Future Activities KIGAM has been performing a KIGAM-CCOP collaboration project (the UnCon Project) of “mapping of black shale formations for the prediction of shale resources.” The next step will be focused on the detailed study on promising countries.

2.4. Assistance Required from CCOP in Support of Future Activities The CCOP Technical Secretariat (CCOP TS) plays a important roles as a joint

implementing agency to coordinate the UnCon Project with KIGAM.

2.5. Assistance Offered to CCOP/Other Member Countries in Support of Future Activities

The UnCon project will enhance the knowledge of unconventional shale resources for the CCOP member countries with sharing all the results and information obtained from the project.


Programme Contact Person: Dr. Won Suk LEE; +82-42-868-3379; [email protected] / Petroleum Information

Dr. Byeong Kook SON; +82-42-868-3208; [email protected] / UnCon Project

Dr. Hyun Suk LEE; +82-42-868-3229; [email protected] / Shale Gas

3. KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT AND SHARING 3.1. Summary 3.1.1. Mineral Program National programs of geological survey and mineral exploration in Korea have been conducted by KIGAM and Korea Resources Corporation (KORES). KIGAM’s domestic mineral exploration projects were mainly focused on 1) the potential evaluation of domestic mineral resources in REE, W, Ti, and Li deposits in the areas of geochemical or geophysical anomalies, and 2) the geology and ore deposit survey and origin study for securing sustainable minerals resources from the potential orebody in the Taebaeg mt. polymetallic metallogenic belt. KIGAM’s overseas joint mineral exploration and evaluation programs have been targeting four continental regions of Asia (Mongolia, Vietnam, and Myanmar), Europe (Turkey), South America (Peru), and Arctic (Greenland). KORES has been running a drilling support program (in total 43,000 m) and carrying out 45 detailed exploration projects for domestic metallic and non-metallic mines/deposits funded by the Korean government. KORES has been also actively executing overseas mineral exploration and survey projects, mainly preliminary studies in many countries abroad, and these projects have been gradually expanded.

3.1.2. Groundwater Program Groundwater play a more significant role in the water supply in the future due to climate change not only for Korea but also for other countries. KIGAM started the research program entitled "Development of Composite Artificial Recharge Technologies for Groundwater Conservation and Utilization" in 2015. Before that, KIGAM conducted "Eco-hydrogeological study at the groundwater-surface water interface" in 2013, and "Technology Development for the Assessment of Geoecosystem Responses to Chemical Accidents" in 2014.

3.1.3. Geohazards Program KIGAM has conducted several R&D projects on geohazards; earthquake monitoring & preparedness and landslides on natural terrain. These projects have been carried out as both basic research programs of KIGAM and national research programs supported by the Korean government. Several other organizations in Korea have also performed their activities related to geohazards in Korea.




Table 3.1 Technical programs/activities in geo-hazards program

Discipline Achievement Organization

Earthquake Official support on the verification of acceleration sensors and digitizers for earthquake monitoring in facilities KIGAM Supply of major elementary technologies for earthquake early warning service

Landslide

Construction of landslide monitoring systems on the natural terrain at the major Korean National Parks

KIGAM

Development of basic methods of landslide early warning based on rainfall infiltration velocity and soil suction Hosting Korea – Italy Bilateral Symposium on Landslide Prediction and Warning Technologies Hosting a regular training course on “landslides monitoring and assessment” with support of KIGAM IS-Geo Construction of debris control dams KFS *

A database of Cut-Slope Management System KICT **

* KFS: Korea Forest Service

** KICT: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology

3.1.4. Coastal Zone Program The coastal zone of Korea is managed under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF). Major coastal zone programs are, therefore, opened and launched mostly by MOF and conducted by its affiliated administration which is Korea Hydrographic & Oceanographic Administration (KHOA), or by several public institutes such as Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology Promotion (KIMST), Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) or KIGAM. However, long-term geoscientific survey or research activities on the subsurface strata and mineral resources are also conducted under the auspices of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Planning (MSIP), the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Minister of Environment (MOE), Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT).

