MELJUN CORTES--IT102 TURBO C Computer System Machine Code

8/8/2019 MELJUN CORTES--IT102 TURBO C Computer System Machine Code

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ComputerSystems

MELJUN CORTES,BSCS,ACS


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Wha t is t h is unit ab out?Languages and translators

Operating SystemsLow-level machineHardware

Backing storage Input devices Output devices


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010101011000011101010 11010101101010101011101010010100101010101010101011011111111010010110101011010101010111010100101001010101011011111111 0100101101010110 101010

1011101 0100101001010101101101111111101001011010101101010101011101010010 100101010110110111111110100101101010110101 01 010111010100101001010101101101111111101001011010101101010 1010111010 10010100101010110110111111110100101101010110101010101110 10100101001010101101101111111101001011010101101 01010101110101001010010101011011011111111010010110101011010101010 11101010010100101010110110111111110100 101101010110 10101010 1110101001010010101011 01010101011 011101011010101101010101011101010010

10010101010101010101 010110111010110101011010101010111010100101001010 101010101010110111010110101011010101010111010110111111110100 1011010101101010101011101010010100101010110 1001010010101010101010101101110101101010110101 01010111010100101 0010101101111111101001011010101

101010101011101010010100 10101010101010101010101011011

M ach ine Code


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Wha t does t h is s a y?Je ne parle pas Franais ainsi je nepeux pas comprendre ceci ! !

I don't speak French so I can't understand this!!

=


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La ngu a ges a nd Tr a nsl a torsComputers only understand 1 s and 0 sThis is called m ach ine code .It is very hard for people to read andunderstand

Inste a d of trying to write m ach ine code,we use h ig h level l a ngu a ges to progr a m.


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Hig h- level l a ngu a ges

hat does a high-level language look like?

PRINT PLEASE ENTER YOUR AGE

INPUT AGE

PRINT

YOU ARE

: AGE

Short Instructions like sentences

Made up of English words


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H ig h- level l a ngu a ges

High-level languages are portable .They can be translated into many different versions of m ach ine codeMachine code is not portable as it only works

for a certain processorPRINT PLEASE ENTER YOUR AGEINPUT AGE

PRINT YOU ARE : AGE

Translator


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Tr a nsl a torsTranslators take the high-level

language and translate it into machinecode.They work like human translators

J' a imel inform a tique

PRINT HELLO

I like Computing

0011 1110 0011

translate


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Summ a ryComputers only understand 1 s and 0 s, which we callmachine code.

Humans write programs in high level languages becausethey are like English, and can be translated into machinecode.

High level languages can be portable which means they canbe translated into different kinds of machine code.


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O per a ting Systems An operating system controls all the tasks

the computer does for you

Re a ds in d a t afrom keyboardand mouse

Sends text andgraphics to thescreen

Sends data toyour printer

Lo a ds d a t a into thememory from the Hard Disk

Sa ves your files to disk


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Ex a mples of O per a ting Systems

Microsoft WindowsApple Mac OS X Linux

But N O T t h ings like:Microsoft Word

GamesInternet Explorer These are programs that run on the Operating

System


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Types of File

There are two different types of file:

Progr a m files , which are files full of instructions that the system runs. Microsoft Word is a program file.

Da t a files, which are used by programs. A Microsoft Word document (like a letter youwrote and saved) is a data file.


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H H CCII

um a num a nomputeromputernterf ac enterf ac e


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H um a n Computer Interf ac e

The Operating System provides the HCIfor the user

User uses mouse to click iconsOperating System translates intoinstructions

What was clicked? What should be done now (load file, save

file, load program)?


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Types of O per a ting System

Re a l Time System Real time systems react even faster than

interactive systems Designed to always process the right amount of

information in time This means the Real Time system is instant every time

Used in sp ac es h ip control systems, nu c le a rre ac tors ..

Wh ere else would Re a l Time Systems b e

used inste a d of Inter ac tive Systems?


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Summ a ry

Operating systems control the tasks the computer does for the user. Thisincludes loading data into memory, reading data from they keyboard andmouse, saving files and sending text and graphics to the screen orprinter.

There are two types of file - program files (such as Microsoft Word) anddata files, that are used by program files (such as a letter your wrote inMicrosoft Word)

We interact with the OS through the Human Computer Interface (HCI).The OS translates the keyboard and mouse presses into instructions and

performs actions such as loading and saving files.Interactive operating systems are used when users need immediatefeedback. Real-time operating systems are used when systems alwaysneed instant results (such as a control system on a plane).


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M ore C h e cking!What jobs does the Operating System do?Give an example of an Operating System?What are the 2 types of file?

What does the HCI do?

When would Interactive Processing be used?When would Real-Time Processing be used?


