MELJUN CORTES C++ chapter 1 c++ fundamentals
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C FundamentalsC Fundamentals
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTEScomputer program user
Word
excel
photoshop
C Programming C Programming LanguageLanguage
MELJUN CORTES, MELJUN CORTES, MBA,MPA,BSCSMBA,MPA,BSCS
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IntroductionIntroduction
We will learnWe will learn The C programming languageThe C programming language Structured programming and proper programming techniquesStructured programming and proper programming techniques
This book also coversThis book also covers C FundamentalsC Fundamentals Control StatementsControl Statements Data types, variables and ExpressionsData types, variables and Expressions Arrays and StringArrays and String
This course is appropriate forThis course is appropriate for Technically oriented people with little or no programming Technically oriented people with little or no programming
experience experience Experienced programmers who want a deep and rigorous Experienced programmers who want a deep and rigorous
treatment of the languagetreatment of the language
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ProgramProgram
Computer = hardware + softwareComputer = hardware + softwareProgram makes computer to general purposeProgram makes computer to general purpose
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computer program user
Word
excel
photoshop
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What is computer?What is computer?
Computer processing data by instruction.Computer processing data by instruction.
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Smart PhoneSmart Phone
Smart phone is a kind of computerSmart phone is a kind of computer
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History of computerHistory of computer
Eniac : vacuum tubeEniac : vacuum tube
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Von Neumann Architecture
Store data and program in Main memoryStore data and program in Main memory
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data
program
Main memory
CPU
Von Neumann
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Machine LanguageMachine Language
Machine LanguageMachine Language
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CompilerCompiler
We need compilerWe need compiler
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ProgrammingLanguage
MachineLanguage
Compiler
01000110101010100101010101010110010
111111
if( x > 0 ) pos++;else neg++;
English Korean
Translator
시작이 좋으면 끝도 좋다 ....
A good beginning makes a good ending....
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History of CHistory of C
C C Evolved by Ritchie from two previous programming languages, Evolved by Ritchie from two previous programming languages,
BCPL and BBCPL and B Used to develop UNIXUsed to develop UNIX Used to write modern operating systemsUsed to write modern operating systems Hardware independent (portable)Hardware independent (portable) By late 1970's C had evolved to "Traditional C"By late 1970's C had evolved to "Traditional C"
StandardizationStandardization Many slight variations of C existed, and were incompatibleMany slight variations of C existed, and were incompatible Committee formed to create a "unambiguous, machine-Committee formed to create a "unambiguous, machine-
independent" definitionindependent" definition Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999
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Father of C languageFather of C language
Dennis Ritchie awarded National Medal of Dennis Ritchie awarded National Medal of TechnologyTechnology
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Feature of CFeature of C
System programming available as Low level type high level System programming available as Low level type high level language language ➡ middle level language➡ middle level language Low level language : handle to real instructions for computerLow level language : handle to real instructions for computer’’s execution s execution
(machine language of assembly type)(machine language of assembly type)Ex) Assembly languageEx) Assembly language
High level language : support of several control structures and I/O High level language : support of several control structures and I/O instruction (facilitate programming)instruction (facilitate programming)
Ex) Pascal, Delphi, VB, JavaEx) Pascal, Delphi, VB, Java
C programs consist of pieces/modules called functionsC programs consist of pieces/modules called functions Suit structural programmingSuit structural programming
Sequence/Conditional/Repetable structureSequence/Conditional/Repetable structure
Various data structure, operation and function libraryVarious data structure, operation and function library Higher portability to other systemsHigher portability to other systems
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The C Standard LibraryThe C Standard Library
C programs consist of pieces/modules called functionsC programs consist of pieces/modules called functions A programmer can create his own functionsA programmer can create his own functions
Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it worksAdvantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works Disadvantage: time consumingDisadvantage: time consuming
Programmers will often use the C library functionsProgrammers will often use the C library functions Use these as building blocksUse these as building blocks
Avoid re-inventing the wheelAvoid re-inventing the wheel If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than
write your ownwrite your own Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portableLibrary functions carefully written, efficient, and portable
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Basics of a Typical C Program Basics of a Typical C Program Development EnvironmentDevelopment Environment
• Phases of C Programs:
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile
4. Link
5. Load
6. Execute
Program is created inthe editor and storedon disk.
Preprocessor programprocesses the code.
Loader puts program in memory.
CPU takes eachinstruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes.