Table 3.2 Major technical projects/activities of coastal zone programs in Korea Areas of Interest Topics Executioners

Coastal Plain to

Shoreline

Coastline surveys and database construction for coastal zone and economic exclusive zone management KHOA

Study on the environmental impacts of the dyke construction adjacent to the Saemangeum area KRC, KNU

Tracking of ancient extreme climatic events based on geologic records and the event prediction on future impacts in the west and south coastal zone of Korea

CNU, KIGAM

Integrated management of coastal area including nationwide monitoring on the status of beach erosion, pollution and utilization

MOF

Intertidal to Nearshore

Basic and nautical chart production based on bathymetry, free-air gravity anomaly and total magnetic intensity KHOA

Sea Reforestation / Artificial Reef FIRA


Nearshore to offshore

Development of engineering-scale 3D system for shallow-water marine seismic exploration KIGAM

Pilot-scale CO2 injection in Yeongil Basin offshore Pohang Basin KIGAM

Study on marine geology and mineral resources in buried paleo-channel of Seomjin River, South Sea KIGAM

Marine Geological and Geophysical Mapping of the Korean Seas (1:100,000 scale) KIGAM

International Activities

8th International Congress on Asian Marine Geology (ICAMG-8)

KIGAM, KIOST

* KHOA: Korea Hydrographic & Oceanographic Administration, KRC: Korea Rural Community Corporation, KNU: Kunsan National University, CNU: Cheonnam National University , MOF: Minister of Oceans and Fisheries, FIRA: Korea Fisheries Resources Agency

3.1.5. Environmental Geology Program Research projects in the area of the geological environment contamination in Korea have focused on the risk assessment and reclamation of the polluted areas where mining activities have ended. Now, the research scope of the projects in the environmental geology program is extended to the environmental hazards induced from various contaminant sources such as the industrial activities and unsanitary landfills as well as mine development activities. The study is categorized under ‘The Technology Development for Investigation and Control of Geo-environmental Hazards and its Commercialization’. The main purpose of the change is to cope with the recent trends in the fields of environmental and ecological risk assessment by studying the biogeochemical behavior of emerging contaminants. KIGAM has developed novel source technologies in the fields of detection and control of geological environment contaminants. Considering environmental impact and scientific importance, chemical species and biogeochemical behaviors of the redox-sensitive elements, such as arsenic, chromium, antimony, molybdenum and tungsten, are studied. Also, KIGAM has studied development of the key technologies for the management of acid mine drainage and metal-contaminated soil through field feasible applications and integrated remedial process development in order to facilitate technology transfer to the environmental remediation industry. 3.1.6. CO2 Geological Storage R&D Program With the increasing attention to debates on Global Climate Change specifically issues on CO2 capture and storage, the removal of CO2 from flue-gas steam generated from coal-fired power plants or other large point sources of anthropogenic CO2 has become an urgent global issue. For this reason, KIGAM has been leading R&D programs on geological storage of CO2 as well as mineral carbonation of CO2 in Korea.

3.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities 3.2.1. Mineral Program

Table 3.3 is a summary of KIGAM’s domestic mineral exploration. These projects aim to evaluate and secure potential mineral resources in Korea.


Table 3.3 KIGAM’s activities of the domestic mineral exploration

Title Period Target Deposits Activities

Exploration and evaluation of Rare Metal Resources

Jan. 2012~ Dec. 2015

- Chungju & Hongcheon REE deposits - Uljin W, Li deposit - Sancheong Ti deposit

- Geological mapping - Geochemical exploration - Geophysical exploration - Drilling - Resource/Reserve estimation

Potential evaluation for Taebaegsan polymetallic metallogenic belt

Jan. 2015~ Dec. 2017

- Sangdong & Jungdong W deposits - Wondong polymetallic

deposit - Yeonhwa Pb-Zn deposit

- Geological mapping - Geochemical exploration - Geophysical exploration - Drilling - Resource/Reserve estimation

The Korea Resources Corporation (KORES) has executed drilling support programs for operating mines and prospecting deposits such as Au-Ag, Pb-Zn, Cu, W, Ti(Fe), Mo, limestone, quartzite, pyrophyllite, graphite, and bentonite deposits in Korea. In 2016, KORES has a plan to support a total drilling depth of 43,000 m (11,000 m for metallic deposits and 32,000 m for non-metallic deposits). KORES has also actively carried out 45 detailed exploration projects for Au-Ag, Fe, Mo, W, Cu, Pb-Zn, limestone, dolomite, and quartzite deposits to develop new resources (Table 1.2).

Table 3.4 KORES’s activities of domestic mineral exploration

Title Period Activities

Drilling support programs for domestic mineral deposits and prospecting areas

2016 - About 32,000 m drilling of non-metallic mineral deposits (limestone, quartzite, pyrophyllite, bentonite deposits etc.) - 11,000 m drilling of metallic mineral deposits (Au-Ag, Cu, Pb-Zn, Mo, Fe, W deposits, etc.)

