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Transcript of MELJUN CORTES--Computer System HISTORY EVOLUTION of Computer
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Presentation made by:Presentation made by:
MELJUN CORTES, BSCS,ACSMELJUN CORTES, BSCS,ACS
COMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPUTER SYSTEM
ORGANISATIONORGANISATIONORGANISATION
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Index Evolution of computers
History of computing
Basics of computer and its operation:
Functional Components and their
interconnections
Classification of Computers
Software Concepts:
Types of Software - System Software, UtilitySoftware and Application Software;
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EVOLUTIONOF COMPUTEREVOLUTIONOF COMPUTER
The development of the modern day
computer was the result of advances
in technologies and man's need toquantify.
Let us look at some of the important
milestones in the evolution of
computers.
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ABACUSABACUS
The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in
Babylonia.Beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia!
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Slide Rule 1630
based on Napiers rules for
logarithms used until 1970s
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PASCALSADDING MACHINEPASCALSADDING MACHINE
In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French
mathematician invented a calculating machine
named as Adding Machine.This machine was capable of doing Addition
and Subtraction. This device is known as theFirst Calculator of the world.
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LEIBNITZSCALCULATORLEIBNITZSCALCULATOR
In 1671 AD, Gotfried Leibnitz, a German
Mathematician improved the Adding machine andmade a new machine capable of performing
multiplication and division also.
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first stored program - metal cards
first computer manufacturing
still in use today!
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BABBAGESDIFFERENCEENGINEBABBAGESDIFFERENCEENGINE
Charles Babbage was a Britishmathematician. In 1822, he designed a machine
called Difference Engine. It aimed at calculatingmathematical tables.
Since the technology was not so advanced at
that time this machine could not be made.
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BABBAGESANALYTICALENGINEBABBAGESANALYTICALENGINE
In 1833, Charles Babbage designed a machine
called Analytical Engine. It had almost all theparts of a modern computer. Unfortunately, this
machine could not be built because of lack oftechnology. His designs remained a concept.
His great designs earned him the title of
FATHER OF COMPUTERS.
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LADYADALADYADA
Lord Byron's daughter, Ada, Countess of
Lovelace, suggested to Babbage that he use
the binary system in his machine.She wrote programs for his analytical
engine in 1840, becoming the world's first
computer programmer.
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HOLLERITHSTABULATINGMACHINEHOLLERITHSTABULATINGMACHINE
Hollerith, a Mathematician, invented a fast
counting machine named Tabulating
Machine in 1880.This machine was used by American
Department of Census to complete their
1880 census data.
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MARKICOMPUTERMARKICOMPUTER
Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA
joined hands with the company IBM.He developed a computer named Mark I in
1943.It could perform mathematical operations
very fast.
It could perform one operation per second.
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ENIACENIAC
The first electronic computer ENIAC wasdeveloped in 1946 by a team lead by Professor
Eckert and Mauchly at the University of
Pennsylvania in USA.Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compute
(ENIAC) was very huge and very fast.
It could solve 5000 operations per second.
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INTEL 8080 PROCESSORINTEL 8080 PROCESSOR
In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor wasintroduced - it became the basis for the firstpersonal computers.
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Definition of ComputerDefinition of Computer
Electronic Device
Accepts and stores input
Manipulates result
Outputs results
Under direction of stores programs andinstructions
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Characteristics of ComputerCharacteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence : not afflicted to tiredness, monotony, lackof concentration like human beings.
Reliability
Versatility : can work with different types of data like
sound, graphics, audio.
Memory
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What is Data and InformationWhat is Data and Information
Data is raw facts
ex: India, 200, 4, Cricket, Wicket
Information is meaningful and arranged
form of dataex: Indias score in Cricket is 200 for 4
wickets.
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Hardware refers to physicalcomponents that can be seen and
touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O
devices.
HARDWAREHARDWARE
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
Software is a set of programs that
make the Hardware of thecomputer run.
Program is a set of instructions.
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FIRMWAREFIRMWARE
LIVEWARELIVEWARE
Firmware is like prewritten program that ispermanently stored in read-only memory.
BIOS ( Basic Input Output Services )
instructions are an example of firmware.
It is the term generally used for the peopleassociated with and benefited from the
computer system.
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Classification of Computer Systems
On the basis of TechnologyGenerations of computers
On the basis of Purpose
General Purpose, special Purpose computers
On The basis of size & Speed
Micro, Mini & Super ComputersOn the basis of how it functions
Analog, Digital & Hybrid Computers
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Each generation of computer is
characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate,
resulting in increasingly
Technology Based Classification of Computer Systems
smaller,
cheaper,
more powerful
more efficient and
reliable devices.