Compiler creates object code and storesit on disk.
Linker links the objectcode with the libraries
Loader
Primary Memory
Compiler
Editor
Preprocessor
Linker
Primary Memory
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Disk
Disk
Disk
CPU
Disk
Disk
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First ProgramFirst Program
Run Microsoft Visual C++Run Microsoft Visual C++
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First ProgramFirst Program
Select File and NewSelect File and New
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First ProgramFirst Program
Win32 Console ApplicationWin32 Console Application
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First ProgramFirst Program
Empty projectEmpty projectFinishFinishOKOK
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First ProgramFirst Program
Empty projectEmpty project
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First ProgramFirst Program
File-New-C++source FileFile-New-C++source File Input file nameInput file name
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First ProgramFirst Program
Input this codeInput this code
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01 # include <stdio.h>0203 int main()04 {05 printf(“%d”, 100-50);06 }
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First ProgramFirst Program
Build-Build first.exeBuild-Build first.exe
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First ProgramFirst Program
If an error : missing semicolonIf an error : missing semicolon
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First ProgramFirst Program
Build-Execute First.exeBuild-Execute First.exe
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1.1. Understand the components Understand the components of a C programof a C program
All C programs consist of one or more functionsAll C programs consist of one or more functions Each function contains one or more statementsEach function contains one or more statements The general form of a C FunctionThe general form of a C Function
ret-typeret-type function-name() function-name() ➡ name of the function➡ name of the function
{{ ➡ start of the function➡ start of the function
statement sequencestatement sequence ➡ statements of the function➡ statements of the function
}} ➡ end of the function➡ end of the function
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1.1. Understand the components Understand the components of a C programof a C program
Function nameFunction name upper- and lowercase letters of alphabetupper- and lowercase letters of alphabet( A~Z, a~z )( A~Z, a~z ) digitsdigits( 0~9 ) ( 0~9 ) cannot start a function name cannot start a function name underscoreunderscore( _ )( _ ) Case-sensitive Case-sensitive ex) Myfun ex) Myfun ≠≠ myfun myfun
A C program may contain several functionsA C program may contain several functions Must have a main()Must have a main() The main( ) is where execution of your program beginsThe main( ) is where execution of your program begins The main( ) is when your program begins runningThe main( ) is when your program begins running Executing statements are included inside Executing statements are included inside ‘‘{{’’ and and ‘‘}}’’ All C statements end with a semicolonAll C statements end with a semicolon(;)(;) You may place two or more statements on one lineYou may place two or more statements on one line
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C program StructureC program Structure
1.1. Understand the components Understand the components of a C programof a C program
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Example of C program StructureExample of C program Structure
1.1. Understand the components Understand the components of a C programof a C program
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1.1. Understand the components Understand the components of a C programof a C program
ANSIANSI C standard specifies a set of library functions to be supplied C standard specifies a set of library functions to be supplied by all C compilers, which your program may useby all C compilers, which your program may use
C standard libraryC standard library I/O (input/output) functionI/O (input/output) function String manipulation functionString manipulation function Mathematical compugation functionMathematical compugation function Etc.Etc.
header fileheader file File extension : File extension : .h .h #include#include preprocessor directivepreprocessor directive
C ignores spaces C ignores spaces
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1.1. Understand the components Understand the components of a C programof a C program
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2. Create and compile a program2. Create and compile a program
Turbo C++Turbo C++ Program-development environmentsProgram-development environments Development stepsDevelopment steps
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2. Create and compile a program2. Create and compile a program
A direction of compile processingA direction of compile processing
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3. Declare variables and 3. Declare variables and assign valuesassign values
VariableVariable A named memory locationA named memory location Can hold various valuesCan hold various values
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3. Declare variables and 3. Declare variables and assign valuesassign values
Variable declarationVariable declaration Form : Form : type var-nametype var-name
type : C data type type : C data type var-name : name of the variablevar-name : name of the variable
Declaration places of variable Declaration places of variable Global variable : outside all functionsGlobal variable : outside all functions Local variable : inside a functionLocal variable : inside a function
The same type variables declarationThe same type variables declaration
int count ;int count ;
float x;float y;float z;
float x;float y;float z;
float x, y, z ;float x, y, z ;
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3. Declare variables and 3. Declare variables and assign valuesassign values
Assignment operationAssignment operation Form : Form : vaiable-name = value;vaiable-name = value;
Ex) num = 100;Ex) num = 100;
ConstantConstant Fixed valueFixed valueEx) Ex) ‘‘AA’’, , ‘‘aa’’, 100, 100.0, 100, 100.0
Display of characters, integers and floating-point valuesDisplay of characters, integers and floating-point values
Format specifiers of printf()Format specifiers of printf() %d%d(decimal format)(decimal format), %c, %c(character value)(character value), %f, %f(float, double)(float, double)
printf(“This prints the number %d”, 99);printf(“This prints the number %d”, 99);
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3. Declare variables and 3. Declare variables and assign valuesassign values
Example 1.Example 1. Example 2.Example 2.