45 detailed exploration projects of metallic and non-metalic prospecting areas

2016 - Geological exploration of the Au-Ag, W, Fe, Mo - Exploration of Cu, Pb-Zn, limestone, dolomite and quartzite deposits

Shown in Table 3.5 is a summary of KIGAM’s overseas mineral cooperation programs.

Table 3.5 KIGAM’s cooperative activities on overseas mineral resources

Title Period

Target Countries &

Mineral Commodities

Activities

Potential evaluation and exploration of mineral resources in Asia

Jan. 2013 ~ Dec. 2017

Mongolia REE and base metal, Myanmar Cr-Ni Vietnam REE

- Surface geological survey - Geochemical and geophysical exploration - Test drilling - Resource/Reserve estimation

Potential evaluation and exploration of mineral resources in Europe

Jan. 2013 ~ Dec. 2017

Turkey REE & Li

- Surface geological survey - Geochemical and geophysical exploration - Trench exploration - Resource/Reserve estimation


Potential evaluation and metallogenic study of mineral resources in South America

Jan. 2015~ Dec. 2107 Peru Cu

- Surface geological survey - Metallogenic study - Resource/Reserve estimation

Potential evaluation and genetic study of mineral resources in Arctic

Jan. 2013 ~ Dec. 2017 Greenland REE

- Surface geological survey - Genetic survey - Resource/Reserve estimation

KORES has actively performed about 32 overseas mineral exploration and survey projects for the deposit evaluation in the CCOP Member Countries (China, Philippines, Indonesia and Laos) and Cooperating and Related Countries (Australia, Canada, Mongolia, Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, Madagascar, Niger, Panama, USA, South Africa, Tanzania, Argentina and Chile). Shown in Table 3.5 is a summary of the main projects.

Table 3.6 KORES’ cooperative activities on overseas mineral resources

Title Period Target Countries & Deposit Activities

Overseas Mineral

Exploration

Jul. 2015 ~

Jun. 2016

Australia Spring Vale Coal deposit Production

Philippines RapuRapu Cu deposit Reclamation

China Xian Maxsun REE deposit Production

China Zhangjiagang Ni-Lime deposit Production

Australia Minerva Coal deposit Production

Australia Cockatoo Coal deposit Production

Madagascar Ambatovy Ni deposit Production

Australia AngusPlace Coal deposit Production

Australia Moolarben Coal deposit Production

Australia Narrabri Coal deposit Production

Niger Teguidda Ur deposit Production

China Boutou Yongxin REE deposit Production

Canada Capstone Cu deposit Production

Australia Togara North Coal deposit Development

Australia Wyong Coal deposit Development

Peru Marcona Cu deposit Development

Canada Shakespeare Cu deposit Development

Mexico Boleo Cu deposit Development

Panama Cobre Panama Cu deposit Development

USA Rosemont Cu deposit Development

Chile NX Uno Li deposit Development

Australia Athena Coal deposit Exploration

Mongolia Erdenet Cu deposit Exploration

Canada Cree-East Ur deposit Exploration

Australia Marree Ur deposit Exploration


South Africa Vlakplaats Coal deposit Exploration

Argentina Sal de Vida Li deposit Exploration

Chile Santo Domingo Cu deposit Exploration

Indonesia Kapuas Coal deposit Exploration

South Africa Zandkopsdrift REE deposit Exploration

Tanzania Mkuju Ur deposit Exploration

Laos Houaphanh Zn deposit Exploration

3.2.2. Groundwater Program 3.2.2.1 Artificial recharge technologies for groundwater conservation and utilization Artificial groundwater recharge, now widely used by all around the world, will be a promising technology to resolve the local/seasonal imbalance of water resources, water security and water quality deterioration caused by climate change. In Korea, the artificial recharge project aims mainly to develop an artificial groundwater recharge system in the field, to verify its usefulness and effectiveness, and eventually to supply water from the developed system. For the test site selection, drought occurrence, water supply ratio, hydrogeological condition, groundwater demand, and particularly local governmental cooperation were critically considered. As a result, Imgok-ri Sangju City was finally chosen as the test site to be studied. A conceptual model for the artificial groundwater recharge system in the area was presented through the comprehensive hydrogeological investigations including electrical resistivity explorations and geological surveys. The system mainly consists of a couple of wells for the recharge and pumping, and the mine discharge water will be prospective to be used for the recharge water. According to the economic evaluation, the proposed system is much more efficient and economical than new establishment of a regional water supply system.

