MELJUN CORTES RESEARCH Lectures Choosing Methodology Positivism Triangulation

8/17/2019 MELJUN CORTES RESEARCH Lectures Choosing Methodology Positivism Triangulation

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CHOOSING

METHODOLOGY

CHA

P TE

R5


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CHOOSING A METHODOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION

II. POSITIVISM

A. Definition and Brief Description/Illustration

B. Methodologies Associated With Positivism1. Experimental Studies2. Surveys (Primary or Secondary data)3. Cross Section Studies4. Longitudinal Studies

III. INTERPRETIVISM

A. Definition and Brief Description/Illustration

B. Methodologies Associated With Interpretivism1. Hermeneutics2. Ethnography3. Participative Enquiry4. Action Research5. Case Studies6. Grounded Theory7. Feminist Gender and Ethnicity Studies

IV. TRIANGULATION

A. Definition and Explanation

B. Types of Triangulation

1. Data Sources 2. Investigator Triangulation 3. Theoretical Triangulation 4. Data Analysis Triangulation


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Positivism

CHAP T

ER

5Atty. Arturo P. Bernardo

(Professor)

Steve ( Yu)(Reporter)


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POSITIVISM

is philosophy of science based on the view that inthe social as well as natural sciences, data derivedfrom sensory experience, and logical andmathematical treatments of such data, are

together the exclusive source of all authenticknowledge. Obtaining and "verifying" data thatcan be received from the senses is known asempirical evidence.


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Meto!o"o#ies Asso$i%te!

&it Positivism

Experimental StudiesSurveys (Primary or Secondary data)

Cross Section Studies

Longitudinal Studies


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E'perimet%"

Stu!ies

a study in which all of the risk factors are underthe direct control of the investigator


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re# oE'perimet%"

Stu!iesDetermining causalityEstablishing causal direction

Cost (sometimes)

Convenience

Adjustability/flexibility

Replicability

Isolate components of complex relationships


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&e%esses of E'perimet%"

Stu!ies

Lack of “reality

Unrepresentative samples (e.g., collegesophomores instead of “real people”)

Cost (sometimes)

Potentially dangerous outcomes


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Surve*

a research method involving the use ofquestionnaires and/or statistical surveys togather data about people and their thoughts

and behaviors.


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strength of surveySurveys are relatively inexpensive .

Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a large population.

They can be administered from remote locations using mail, email or telephone.

Consequently, very large samples are feasible, making the results statistically significanteven when analyzing multiple variables.

Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to theanalysis.

There is flexibility at the creation phase in deciding how the questions will beadministered: as face-to-face interviews, by telephone, as group administered written ororal survey, or by electronic means.

Standardized questions make measurement more precise by enforcing uniformdefinitions upon the participants.

Standardization ensures that similar data can be collected from groups then interpretedcomparatively (between-group study).

Usually, high reliability is easy to obtain--by presenting all subjects with a standardized

stimulus, observer subjectivity is greatly eliminate


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weakness of

surveyA methodology relying on standardization forces the researcher todevelop questions general enough to be minimally appropriate for allrespondents, possibly missing what is most appropriate to manyrespondents.

Surveys are inflexible in that they require the initial study design (thetool and administration of the tool) to remain unchanged throughoutthe data collection.

The researcher must ensure that a large number of the selected samplewill reply.

It may be hard for participants to recall information or to tell the truthabout a controversial question.

As opposed to direct observation, survey research (excluding some

interview approaches) can seldom deal with "context."


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Cross Se$tio

Stu!ies

Cross-sectional studies (also known as Cross-sectional analysis) form a class of researchmethods that involve observation of all of apopulation, or a representative subset, at one

specific point in time.


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Strengths of cross-sectionalstudies

Relatively quick and easy to conduct (no long periods of follow-up).

Data on all variables is only collected once.

Able to measure prevalence for all factors under investigation.

Multiple outcomes and exposures can be studied.

