Meiosis

An example of reduction division

During sexual reproduction, a gamete (23 chromosomes, X or Y) from the male organism and a gamete from the female organism (23 chromosomes) fuse to create a new cell.

United Streaming: Mitosis and Meiosis Part 9

Most of the significant processes of Meiosis occur during Prophase I

The chromosomes condense and become visible

The centrioles form and move toward the poles

The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve

The homologs pair up, forming a tetrad Each tetrad is comprised of four

chromotids - the two homologs, each with their sister chromatid

Homologous chromosomes will swap genetic material in a process known as crossing over Crossing over serves to

increase genetic diversity by creating four unique chromatids

Prophase I

United Streaming: Mitosis and Meiosis Part 10-11

Genetic material from the homologous chromosomes is randomly swapped

This creates four unique chromatids

Since each chromatid is unique, the overall genetic diversity of the gametes is greatly increased

Crossing Over

Metaphase I Microtubules

grow from the centrioles and attach to the centromeres

The tetrads line up along the cell equator United

Streaming

Anaphase IThe

centromeres break and homologous chromosomes separate (note that the sister chromatids are still attached)

Cytokinesis begins

United Streaming

Telophase IThe

chromosomes may decondense (depends on species)

Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating two haploid daughter cells United

Streaming

In Cytokinesis I, the cells finally split, with one copy of each chromosome in each one.

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II repeats the same steps as Prophase I-Telophase I, with half as much genetic material.

Cytokinesis II is the final step of meiosis, where each cell splits into two daughter cells, for a total of four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes.

Notice the “crossing over” of genetic material