Fig.3.1 Study site for the application of artificial groundwater recharge technologies (Imgok-ri, Sangju City).


3.2.2.2. Eco-hydrogeological study at the groundwater-surface water interface Stable isotopes of rain water, soil water, groundwater, and stream water were investigated to evaluate mean transit time (MTT) at a small forested mountainous catchment. Temperature data at the different depths within streambed were analyzed to identify groundwater seepage to stream as well as presence of hyporheic zone. These results clearly show that stream water is closely connected to groundwater, which implies the importance of the integrated management of groundwater and stream water. Furthermore, collaborative research was performed to investigate processes influencing nitrogen fluxes across the interface between groundwater and surface-water in a flow-through lake with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to understand the processes influencing the fate of nitrate and ammonium. The approach is to characterize groundwater flow, in situ rates of nitrogen-transformation processes, and the microbial components at the interface. KIGAM also investigated the effect of dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction on arsenic (As) dynamics in the wetland rhizosphere and its bioaccumulation in wetland plants via greenhouse mesocosms in collaboration with Princeton University.

Fig.3.2 Study sites in a lake where groundwater discharges to the North site and lake water recharges the aquifer at the South site (left) and greenhouse mesocosms for study on interaction of plants and trace elements in a wetland system (right).

3.2.2.3. Technology development for the assessment of geoecosystem responses to chemical accidents Acid spills have frequently occurred in Korea with increased production, use, storage, and transport of acids accompanied by the growth of related industries. To assess the impact of acid spills on geoecosystems, KIGAM defined the concept of vulnerability index as the reciprocal of the acid-neutralizing capacity of geomedia against the moving acid front. Essential mandatory factors for the vulnerability evaluation system were identified, including the physical properties of acid, physiochemical and mineralogical properties of geomedia, acid neutralization reactions, and flow characteristics of soils and aquifer systems. We established a standard procedure for assessing the acid neutralizing capacity of geomedia using a multi-disciplinary approach, including geochemical, mineralogical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological methods. In the next step, a prototype of the vulnerability evaluation system was developed, tested, and improved by using real data.


Fig.3.3 Will an accidental spill of 1,000L 50% Nitric acid (pH = - 0.18) influence groundwater (depth to groundwater at 30m)?

3.2.3. Geohazards Program 3.2.3.1 Earthquake The earthquake research center of KIGAM has been performing various projects to enhance seismic observation systems including infrasound and hydro-acoustic monitoring and to mitigate earthquake disasters. KISS2G and KISStool are the fundamental data exchanging and application techniques used by two major lawful associations in Korea; (1) Association of Earthquake and Tsunami Monitoring Organizations, and (2) Association of Earthquake Acceleration Observation Organizations. After the first generation of KISS (Korea Integrated Seismic System) in 2003, KISS2G (KISS 2nd Generation) has been designed to be developed in order to meet the expansion of seismic network in earthquake associations. KISS2G is collecting velocity and acceleration data from over 160 stations. As a full-fledged entry into force of the earthquake hazard measures, KISStool (tool to integrate into KISS2G) was introduced for integrating and managing acceleration data from major national facilities. KISStool is managing the QSCD20 (Quick Seismic Characteristics Data based on 20 sample per second acceleration data) data in every second from more than 1,500 stations in real-time. KISStool supports monitoring tool for real-time ground shaking and archiving seismic data from a structure for the whole nation.


Fig 3.4 Concept of KISS2G (left), KISStool (right top), Rapidly and timely generating shake maps of South Korea using KISS2G data and Short parameters (right down).