The prevalence of disease or other health related characteristics are

important in public health for assessing the burden of disease in aspecified population and in planning and allocating health resources.

Good for descriptive analyses and for generating hypotheses.


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weaknesses of cross-sectionalstudies

Difficult to determine whether the outcome followed exposure in timeor exposure resulted from the outcome.

Not suitable for studying rare diseases or diseases with a short

duration.

As cross-sectional studies measure prevalent rather than incident cases,the data will always reflect determinants of survival as well asaetiology.1

Unable to measure incidence.

Associations identified may be difficult to interpret.

Susceptible to bias due to low response and misclassification due torecall bias.


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Lo#itu!i%" stu!*

A longitudinal study is a correlational research studythat involves repeated observations of the samevariables over long periods of time — often manydecades. It is a type of observational study.


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s re# oLo#itu!i%" Stu!ies

high in validity - people usually do notremember past events and if they were askedabout their past, they would not remember

picking up long-term changes


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+e%ess of

Lo#itu!i%" Stu!ies

it takes a long period of time to gather results

a need to have a large sample size and accuratesampling to reach representativeness

participant may drop out, this is called subjectattrition.


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Meto!o"o#ies Asso$i%te! +itPositivism

CH

AP T

ER


(Professor)

Hu,o(Reporter)


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Methodologies Associated with Interpretivism

As we have learned in Chapter 4, interpretivism is a paradigm thatemerged in response to criticisms of positivism. It rests on the assumptionthat social reality is in our minds and is subjective and multiple. Thereforesocial reality is affected by the act of investigating it. The research is

involved an inductive process with a review to providing interpretiveunderstanding of social phenomena within a particular context.

Hermeneutics

Ethnography

Participative Enquiry

Action research

Case Studies

Grounded Theory

Feminist, Gender and Ethnicity Studies


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Hermeeuti$s

Hermeneutics is a methodology that focuses on the

understanding and interpretation of the text in thecontext of the underlying historical and social forces. Itassumes that a relationship exists between the consciousdescription of experience and the underlying dynamicsor structures.


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Eto#r%p*

Ethnography is a methodology derived fromanthropology in which researchers use socially

acquired and shared knowledge to understand theobserved patterns of human activity. Ethnographyprovides insights about a group of people and offersus an opportunity to see and understand their world.Ethnology is any full and partial description of a

group.


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P%rti$ip%tive E-uir*

Participative is a methodology that involves the participants as fully as possible inthe study, which is conducted in their own group or organization. The researchmay even be initiated by a member of the group and participants are involved inthe data collection and analysis. The participants also determine the progress andthe direction of the research.Thus enabling the research to develop questions andanswers as a shared experience with a group as co-researchers. Therefore this typeof methodology is about a research with people rather than on people.

Three types of research.

I. Co-operative enquiry

II. Participatory action research

III. Action research (or science research)

i


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A$tio Rese%r$

Action research, or science research, is a methodologyused in applied research to find an effective way

bringing about a conscious change in a partlycontrolled environment. Thus, the main aim of actionresearch is to enter into a situation, attempt to bringabout a change and to monitor the results.


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C%se Stu!ies

Case study is a methodology that is used to explore a single phenomenon (thecase) in a natural setting using a variety of methods to obtain in-depthknowledge.

Types of case study: descriptive case studies, illustrative case studies,experimental case studies, explanatory case studies, and opportunity case studies.


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Grou!e! Teor*

Grounded theory is a methodology in which a systematic setof procedures is used to develop an inductively derivedtheory about phenomena.

The overall features of grounded theory have beensummarized into three stages:

I. An initial attempt to develop categories that illuminate thedata.

II. An attmept to saturate these categories with manyappropriate cases in order to demonstrate their importance.

III. Developing these categories into more general analyticframeworks with relevant outside the setting.


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.emiist/ Ge!er %!Eti$it* Stu!ies

Feminist studies are used to investigate and seek

understanding of phenomena from the perspectiveof the role of women in society vis a vis men, whilegender studies are concerned with the experiencesof both men and women. On the other hand,ethnicity studies focus on the experiences of

different enthnic groups in society (often onparticular ethnic minority groups).