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TIMEPERIOD : 1940's-1950's
TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes
SIZEAND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire
rooms, Slow speed
LANGUAGEUSED : Machine language
COST : System and
working cost very high.
OTHERFEATURES :
Used a great deal of electricity.
Generated a lot of heat.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on printouts.
EXAMPLE : UNIVAC andENIAC
Structure of
a VaccumTube
UNIVAC
ENIAC
FIRST GENERATION
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SECOND GENERATION
TIMEPERIOD : 1950's- 1960's
TE
CHNOLOGY USE
D : TransistorsSIZEAND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed
LANGUAGEUSED : Assembly language and languages like
COBOL and FORTRAN
COST : Cost decreased
OTHERFEATURES : More efficient and reliable.
Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that
subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube.Second-generation computers still relied onpunched cardsfor input and
printoutsfor output.
EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604
UNIVAC
1108
IBM 1401
TRANSISITORS
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THIRD GENERATION
TIMEPERIOD : late 1960's-1970's
TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit
SIZEAND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased
LANGUAGEUSED : Operating System was developed.
COST : Cost decreased further
OTHERFEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with
third generation computers throughkeyboardsandmonitorsand interfaced with anoperatingsystem, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller andcheaper than their predecessors.
EXAMPL
E: IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell 6000series, CDC 1700.
IBM360/50
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FOURTH GENERATION
TIMEPERIOD : 1970's-today
TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor
SIZEAND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed
LANGUAGEUSED : High Level Languages like PASCAL,
COBOL, C, C++, JAVA
COST : Reduced Cost
OTHERFEATURES : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday
products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together toform networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh
The Macintosh 128K, the firstMacintosh, was the first
commercially successful personal
computer to use images, ratherthan text, to communicate.
Intel 4004Dmicroprocessor
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FIFTH GENERATIONTIMEPERIOD : 1990's -today
TE
CHNOLOGY USE
D : Microprocessor
SIZEAND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed
LANGUAGEUSED : Based on Artificial intelligence
COST : Reduced Cost
OTHERFEATURES : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
EXAMPLE : Parallel Inference Machine
Note Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like
humans.VoiceRecognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can
recognize spoken words.
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The current classifications of computers place them into four
categories:
Super Computers,
Mainframes,
Minicomputers,
Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
Size and Speed Based Classification of Computer Systems
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Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can
perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it thefastest machine known so far.
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MAINFRAMEMAINFRAMEIn the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could
fill an entire room or even a whole floor.
As the size of computers has decreased while the power has increased, the
term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll stillhear the term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge
machines processing millions of transactions every day.
Characteristics:Expensive
Powerful and fastIs not limited to one job
Used by business and small government organizations
The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that asupercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible,
whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs simultaneously.
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MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER
Another term rarely used anymore, minicomputers fall in betweenmicrocomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers).
Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.
Characteristics:Smaller than mainframe
Can do several jobs at once
Can be used by many people at one time
Used by small companies
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PERSONAL COMPUTERPERSONAL COMPUTERThe term microcomputer, also known as personal computer (PC), or a
computer that depends on a microprocessor.
A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip
(the microprocessor), a memory system (read-only memory and random access
memory), placed on a motherboard.
Example: desktop, notebook, laptop, handheld devices.
Charcteristics:
developed in 1980designed for single user
not very powerful or expensive
found in homes
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The current classifications of computers
place them into four categories:
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computers
Classification of Computers of On the basis of
How It Functions
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Digital Computers
Analog
Computers
Classification of Computers of On the basis of
How It Functions
Operate on continuous data, likemeasuring temp. changes
Faster
Accuracy of an analog computeris restricted to the accuracy with
which physical quantities can besensed and displayed.
Specific Purpose computers
Digital computers work ondiscrete data.
digital computer can process
data with greater accuracy
We generally use digital computers for business and
scientific data processing.
Digital
Computers
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Hybrid computers are computers that comprise
features ofanalog computersanddigital computers.
The digital component normally serves as thecontroller and provideslogical operations, while the
analog component normally serves as a solver of
differential equations.