3.2.3.2. Landslide KIGAM has developed the methods of landslide rapid detection using landslide monitoring systems on the natural terrain. Since 2014, KIGAM has installed the real-time monitoring systems of landslide at 12 locations in 5 major Korean National Parks and one metropolitan city. The monitoring system is composed of rain gauge, volumetric water content sensor, suction stress sensor, tiltmeter, wire sensor, and master logger. The primary purpose of the monitoring system is to detect landslide triggering by rainfall on the natural terrain. The measured data by the sensors are transferred to the master logger installed at the site, and then those datas are delivered to the monitoring server at KIGAM by wireless communication in a real-time. Based on the monitoring data, it is possible to detect landslide occurrence in a remote area. The monitoring data will be analyzed to decide thresholds of landslide triggering and early warning in the future. KIGAM also started laboratory soil flume tests to measure rainfall infiltration velocity and changes of suction stress of unsaturated soils by artificial rainfall. KIGAM has installed new laboratory flume equipment with an artificial rainfall simulator for the tests and performed landslide triggering tests with weathered granite soils and weathered gneiss soils which have high frequency of landslides in Korea. The test results are used as basic data to develop effective landslide warning methods. From March 14 to 15, 2016, KIGAM hosted Korea – Italy Bilateral Symposium on Landslide Prediction and Warning Technologies under the collaboration with CNR IRPI Italy (CNR Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection) in Seoul, Korea. The symposium was held to exchange current information and technologies related to landslide prediction and early warning between two countries. There were ten invited lectures from 9 institutions both in Korea and Italy on the first day of the symposium and a field trip at a landslide monitoring site in Korea on the second day. The symposium contributed to exchange advanced techniques and new knowledges on landslide prediction and warning for more a than 200 audience at the symposium.


KIGAM plans to hold a regular training program on landslide monitoring and assessment in KIGAM from Oct. 31 to Nov 18, 2016. The program will be offered to participants from the CCOP member countries and other developing countries to share scientific knowledge and know-how on landslides and to strengthen the preparedness against landslides in the Asian region. Prof. Filippo Catani of the University of Florence, Italy, Prof. Fawu Wang of the Shimane University, Japan and three Korean researchers will give lectures during the training course.

Fig. 3.5 Examples of KIGAM landslide monitoring systems at the Korean National Parks

(left) and new equipment of landslide flume tests (right).

Fig. 3.6 Korea – Italy Bilateral Symposium on Landslide Prediction and Warning

Technologies in Seoul, Mar 14 – 15, 2016.


3.2.4. Coastal Zone Program 3.2.4.1 Environmental impacts of the dyke construction adjacent to the Saemangeum Area The construction of the Saemangeum dyke (ca. 34 km long) has made significant impacts on the adjacent area as the dyke cuts the river mouth area (up to 409 km2) located in the middle part of the west coast of Korean peninsular. The area of reclamation and inland lake is ca. 291 km2 and 118 km2, respectively. Although the detailed development plan has changed from the total reclamation to partial, continuous and periodic monitoring on the geological environment such as changes in sediment character, topography, shoreline location, seawater quality has been undertaken by KRC (the Korea Rural Community Corporation) through KNU (Kunsan National Univ.) along and around the dyke spanning almost 30 years.

Fig. 3.7 A Pictures showing the relative size of the Saemangeum Area compared to the

major cities in the world.

Fig. 3.8 An example of long-term monitoring of sediment accumulation and erosion in

the adjacent tidal flat (Daehang-ri) (Source: http://rri.ekr.co.kr).

3.2.4.2. Integrated magement of coastal area The Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (MOF) continuously conducts monitoring of coastal erosion, pollution and utilization along the whole Korean peninsula (91,000 km2). The main purpose of this activity is to support integrated management of the coasts by accumulating long-term periodic data. The data sources include in situ measurement as well as remote operation such as sediment sampling, beach profiling, CCTV monitoring, airborne or satellite surveillance. The results of those activities together with detailed information on the governmental planning and strategy are opened to the tax payers through the portal site, http://coast.mof.go.kr.

http://rri.ekr.co.kr/

http://coast.mof.go.kr/


Fig. 3.9 Monitoring sites (colored in green) of coastal erosion displayed in the

internet portal site.

3.2.4.3. Development of engineering-scale 3D system for shallow-water marine seismic exploration A portable seismic exploration system was designed and tested for three-dimensional (3D) archeological site survey in the western shallow water. Assembled with a steel frame and surfing boards, high-resolution seismic data could be achieved and processed to delineate the shape of a buried sunken ship. The imaged results of the ship could support the archeologists to understand the ship’s situation in the subsurface strata and to plan a safe excavation process in the underwater environment.

Fig. 3.10 Pictures showing the shallow-water operation of the portable 3D seismic

system and the resultant image of a sunken ship buried in the subsurface.


3.2.4.4. Marine geology and mineral resources in buried paleo-channel of Seomjin River, South Sea KIGAM conducted the first-year survey in 2015 and data compilation for searching and tracking the buried paleo-channels of Seomjin River system which has presumably run in the South Sea shelf during the sea level lowstands. The main purposes of the study are to confirm the origin of the buried channel deposits in the shelf, to investigate their relationship with the present river system in the coastal area, and to evaluate sedimentary characters and their economic potential. Several types of incised channel fills were found and the river channel could be delineated in detail. International collaboration for comparative study is also under process, especially with the Indonesian government through MGI (R&D Center for Marine Geology under ARDEMR of Indonesia).

