Evolution and History of Turbo-Machinery

P M V SubbaraoProfessor

Mechanical Engineering Department

Timely Shit from Bio-logical Muscles to Mechanical Muscles…….

Zero to One-body Tool Era of Technology

Compound tools to Machine Era of Technology

Machine to Computer Era of Technology

Technology Vs Power

No Break Through Just A Natural Evolution

• Knowledge of turbo-machines has evolved slowly over centuries without the benefit of sudden and dramatic breakthroughs.

• Turbo-machines, such as windmills and waterwheels, are millenniums old.

An Evolution from Water Wheel to Hydraulic Turbine

• Waterwheels, which dip their vanes into moving water, were employed in ancient Egypt, China, and Assyria.

• Waterwheels appeared in Greece in the second century B.C. and in the Roman Empire during the first century B.C.

• A seven-ft-diameter waterwheel at Monte Cassino was used by the Romans to grind corn at the rate of 150 kg of corn per hour,

• Waterwheels at Arles ground 320 kg of corn per hour. • The Doomsday Book, based on a survey ordered by William the

Conqueror, indicates the there were 5,624 water mills in England in 1086.

• Besides the grinding of grain, waterwheels were used to drive water pumps and to operate machinery.

• Agricola (1494–1555) showed by illustrations how water wheels were used to pump water from mines and to crush metallic ores in the 16th century.

• In 1685 Louis XIV had 221 piston pumps installed at Marly, France, for the purpose of supplying 3,200m3 of Seine River water per day to the fountains of the Versailles palace.

• The pumps were driven by 14 waterwheels, each 12m in diameter, that were turned by the currents of the Seine.

• The undershot waterwheel, which had an efficiency of only 30%, was used up until the end of the 18th century.

• It was replaced in the 19th century by the overshot waterwheel with an efficiency of 70 to 90%.

• By 1850, hydraulic turbines began to replace waterwheels. • The first hydroelectric power plant was built in Germany in

1891 and utilized waterwheels and direct-current power generation.

• However, the waterwheels were soon replaced with hydraulic turbines and alternating-current electric power.

Evolution of Wind Turbines • Although the use of wind power in sailing vessels appeared in

antiquity, the widespread use of wind power for grinding grain and pumping water was delayed until – the 7th century in Persia, – the 12th century in England, and – the 15th century in Holland.

• 17th century, Leibniz proposed using windmills and waterwheels together to pump water from mines in the Harz Mountains.

• Dutch settlers brought Dutch mills to America in the 18th century. • This led to the development of a multiblade wind turbine that was

used to pump water for livestock.• Wind turbines were used in Denmark in 1890 to generate electric

power. • Early in the 20th century American farms began to use wind

turbines to drive electricity generators for charging storage batteries.

Natural Incompressible Fluid Machines --- Natural

Compressible Fluid Machines.

•Naturally Limited Capability of the Working Fluid……

•Think about Enhancing the Capability of Natural Working Fluids…..

Discovery of Steam and Gas Turbines

• In the second century B.C. Hero of Alexandria invented rotors driven by steam and by gas, but these machines produced insignificant amounts of power.

• During the 18th and 19th centuries the reciprocating steam engine was developed and became the predominant prime mover for manufacturing and transportation industries.

• In 1883 the first steam turbines were constructed by de Laval whose turbines achieved speeds of 26,000 rpm.

• In 1884 a steam turbine, which ran at 17,000 rpm and comprised 15 wheels on the same shaft, was designed and built by Charlie Parsons.

• The gas turbine was conceived by John Barber in 1791, and the first gas turbine was built and tested in 1900 by Stolze .

• Sanford Moss built a gas turbine in 1902 at Cornell University. • At Brown Boveri in 1903, Armenguad and Lemale combined an

axial-flow turbine and centrifugal compressor to produce a thermal efficiency of 3% .

• In 1905 Holzwarth designed a gas turbine that utilized constant-volume combustion.

• In 1911 the turbocharger was built and installed in diesel engines by Sulzer Brothers, and in 1918 the turbocharger was utilized to increase the power of military aircraft engines.

• In 1939 the first combustion gas turbine was installed by Brown Boveri in Switzerland.

• A similar turbine was used in Swiss locomotives in 1942. • The aircraft gas turbine engine (turbojet) was developed by

Junkers in Germany around 1940.

Present Status

• Very large Capacity Turbo-machinery.

• All kinds of fluids are being used as working fluids.

• Very High Efficiency….

• What Next?

History Repeats Itself

• Micro-fans/pumps for cooling of Electronics.

• Pico Steam/gas Power Plants for Computers/Laptops/Notebooks.

• Distributed Energy Systems

• Micro and Pico Renewable Energy Systems.

Pico Hydel Plant

Mangal Turbine (Old design)(Farmers Version)

New Turbine (Design I) (CIMMY T-RWC)

Comparative Study of Original Design and that of R&D

Picture 1: With Dr BK Saha I A S Picture 2:With native Villagers

Place: River “SAJNAM” in Village Bhailoni Lodh,Lalitpur,Uttar Pradesh, India

MEL346 : Syllabus

• Introduction: turbomachinery / history / types / classification• Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics of turbomachinery;• Mass, momentum and energy based Analysis.• Velocity vectors, Euler turbine equations• Hydraulic turbines• Pumps• Gas turbines and the Brayton cycle • Axial flow turbines and compressors: theory and design• Vortex flow, blade design, performance & losses• Steam turbines and the Rankine cycle• Nuclear vs. fossil fuel steam turbines• Wind Turbines• Micro Turbines

References

• Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery : S.L. Dixon,

• Principles of Turbomachinery: R.K. TURTON

• Handbook of Turbomachinery: edited by Earl Logan, Jr. & Ramendra Roy

• The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines – David G Wilson & T Korakianitis.

• Principles of Turbomachinery in Air Breathing Engines – E A Baskharone.

• Steam Turbines for Modern Fossil-Fuel Power Plants; Alexander S Leyzerovich

Laboratory Sessions

• Only Three Laboratory Sessions.• Not more than 25 per session.• To be registered by today 5.00pm.• Monday: 2.00pm to 4.00pm/3.00pm to 5.00pm• Wednesday: 2.00pm to 4.00pm/3.00pm to 5.00pm• Thursday/Friday: 2.00pm to 4.00pm/3.00pm to

5.00pm