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Filing Systems

It is very wise to organise your files!Lots of files in the one place = hard to

organiseGroup them in dire c tories


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Filing System

The Operating Systemsorts our data usingdire c tories (oftencalled folders) andfiles.


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Low Level MachineWe now know about Operating Systems, High LevelLanguages, and how we access data.

What s next?

Now we a re going rig h t inside t h e computer tolook a t h ow t h e CPU a nd memory works


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The two most important parts of the inside of the computer are the CPUand memory.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer wherethe computer works things out.

The memory is where the computer remembers things for the CPU.


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The Computer s Memory

Computers use m a in memory and bac king stor a ge tostore data.

M a in memory is the fast memory inside a computer that stores data the CPU is currently using

Bac king store is the bigger but slower memory that storesfiles and programs for the computer

Bac king store comes in two types magnetic and optical.Magnetic Hard Disk and Floppy disk

Optical CDROM and DVD


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M a in memory

Inside the computer there is m a in memoryMain memory is made up of memory chips

There are two kinds of main memory:

RAM Random Access M emory

ROM Read O nly M emory


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Ra ndom A cc ess M emory

RAM is where the computer stores data that is it currently using. This includes: Data from the keyboard as you type

Data from open files and programs you areusing

When you turn off your computer, all the data in

RAM will be lost.

This is why you must always save files to backingstore before turning off a computer!


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Re a d O nly M emory

ROM is RE AD ONLY you can t change it It is written in the factory when the computer is madeThe computer can read the data in the ROM straight away when the computer is switched on This is why parts of the OS are sometimes stored on

ROMIt isn t wiped when the computer is switched off

A good w a y to remem b er t h e differen ce b etweenRAM a nd R OM is to t h ink t ha t RA M is like a note b ook a nd R OM is like a te x t b ook.W it h RAM you write in w ha t you need to remem b erW it h ROM it is a lre a dy t h ere a nd you don t cha ngeit!


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H ow to me a sure memory

We said before that everything in a computer is either a 1 or a 0 This is because computers use b in a ry num b ersThe size of memory is usually given in meg ab ytes or

gigab

ytes , but what does that mean?

Bit Binary digit: a 1 or 0Byte 8 bits, e.g. 01101100

Kilobyte 1024 bytesMegabytes 1024 KilobytesGigabyte 1024 MegabytesTerabyte 1024 Gigabytes


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M emory size

Bit Binary digit: a 1 or 0Byte 8 bits, e.g. 01101100Kilobyte 1024 bytesMegabytes 1024 KilobytesGigabyte 1024 Megabytes

Terabyte 1024 Gigabytes

So an iPod with 6 0 GB of storage space has:

60

x10

24 x10

24 x10

24 x 8= 5 1 5,396, 07 5,52 0 bits!

(over 5 1 5 billion bits )


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Remember:

I nput P rocess

O utput Some re a l world e x a mples of IP O ..Some re a l world e x a mples of IP O ..


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Check your understandingGive a real life example of IPOGive a computer example of IPOExplain why you can not store data inROMWhat happens to R AM when the

computer is switched off? Why shouldthis be ok?


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B

I

N

A

R

Y


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BinaryWe count in decimalWe have 10 fingers, so it makes sensethat we group by 10 s I.e. 1 , 10 , 100 ,1000 , 10 000 etc

Computers count in binaryThey use different columns and groupby twos I.e. 1 , 2, 4, 8, 1 6, 32, 64, 1 28


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NumbersWe count to 10 :

1 ,2,3,4,5,6, 7 ,8,9, 10

A computer would do this in binary:1 ,10 ,11 ,100 ,101 ,110 ,111 ,1000 ,1001 ,1010 !

Bin a ry num b ers ha ve a power of 2, a nd de c im a l

num b ers (t ha t we count wit h) ha ve a power of10. Let s go bac k in time


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1000 100 10 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

6 5

1 1

1 1 5

1 1 1 1 1

0

0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0

For example:


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Binary Revision Questions

What is binary for:48, 2 0 , 1 28, 7 ?

What is the decimal for:00001000 , 00001000 , 00011000 ,

00000101 ?


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Binary Revision Answers48 = 0011000020 = 000101001 28 = 100000007 = 00000111

00001000 = 8

00001000 = 900011000 = 2400000101 = 5


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Binary recap

65100

2551

29

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

01000001

01100100

11111111

10000001


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Storing Text and GraphicsIf computers can only work with binarynumbers, how do they store words andpictures etc?


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Storing Te x t

Since computers only use binary, they have abinary code for each characterThis code is called ASCII American Standard Code for Information

Interchange

Binary Decimal Character1000001 65 A

1000010 66 B

1000011 67 C

1000100 68 D

1000101 69 E1000110 70 F

Let s try some ASCII conversion .