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Tri%#u"%tio

CH

AP T

ER


(Professor)

M%ri% Vi$tori% P0 L%'%m%%(Reporter)


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De1itio

Triangulation is an approach to research thatuses a combination of more than one researchstrategy in a single investigation.

CHAP T

ER2


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CHAP T

ER2

• &* !o +e $o!u$t Tri%#u"%tio3

• T*pes of Tri%#u"%tio


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Coosi# Tri%#u"%tio %s % Rese%r$

Str%te#*

CHAP T

ER2

• Qualitative investigators may choosetriangulation as a research strategyto assure completeness of findings orto confirm findings.

ppt - 3A


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Co1rm .i!i#s

CHAP T

ER2

• By combining different strategies, researchersconfirm findings by overcoming the limitations of asingle strategy.

• Uncovering the same information from more thanone vantage point helps researchers describe howthe findings occurred under differentcircumstances and assists them to confirm thevalidity of the findings.

ppt - 6


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T*pes of Tri%#u"%tio

CHAP T

ER2

ppt - 6

•A. Data ources Triangulation

Time, pace, !erson

•B. "nvestigator Triangulation

•#. $ethodologic Triangulation$ultimethod, or $i%&method, or methods

Triangulation

•D. Theoretical Triangulationmultiple theories or hypotheses

•'. Data Analysis Triangulation

Two or more methods of analy(ing data


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D%t% Sour$es

CHAP T

ER2

Time Perso Sp%$e

• time triangulation,

researchers collect data

about a phenomenon at

different points in time.

• Using person triangulation,

researchers collect data

from more than one level

of person, that is, a set of

individuals, groups, or

collectives.

• pace triangulation

consists of collectingdata at more than onesite.

•At the outset, theresearcher must identify howtime or space relate to thestudy and ma)e an argumentsupporting the use ofdifferent time or spacecollection points in the study.


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"*+'T"AT- T"A*U/AT"-*

CHAP T

ER2

• "nvestigator triangulation occurs when two or moreresearchers with divergent bac)grounds and e%pertise wor)together on the same study. To achieve investigatortriangulation, multiple investigators each must haveprominent roles in the study and their areas of e%pertise

must be complementary.• All the investigators discuss their individual findings and

reach a conclusion, which includes all findings.

• 0aving a second research e%pert e%amine a data set is notconsidered investigator triangulation.

• Use of methods triangulation usually re1uires investigatortriangulation because few investigators are e%pert in morethan one research method.


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$'T0-D T"A*U/AT"-*

CHAP T

ER2

• $ethods Triangulation has also been called multi method,mi%ed method or methodological Triangulation.

• $ethodological triangulation is an attempt to improvevalidity by combining various techni1ues in one study.

•$ethods triangulation can occur at the level of design ordata collection.

•$ethods triangulation at the design level has also beencalled between&method triangulation and methodstriangulation at the data collection level has been calledwithin&method triangulation.


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T0'-'T"#A/ T"A*U/AT"-*

CHAP T

ER2

• Theory triangulation incorporates the use of morethan one lens or theory in the analysis of the samedata set.

• The intent is to conduct the study with multiplelenses and 1uestions in mind, to lend support to oerefute findings.

• esearchers investigate the utility and power ofthese emerging theories by cycling between datageneration and data analysis until they reach a

conclusion.


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DATA&A*A/2" T"A*U/AT"-*

CHAP T

ER2

• Data&Analysis triangulation is the combination oftwo or more methods of analy(ing data. these

techni1ues can include different families ofstatistical testing or different statistical techni1uesto determine similarities or validate data.


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MELJUN CORTES RESEARCH Lectures Choosing Methodology Positivism Triangulation

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