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4. Input numbers from the keyboard4. Input numbers from the keyboard
Standard input/outputStandard input/output
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4. Input numbers from the keyboard4. Input numbers from the keyboard
scanf()scanf() Standard function for input numbers from the keyboardStandard function for input numbers from the keyboard Format : Format : scanf( scanf(““%d%d””, &int-var-name);, &int-var-name);
Ex) int num;Ex) int num; scanf(scanf(““%d%d””, &num);, &num);
Format : Format : scanf( scanf(““%f%f””, &float-var-name);, &float-var-name);
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4. Input numbers from the keyboard4. Input numbers from the keyboard
Input number from the keyboardInput number from the keyboard
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4. Input numbers from the keyboard4. Input numbers from the keyboard
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4. Input numbers from the keyboard4. Input numbers from the keyboard
ExerciseExercise Write a program that inputs two floating-point Write a program that inputs two floating-point
numbers numbers (use type float)(use type float) and then displays their sum. and then displays their sum.
*** Addition program ***
First num : 15
Second num : 20
15 + 20 = 35
*** Addition program ***
First num : 15
Second num : 20
15 + 20 = 35
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5. Perform calculations using arithmetic 5. Perform calculations using arithmetic expressionsexpressions
Arithmetic operatorsArithmetic operators + : addition+ : addition - : subtraction- : subtraction * : multiplication* : multiplication / : division/ : division % : modulus% : modulus
ex)ex)
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5. Perform calculations using arithmetic 5. Perform calculations using arithmetic expressionsexpressions
Exercise #1Exercise #1 Write a program that computes the volume of a cube. Have the Write a program that computes the volume of a cube. Have the
program prompt the user for each dimension.program prompt the user for each dimension.
Input width : 15Input length : 10Input height : 12The volume of a cube : 1800
Input width : 15Input length : 10Input height : 12The volume of a cube : 1800
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5. Perform calculations using arithmetic 5. Perform calculations using arithmetic expressionsexpressions
Exercise #2Exercise #2 Write a program that computes the number of Write a program that computes the number of
seconds in a year.seconds in a year.
The seconds of a year : 31536000 sec The seconds of a year : 31536000 sec
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6. Add comments to a program6. Add comments to a program
CommentsComments A note to yourself that you put into your source code.A note to yourself that you put into your source code. All comments are ignored by the compiler.All comments are ignored by the compiler.
/* This is a comment. */ /* This is a comment. */ /* /* This is a long comment.This is a long comment. Me too! Me too! */*/
int i ;int i ; //this is daclaration of variable//this is daclaration of variable
/* comment start*/ comment end// only this line after it
/* comment start*/ comment end// only this line after it
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6. Add comments to a program6. Add comments to a program
nested comments problemnested comments problem
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6. Add comments to a program6. Add comments to a program
ExampleExample A year on Jupiter A year on Jupiter (the time takes for Jupiter to make one full (the time takes for Jupiter to make one full
circuit around the Sun) circuit around the Sun) takes about 12 Earth years. The takes about 12 Earth years. The following program allows you to convert Earth days to Jovian following program allows you to convert Earth days to Jovian years.years.
Simply specify the number of Earth days, and it computes the Simply specify the number of Earth days, and it computes the equivalent number of Jovian years. Notice the use of comments equivalent number of Jovian years. Notice the use of comments throughout the program.throughout the program.
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7. Write your own functions7. Write your own functions
Functions are the building blocks of C.Functions are the building blocks of C.