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ASCII Table

http://www.ascii.cl/htmlcodes.htm


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ASCII T ABLE65 A66 B67 C68 D69 E

7 0 F7 1 G7 2 H73 I74 J75 K

76 L

77 M

78 N79 O

8 0 P

8 1 Q8 2 R83 S84 T85 U86 V

87 W88 X

89 Y

9 0 Z


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Th e size of a te x t file

Hello

The eagle has landed!

How many b ytes would these files take up?

Text is stored in the computer using ASCII codes

Each character s ASCII code is8-bits, i.e. 1 b yte in size

So, we can work out the storagerequirements of text files

5

21


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Storing gr a p h ics

A graphic can be a drawing, graph, paintingor photograph.

Graphics are made up of a grid of pi x els .

A pi x el is a single point on the screen.


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Storing GraphicsIn black and white graphics, the grid of pixels can be represented by binarynumbers1 stands for a black square, 0 stands fora clear square.

Each pixel takes up 1 -b it to store.


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1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

H ow m a ny b its do you

t h ink it will t a ke tostore t h is gr a p h ic?

The grid is 8 x 8 pixels, so it will take 64 bits to store.

64 bits is 8 bytes.


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Colour GraphicsTo store colour graphics, we need to

assign each colour a different numbere.g. red = 1 , blue = 2 etc.These colour codes are stored in binaryThe larger the binary number, the morecolours we can have. How many do weneed?32-bit graphics are normal (4.3 billion

different colours)


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Systems task 9

10 minutes on Systems Task 9, page 25

If finished, go onto Knowledge Check 5


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SummaryComputers store text and graphics in binary.They use a code called ASCII ( American Standard Code forInformation Interchange)

Each character has a code in ASCIIBlack and white graphics are stored by using 1 bit for each pixel(1 for black, 0 for white).We can work out the size of these graphics by multiplying thewidth of the graphic by the height.

Colour graphics use more bits for each pixel depending on howmany colours are needed.


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HardwareWe ve covered how the CPU works, and

what the Operating System softwaredoesNow let us look at hardware for thecomputer


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Microprocessor

The chip is made of layers of silicon crystalwavers on which very small electronic

components are installed.


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Backing StorageBacking storage memory is used to store files

when the computer is switched off, and areusually removable.

There are two types of backing storage,O pti ca l and M a gneti c . We ll look at magnetic first.


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Tape Drive

Tape drives take large plastic tapes which store data in binary usingmagnetic spots to encode the data

They have a large capacity, and fast data transfer rates

Tapes wear over time so need to be stored in suitable environment andare suited to medium and short term storage

D AT tapes can hold up to 2 00 Gigabytes so are used for bac kup


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Floppy Disks

Floppy Disks are made from circular plastic plates coated in iron oxide(which is a magnetic chemical).

Data is stored on the surface as patterns of magnetic spots.

Floppies are small and compact

They store up to 1 .44Mb of data (about 1 /3 of an MP3 file)

They can be damaged easily by dust, dampness, electro/magneticpulses


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Hard Drive


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Hard Drive

Hard drives store data by writingmagnetic patterns onto metal disks.

The surfaces are divided up into sectorsand tracks which allows each part to beaccessed directly.

The disk is in a sealed box to prevent dust damage.The read/write head is just above the surface of the diskThe disk spins between 7 ,000 and 10 ,000 rpmThey hold gigabytes of data (most recently up to 7 50 GB in

size)


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Optical Backing Storage

O pti ca l backing storage uses la seropti cs to read and write data.

Data is stored in binary by using lasers toburn microscopic marks on the disksurface.

Data is read by reflecting light off thesurface to read the microscopic marks.


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CD-ROM

High Capacity - 65 0 MegabytesStores data in microscopic groovesRead Only


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D VD-ROM

Works in the same way as CD-ROMStores more data because it uses a narrower laser beam toread and write to diskOrdinary DVDs hold 4. 7 Gigabytes

Double-sided, multilayered DVDs store up to 17 GBEnough space for large files such as movies


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CD-R

Stands for Comp ac t Disk Re cord ab leUses a layer of dye which laser changes to storedataCD-Rs are W O RM - W rite O nce Read M any

Once files are written on, they can t be deleted orchanged CD-Rs are read-only after they are written


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CD-RW

Stands for Comp ac t Disk Re -writ ab leUnlike CD-R, these can be rewrittenThis is because they use the laser to change the reflectiveproperties of microscopic marks

CD-ROMS, CD-Rs and CD-RWs are used for: backing up large files

Storing large multimedia presentations Storing large programs, like games

CD-ROMS, CD-Rs and CD-RWs are slower than hard disksBut they are removable!