Fig.3.11 Pictures showing the traced results and the seismic records of the channel-fills.

3.2.5. Environmental Geology Program 3.2.5.1 Predicting the biogeochemical behavior of geologic environment contaminants Chemical species of redox-sensitive elements can be changed through oxidation or reduction reactions as the redox condition of the surrounding environment changes. Various elements such as arsenic, chromium, antimony, molybdenum, tungsten, etc. belong to this type. Basically, their chemical mobility and toxicity vary depending on the valence states, and thus it is important to detect their exact chemical species and to understand their geochemical behavior under certain redox conditions in an environmental sense. It is also noted that microbes can greatly affect kinetics and tendency of oxidation/reduction reactions of the elements, and biogeochemical approaches are required to understand their behavior in the environment. Biogeochemical behaviors of redox sensitive elements are to be predicted through a study on the reaction mechanisms of Sb, Mo, W, As, and Cr under a variety of redox environments, and evaluation of microbial effects on the redox status and mobility of the redox-sensitive elements. Biogeochemical transformation of the elements will also be studied in the process of phytoremediation.


So far, 50 species of Sb, Mo, and W-tolerant bacteria were isolated and identified from the geological samples that contained high concentrations of the elements. Among them, several bacterial species were considered to change redox states of the elements since the dissolved Sb, Mo, or W concentrations decreased in the presence of bacteria. The pH-dependent reactions of redox-sensitive elements with a common mineral in the reduced environment, mackinawite (FeS), were studied and the major reaction mechanisms were identified as precipitation of sulfide minerals under low pH condition and adsorption under neutral to basic pH conditions. Plants changed the redox status of the redox-sensitive elements (As, Cr, Sb, Mo, and W), and the elements in plants were coordinated with oxygen or sulfide.

Fig.3.12 Isolation, Cultivation and Identification of Bacteria.

Fig.3.13 Anaerobic Glove-Box for Simulating Anaerobic Redox Conditions.


Fig.3.14 Fourier transforms of the As K-edge EXAFS for Mackinawite reacted with

arsenate.

Fig.3.15 Lactuca sativa after Mo(VI) Treatment (left), Molybdenum K-edge XANES 10

spectra of Lsaves and roots and model compounds (right).

3.2.5.2. Recovery of dissolved metals in acid mine drainage Acid mine drainage (AMD) is generated by a combination of chemical and biological processes during oxidation of metal sulfides upon exposure to the atmosphere. Acid drainage typically contains high concentrations of heavy metals and sulfate, and its release into the environment causes the contamination of neighboring soils and water. KIGAM has developed KIGAM-Selective Sequential Precipitation (K-SSP) process, and the process treats dissolved metals in highly acidic mine drainage and recovers individual profitable metals in a simultaneous manner. The developed system can be comprised of varied combinations such as Fe, Al, Cu and Zn hydroxide precipitate units, and Cu and Zn sulfide and Fe and Al hydroxide precipitate units. Recoveries of dissolved Fe and Al reached to 99.2~99.3% at pH 4.5, 70.4%~82.2% at pH 5.5, and 37.8~87.5% at pH 8.5, respectively during laboratory tests. Oxidation before neutralization increased the recoveries of dissolved Fe and Al with high purity of the precipitates. The metal concentrations in AMD control the amount of metal precipitates while AMD is


neutralized. The size of recovery tanks for each metal should be different due to different precipitation and settling rates. The feasibility of recovering metals from acid mine drainage was evaluated using a pilot scale K-SSP systems (1~4 m3/day) installed in an abandoned mine site. Recoveries of dissolved Fe and Al reached up to 99% with purity greater than 85%. Improvement of the system configuration and enhancement of the precipitate removal are under way.

Fig. 3.16 Pilot system of K-SSP installed in the field.

Fig. 3.17 Recovered metal hydroxides (Fe and Al).