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7. Write your own functions7. Write your own functions
Most real-world programs will contain many functions.Most real-world programs will contain many functions. ret-typeret-type specifies the type of data returned by the function. specifies the type of data returned by the function.
void : function does not return a valuevoid : function does not return a value A function prototypeA function prototype declares a function before it is used and prior to declares a function before it is used and prior to
its definition.its definition. FunctionFunction’’s names name Return typeReturn type Parameter listParameter list
The compiler needs to know this information in order for it to properly execute a call to the function.
The compiler needs to know this information in order for it to properly execute a call to the function.
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7. Write your own functions7. Write your own functions
Example 1Example 1
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7. Write your own functions7. Write your own functions
Execution order of Example 1Execution order of Example 1
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7. Write your own functions7. Write your own functions
Example 2Example 2
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8. Use functions to return values8. Use functions to return values
A function may return a value to the calling routine.A function may return a value to the calling routine.
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> /* needed by sqrt() */ int main(void) { double answer;
answer = sqrt(10.0); // sqrt() call assign to answer printf ("%f", answer);
return 0; }
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> /* needed by sqrt() */ int main(void) { double answer;
answer = sqrt(10.0); // sqrt() call assign to answer printf ("%f", answer);
return 0; }
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8. Use functions to return values8. Use functions to return values
In functions, you can return a value to the calling routine using the In functions, you can return a value to the calling routine using the returnreturn statement. statement.
• form : return value ;
(constant or variable or expression)
int func(void) { return 10; /* return 10 to calling routine. */ }
int func(void) { return 10; /* return 10 to calling routine. */ }
int func(void) ; int main(void) { int num;
num = func(); /* func() call receive a value(10). */ printf(“%d”, num);
return 0; }
int func(void) ; int main(void) { int num;
num = func(); /* func() call receive a value(10). */ printf(“%d”, num);
return 0; }
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8. Use functions to return values8. Use functions to return values
Example 1Example 1
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8. Use functions to return values8. Use functions to return values
Example 2Example 2
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8. Use functions to return values8. Use functions to return values
ExerciseExercise Write a program that uses a function called convert(), which Write a program that uses a function called convert(), which
prompts the user for an amount in dollars and returns this value prompts the user for an amount in dollars and returns this value converted into pounds. converted into pounds. (Use an exchange rate of $2.00 per (Use an exchange rate of $2.00 per pound.)pound.) Display the conversion. Display the conversion.
Input dollars : 1515.00 dollars are 7.50 pounds.
Input dollars : 1515.00 dollars are 7.50 pounds.
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9. Use function arguments9. Use function arguments
A A functionfunction’’s argumentss arguments is a value that is passed to the is a value that is passed to the function when the function is called.function when the function is called.
The The formal parameterformal parameter is special variables to receive is special variables to receive argument values.argument values.
void sum(int x, int y) {
printf(“%d ”, x + y);
}
void sum(int x, int y) {
printf(“%d ”, x + y);
}
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9. Use function arguments9. Use function arguments
#include <stdio.h> int sum(int x, int y);
int main(void) { sum(1, 20); /* 1 and 20 are arguments to function */ sum(9, 6); sum(81, 9);
return 0; }
int sum(int x, int y) { /* x and y are parameters of function */ printf ("%d\n ", x + y); return 0; }
#include <stdio.h> int sum(int x, int y);
int main(void) { sum(1, 20); /* 1 and 20 are arguments to function */ sum(9, 6); sum(81, 9);
return 0; }
int sum(int x, int y) { /* x and y are parameters of function */ printf ("%d\n ", x + y); return 0; }
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9. Use function arguments9. Use function arguments
Example 1Example 1
Example 2Example 2 This program uses the out char() function to output characters to the This program uses the out char() function to output characters to the
screen.screen.
sum(10-2, 9*7);sum(10-2, 9*7); sum(8, 63);sum(8, 63);
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9. Use function arguments9. Use function arguments
ExcercisesExcercises Write program that uses a function called Write program that uses a function called outnum()outnum()
that takes one integer argument and displays it on the that takes one integer argument and displays it on the screen.screen.
Input integer number : 43Your input number is 43
Input integer number : 43Your input number is 43
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10. Remember the C keywords10. Remember the C keywords
autobreakcasecharconstcontinuedefaultdo
doubleelseenumexternfloatforgotoif
intlongregisterreturnshortsignedsizeofstatic
structswitchtypedefunionunsignedvoidvolatilewhile
asm_ssinterrupt
_cscdeclnear
_dsfarpascal
_eshuge
KeywordsKeywords
Extended KeywordsExtended Keywords