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D VD-R a nd D VD-RW

Works in the same way as CD-R and CD-RWStores more data because of narrower laserCan store up to 4. 7 GB


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USB Fl a s h drive

USB Flash drives are rewritable memory chipsStore data just like a diskUsed as backup and plugs into USB ports on a computerVery small and portable

Sizes from 64MB to 2 Gigabytes


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Input Devices

Input devices are pieces of hardware that let you control a computer by sendingdata to the computer from your device.


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M ouse

A mouse lets youcontrol the pointer onscreen, and click toselect icons.

Mice usually have 2buttons and sometimesa scroll wheel.


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Tr ac kba ll

A trackball is similar toa mouse except the ballis on top. The trackball

does not move aroundthe desk like a mouse.

They are useful when auser does not have

desk space to move amouse, and for peoplewho find it hard to usetheir arms to moveobjects around.


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Tr ac kp a d

A trackpad is a smallpad that senses themovement of your

finger.It lets you control themouse by moving yourfinger across the pad.

You can click bytapping the trackpad.


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Gr a p h ics T ab let

A flat plastic panel with electronic sensors below thesurface detect the movements of a pointing device.

Very accurate used by graphic artists / designers /Computer Aided Design (C AD)


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Tou ch Sensitive S c reen

Simple to operate

Useful for public information systemsTiring to use after a while

Not precise


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K ey b o a rd

Input text and numbers

Function keysQUERTY layout

Very common, nearly every computer has one


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Sca nner

Input drawing, photographs from paper.

Light beam passes over page and asensor detects the reflection

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)software can recognise writing


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Digit a l Ca mer a s


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Digit a l Ca mer a s

Captures light coming through the lens andstores a digital image

Allows instant review of picture takenDelete photos you don t like

Takes a memory card can be various

capacities.


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Digit a l Video ca mer a s

Same principle as still digital cameras

Need a large storage capacity video takes up a lot of space ( 1 5frames per second)

Some have a small LCD screen toview your video

Features: zoom, focus, lighting,infrared recording, onboard editing


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W e bca ms

Same principle as digital videocamera

Connected directly tocomputer via USB

Can put a webcam in awebsite

Useful for video calls via MSNMessenger


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La ser Printer

Uses a laser beam to copy image of apage onto light-sensitive drum

Ink (toner) attracted to the drum thentransferred to paper

Laser printers are fast

The output is high quality

They are expensive to buy but relativelycheap to maintain.

k h


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Inkjet Printer

Sprays ink onto the paper

Printout quality is high

Cheap to buy, can be expensiveto maintain (expensive ink)

Slower than Laser Printer


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M onitor

Screen used to displaycomputer output

Different monitors havedifferent resolutions

The higher the resolution,the more detailed thepicture will be

High resolution needed forC AD and art work


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LCD / TFT Displ a ys

LCD = L iquid Cryst a l Displ a y

These screens have the following advantages:

Flat, light, needing little power, can be runfrom a laptop battery

The one disadvantage is that sometimes theyare not bright enough and can cause eyestrain


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LCD / TFT Displ a ys

TFT = T h in Film Tr a nsistor

Same advantages as LCD.Uses a tiny transistor to form each pixel

Can update the image very quickly, allowing it

to handle complex graphics and animationwhich LCD displays cannot

C S k


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Computer Spe a kers

Produce sound from the computer

Allow you to do multimedia presentations, video-

conferencing, games, music etcComputer speaker systems vary in quality andnumber of speakers depending on output wattage(RMS) or surround sound capability etc


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Desktop VS Laptop


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Desktop VS Laptop

Desktop computers stay in the sameplace. Laptop computers are portable

Because of this, the components usedneed to be light and consume lesspower (run off battery)This means that a laptop with the samespe c ifica tion (CPU speed, R AM) willcost more than a same spec desktop.


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Laptop

Laptop computers are small andcompact

They weigh a lot less than a desktop usually 1 .5 3 kgRuns off battery, charges from mains

Has a flat screen (LCD or TFT)Has a normal keyboard and trackpad


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Palmtop Computer

Is about the size of your handSmall keyboard or a stylus

with handwriting recognitionStores data on a memory cardUseful for ultra-portablecomputing on the moveStore contacts, calendar,editing documents, email etc


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Mainframe computer

Large and powerfulLots of processing power

(multiple CPUs) and R AMMany users connected usingterminalsUsed by banks and otherlarge businesses to processand store data


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Multimedia Systems

Multimedia systems integrate sound, animation,video and graphics

Most modern computers have these capabilities

Interactive learning,

information systems,multimedia web pages,games


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Multimedia systems

A f a st CPU a nd lots of

RAM a nd stor a geQu a lity TFT displ a ySca nnerDigit a l ca mer a (video )

Surround soundspe a kersDa t a proje c tor

A good system for viewing a nd c re a tingmultimedi a mig h t in c lude:

MELJUN CORTES--IT102 TURBO C Computer System Machine Code

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