3.2.5.3 Development of integrated remedial process Failures in achieving remedial goals have been frequently reported in the remediation sites with mixed contaminants. KIGAM endlessly tries to develop an integrated remedial process based on the core-technologies for soil dispersion, soil washing and magnetic separation according to the industrial needs. For the integrated process, the contaminated soils were collected and characterized from the Jang-Hang past-smelting site, one of the seriously contaminated areas in Korea. Optimum operation conditions were investigated for scale-up and improvement of soil dispersion and fractionation processes. Ultrasonic soil washing of petroleum contaminated soil and effective magnetic separation for removal of the contaminants were also tested. A successive process of the physical and chemical treatment has been designed and tested as a pilot scale system for the integrated remedial process. Technology of the complete process will be transferred to a soil remediation company and will be practiced in the field.


Fig. 3.18 Jang-Hang past-smelting site and contaminated area with multi-heavy metals.

Fig. 3.19 Integrated remedial process of soil contamination.

Fig. 3.20 Pilot scale equipment of integrated remedial process.


3.2.6. CO2 geological Storage R&D Program Monitoring CO2 migration behavior in the subsurface is one of the key issues for the implementation of CO2 geologic storage. The purpose of CO2 monitoring is two-fold: confirmation of long-term CO2 containment and alert for corrective measures in the event of increased leakage risk. To accomplish our goals, KIGAM has carried out the Basic Research Project entitled ‘Development of In-situ Monitoring Technology for Detecting Underground Behavior and Leakage of CO2’. Main achievements of these projects are summarized as follows.

A variety of laboratory experiments were performed in order to understand underground behavior of injected CO2. Multiple scenarios of upward CO2 migration driven by both injection-induced pressure and buoyancy force were investigated in a horizontally and vertically stratified core utilizing a core-flooding system with a 2D X-ray scanner. The core-flooding experiments showed a 36% increase in migration rate in the vertical core setting compared with the horizontal setting, indicating the significance of the buoyancy force under the terrestrial reservoir scenario. A theoretical study was also conducted to develop a method to measure the permeability of cap rock sample with extremely low permeability in a short time. In addition, several geochemical monitoring methods and instruments were also developed and tested in both the laboratory and the field.

Fig. 3.21 Variation of CO2 saturation according to pore volume change under the terrestrial reservoir condition.

To develop in-situ CO2 monitoring technologies, a test bed was designed as a field laboratory and conducted various types of surface and subsurface experiments. Geological investigations for design and construction of a test bed went on continuing from 2014, including coring, core sample analysis, vertical and surface seismic survey, and well-logging, resulting in a geological model for the test bed site. Several kinds of laboratory and field tests have also been carried out to assess hydrological properties of reservoir and cap rocks. In addition, preexisting stress information were collected to build a GIS-based database and to create stress maps. Multiple baseline surveys were conducted for the test bed. Main parameters include groundwater geochemistry, soil CO2 flux and some microbiological index. The research results enabled to drive a protocol of a quantitative and integrated assessment technologies based on field data, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.


Fig. 3.22 A stress map based on focal mechanism solution.

Fig. 3.23 Surface soil-CO2 monitoring system in the test bed. This monitoring

system was developed by KIGAM.

3.2.7 Mineral Carbon Sequestration of Industrial Materials In order to develop the cost effective process in mineral carbonation, KIGAM focus on high extraction efficiency, reuse of extraction solvent, and high value added carbonate material. The extraction efficiency from 53 wt% to above 80 wt.% was obtained by various types of extraction solvent including ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and acetic acid.


Fig. 3.24 Extraction efficiency of calcium and magnesium from natural mineral and

industrial wastes. The recovery of extraction solvent has been studied by melt crystallizer and water pressure reaction. Above 40 wt.% of ammonium sulfate and acetic acid was recovered, respectively. The carbonation test using the recovered extraction solvent showed the synthesis of the typical crystal particles of MgCO3 and CaCO3. We focused on the high extraction yield of Ca and Mg, the reuse of the extraction solvent, and the synthesis of high value-added carbonates with CO2 for the development of cost effective mineral carbonation process. The value of the cost effective process seems central to render mineral carbonation economically viable.

Fig. 3.25 Morphology of mineralized CaCo3 (left) and Adhesion of CaCO3 (film-type) on

glass slide (a: 45 degree angle, b: 90 degree angle) (right).

3.3. Proposed Future Activities 3.3.1 Ground Water Programme

Artificial groundwater recharge and eco-hydrogeological technologies will be significantly important in the future. KIGAM hopes that CCOP will encourage the CCOP member countries to join and share knowledge and ideas in regards to this subject.


Programme Contact Person: Mineral Program : Dr. Chul-Ho HEO; +82-42-868-3108; [email protected]

Groundwater Program: Dr. Kyoochul HA ; +82-42-868-3081; [email protected] / Artificial recharge

Dr. Dong-Chan KOH ; +82-42-868-3079; [email protected]/ Eco-hydrogeology

Dr. Sung Pil HYUN ; +82-42-868-3315; [email protected]/ Chemical accidents

Geohazard Program: Dr. Byung Gon CHAE; +82-42-868-3052; [email protected] / Landslides Dr. Tae Sung KIM ; +82-42-868-3956 ; [email protected] / Earthquake

Environment Geology Program: Dr. Joo Sung AHN; +82-42-868-3227 ; [email protected] / Enviornment Geology

CO2 Geological Storage R&D Program Dr. Jeong Chan KIM; +82-42-868-3038; jckim@kigam






4. DATA AND INFORMATION

4.1. Summary The purpose of the project, “construction of KIGAM geoscience data repository system”, is to establish geoscience data repository system of KIGAM. Currently, KIGAM is developing new integrated geoscience data repository system to manage digital research data and physical samples, and to share them with domestic and international population. KIGAM has many geoscience data which remain potentially useful. The diversity and the quantity of these geoscience data continue to expand, and thus the data repository system is needed to support the preservation of and access to the public. This data repository system collects, manages, and shares data produced both back to100 years ago and also in the future. In this year, the data repository system is operating on a trial basis.

4.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities Geoscience data records have operated on the Earth ever since its birth. Also, the Geoscience data provide valuable information for the resource development, environmental protection and hazard prediction. The purpose of this study is to establish the construction of geoscience data repository system of the unique government-funded geoscience research institute, KIGAM, of which 100 years of history is going to be reached in 2018. Currently, KIGAM has been developing a new integrated geoscience data repository system to manage digital research data and physical samples, and to share them with domestic and international population. The detailed purposes are as follows: - Preserving and sharing geoscience research data: Geoscience research data as a valuable

resource and as multiple uses after the end of the original project; and - Building the research platform for creating new values from the reuse of open

geoscience research data: Innovative use of open geoscience research data to make new discoveries

The concept of a geoscience data repository is shown in Figure 4.1. KIGAM has been accumulating a wide range of the geoscience data which includes digital data and physical samples such as experimental and observational data as well as rock and drilled core produced by geological survey, mineral exploration, on-shore and off-shore geophysical exploration. As time goes by, the diversity and the quantity of the digital and physical form of geoscience data are continuously expanding, so data repository system is needed to support the preservation and access. The data repository system for safe preservation and easy accessibility to the data is one of the compulsory requirements. That is why KIGAM has been developing the new integrated geoscience data repository system in order to safely preserve and share with people. The architecture of KIGAM repository system is shown in Figure 4.2.


This data repository system will collect, manage and share data which has been produced from KIGAM’s 100 years history as well as data which will be produced in the future. The strategy and method are as follows: - Introducing the data management plan (DMP): A formal document that outlines how

you will handle your data both during your research and after the project is completed; - Preparing a well-established data policy and guidelines for data management:

Recognize publicly-funded research data as valuable and long-term resources that must be made available for secondary scientific research and aims to support grant holders who collect, produce and re-use data, by defining the roles and responsibilities of researchers and data service providers;

- Development of the geoscience data repository system: collects, manages and shares research data which was produced from the past and will be produced in the future; and

- Cooperation with national and international organizations: International Geo-Sample Number (IGSN), DataCite, KISTI etc.

The framework of physical/digital data management is shown in Figure 4.3. The strategic plan focuses on DMP and IGSN to build a data repository successfully. DMP is a useful tool for metadata generation, data preservation, and analysis before the project begins; this ensures that data are well-managed in the present and prepared for the preservation in the future. IGSN is a 9-digit alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies samples from our natural environment and related to the sampling features. KIGAM decided to apply the IGSN metadata schema into our data repository system for the sample registration. Currently, KIGAM is developing the repository system using DMP and IGSN metadata schema. In this year, the data repository system is operating on a trial basis. We expect that this data repository system will be one of most important systems in KIGAM. In the mid-long term perspective, this system is expected to grow into Korea's representative repository system in the geoscience research and academic sector.

Fig. 4.1 Concept of geoscience data repository.


Fig. 4.2 Architecture of KIGAM repository system.

Fig. 4.3 Physical and digital data management framework.

Programme Contact Person: Dr. JongGyu Han; +82-42-3297; [email protected] Dr. Saro Lee; +82-42-868-3057; [email protected]


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