Hybrid Computers
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General Purpose
Computers
Special Purpose
Computers
Purpose Based Classification of Computer
Systems
The FirstReal Computers:
1939: Konrad Zuse
completed the first
programmable, general-
purpose digital computer
Special-purpose computer:
Dedicated computers that performspecific tasksControlling the temperature and humidity
Monitoring your heart rate
Monitoring your house security system
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Types of SoftwareTypes of Software
Software
( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer )
System Software
( Software that controls internal
computer operations)
Application Software
( Set of programs to carry out operations
for a specified application )
Operating System
( Software which
acts as aninterface between
user and thehardware )
Language
Processor
( Software which
converts HLLprogran into
machine language
)
Packages
( General
utilitysoftware)
Utilities
( perform
housekeeping)
Customized
Software
( Tailor madesoftware
according to
users needs)
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Anti Virus e.g., Norton,
File Management tools
Compression toolsDisk Management tools ( Disk Cleanup, Disk
Fragmentor, Backup)
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Language ProcessorsLanguage Processors
Assembler: This language processor converts the program writtenin Assembly language into machine language.
Compiler: This converts HLL program into machine language in
one go.
After the compiler is not needed. It is removed from the
memory.Therefore, better memory utilization.
Interpreter: This converts HLL program into machine language by
converting and executing itline by line.
It must be present In memory every time program is executed.
Therefore, unnecessary usage of memory.
There are three types of Language Processors:
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Low Level Language
Fifth Generation
Fourth
Generation
Third Generation
(High Level Language)
Second Generation
(Assembly Language)
First Generation
(Machine Language)
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Need For Operating System
To make computer system convenient to use
To use computer hardware in an efficient
manner
It decides
How to do?What to do?
When to do?
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Functions of Operating System
Processor Management Keep track of processor
Decide which job should use the processor
Allocate Processor
Deallocate Processor
File Management
Keep track of files
Decide which job should use the file and for what purpose Allocate the file for use
Deallocate file after use
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Functions of Operating System
Device Management
Keep track of devices
Decide which job should use the processor
Allocate Processor
Deallocate Processor
Memory Management
Keep track of processor Decide which job should use the processor
Allocate Processor
Deallocate Processor
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Types of Operating System
Interactive (GUI)
Time Sharing
Real Time Distributed
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FIRST GENERATION : Machine language
i.e. language of 0 and 1
SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language
Similar toEnglish
Uses mnemonics codes
THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language
Very close toEnglishE.g. C, C++, Java, VB
FOURTH GENERATION : Languages for accessing databases
FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development
interface to create source language that isusually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL
language compiler Used mainly in artificial intelligenceresearch E.g. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury
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BLOCKDIAGRAM OF A
COMPUTER
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Input/Output
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
Secondary
Memory
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INPUT UNIT
Accepts data from outside world.
Converts data into binary form acceptable to the
machine.
Send data in binary form to computer for further
processing.
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INPUT DEVICES
SCANNERLIGHT PEN
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Input/Output
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Terminal
Simpler than a PC
Designed strictly for input and output Has keyboard and screen
Does not have a processor
Connected to computer with telecommunication line
Allows user to key data directly into computer
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Input/Output
Common input methods:
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) used to
process bank checks Optical character recognition (OCR) directly scans typed,
printed, or handwritten material
Imaging inputs digital form of documents and photos
Bar code labeling scans bar codes on packages or
products, and reads into computer
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BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Input/Output
Common output methods:
Print output to paper using various types of
printers
Computer output microfilm (COM) microfilm
generated for archive copies in small space
Voice response units computer recognizesinput, generates verbal response messages
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BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Input/Output
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Multimedia
relatively new term for computer input and outputin the form of text, graphics, sound, still images,
animations, and/or video
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Computer Memory
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
Secondary
Memory
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Computer Memory
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Memory
All data flows to and from memory Divided into cells:
Each has a unique address
Memory cell types:
Byte stores one character of data
Word stores two or more characters of data
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Bits and Coding Schemes
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Each memory cell is a set of circuits
Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0)
Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit) Most computers 8 bits (circuits) represents a
character (byte)
2 common bit coding schemes used today:
ASCII
EBCDIC
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Arithmetic/Logical Unit
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
Secondary
Memory
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Consists of VLSI circuits
on a silicon chip
Carries out:
arithmetic add, subtract,
multiply, divide
logical operations comparing two numbers
Arithmetic/Logical Unit
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BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
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Computer Files
(Secondary Memory)
BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS
Secondary
Memory
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BASICCOMPONENTS OFCOMPUTERSYSTEMS
When power is off, everything stored in Main memory is lost
Computer files are used to store data for long term
File storage devices (Secondary Memory) : Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives
Optical CD or DVD drives
Computer Files (Secondary Memory)
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Types of DASD
Removable:
Floppy drives
Zip drives
Newest: portable
DASD for PCs
keychain drive
Computer Files (Secondary Memory)
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERSYSTEMS