Meghan Choo Tute 15
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1 Constructing Environments ENVS 10003 WEEKLY LOGBOOK Semester 1, 2014 Student name: Meghan Sarah Choo Student number: 644640 Institution: University of Melbourne WEEK ONE: INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION MYSTERY MATERIAL: MDF [medium density fibreboard] Good with compression Not good with tension
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Constructing Envs logbook interim
Transcript of Meghan Choo Tute 15
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Constructing Environments ENVS 10003
WEEKLY LOGBOOK Semester 1, 2014
Student name: Meghan Sarah Choo Student number: 644640 Institution: University of Melbourne
WEEK ONE: INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION MYSTERY MATERIAL: MDF [medium density fibreboard] Good with compression Not good with tension
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1.01 Structural forces: the basics
Forces Forces are a vector quantity, comprising of direction, magnitude and sense. Movement of forces
i. Collinear ii. Concurrent iii. Non-‐concurrent iv. Moment v. Couple force
Nature of structural forces Compression
-‐ Refers to forces pushing against a structure: load force vs. reaction force [see diagram 2a]
-‐ Results in the structural member being shortened 1
-‐ Downward movement Tension
-‐ Refers to forces pulling on a structure in opposing directions [see diagram 2b]
-‐ Tension forces act in equal amounts, on opposite directions; this ensures stability of a structure
-‐ Lateral movement
Image 12 Picture of Stone Arch Bridge in Kansas, America
This image illustrates compression occurring within the structural elements of a bridge, by focussing on a specific area [see annotation]
Diagram 2a Illustration of compression force created by load
Compression forces
Image 23 Picture of the Millau Viaduct, France
Diagram 2b4 Illustration of tension force
1 Newton, Clare. “Constructing Environments: Basic Structural Forces (1)”. https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf. Accessed March 14 2014. 2 Stokes, Keith. “Clements Stone Arch Bridge”. Last modified 2010. http://kansastravel.org/clementsbridge.htm. Accessed March 14, 2014. 3 The Daily Icon. “Icon: Millau Viaduct”. Last modified May 5th, 2008. http://www.dailyicon.net/2008/05/icon-‐millau-‐viaduct/. Accessed March 14, 2014. 4 Cooper, Leon. “Force: Background Information about the Activity”. Last modified 2007. https://www.cdli.ca/courses/ep/predesign/t03/02knowledge-‐skills/act-‐03a.htm. Virtual Ink, Ltd.. Accessed March 14, 2014.
Reaction force
Load force [Live load, from cars/people crossing bridge]
Structural member [e.g. brick]
LOAD
Reaction forces
LOAD Tension force is transmitted through cable
Load force
Compressed stone units due to load force vs. reaction force
LOAD
Support towers under Compression
Tension cables under tension
LOAD [cars] Load path; shows load
force transmitted to the ground
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Tension and compression explain why some building structures comprise of very different materials [in terms of properties—see network diagram at the end of W1 log] such as brick and steel: to accommodate both compression and tension forces. The extent to which brick and steel are used, also indicate the amount of force that the building is able to withhold The Millau Viaduct consists of both tension and compression structures. It is also made of hybrid materials that can deal with both compression and tension forces [such as steel], thus rendering it more stable. It can support both tension and compression forces, whereas the Stone Arch Bridge is more anisotropic in nature, and is better at dealing with compression forces. Thus, bridges like the Millau Viaduct will be found in areas that encounter more traffic than the Stone Arch Bridge, because they are more stable.
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1.02 Introduction to materials
Properties Physical
1. Strength Strong/weak; hard/soft
2. Stiffness Stiff, flexible, stretching abilities
3. Shape Mono-‐dimensional [lines] Planar [sheet metals] Volumetric [brick/concrete]
Behavioural 1. Isotropic: equally strong in dealing
with compression and tension [Metals: steel5]
2. Anisotropic: stronger in dealing with one type of force than another. [Wood: better at compression than tension] Why? Wood is stiff. Therefore behavioural properties are linked to physical properties. This also tells me that metals are flexible, since they are isotropic materials.
Diagram 16 showing a stud-‐frame system -‐ Wall-‐framing system -‐ Consists of elements labelled below -‐ Popular in Australia; Main material used: timber
Why? Timber is readily available in Australia.
Therefore the stud-‐frame system is efficient in Australia. Additionally, since timber is obtained from Aus., it reduces economic and environmental cost [no need for INTL transport]
Image 17 Bluestone as foundation for houses
No apparent sign of dealing with tension forces. Suggests that bluestone does not deal well with tension forces; anisotropic material Since bluestone can be used as foundation, it must possess these qualities:
1. Hardness 2. Strength + stiffness
It must be able to undertake big load/extensive pressure [dead load + live load of house]
Feasibility of materials Economy and Sustainability
-‐ Embodiment of energy during material manufacture
-‐ Impacts on environment -‐ Longevity of material -‐ Efficiency of material in
construction system -‐ Stud frame system [see diagram 1]
5 Newton, Clare. “Introduction to Materials”. Last modified March 5, 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be. Accessed march 14, 2014 6 Build Right, Inc. “Timber Wall Framing: Introduction”. http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series10/10_01/content/bcgbc4010a/11_wall_systems/01_timber_wall_framing/page_001.htm. Accessed March 15, 2014 7 Rustic Stone, Inc. “Stone Foundations-‐ Bluestone Ballaratt, Melbourne.” Last modified 2014. http://rusticstone.com.au/products/foundations. Accessed march 15, 2014
Compact layout indicative of compression
structural system Good for vertical
loads
Stones laid in stretch-‐bond format
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1.03 Load path Types of load
1. Dead load -‐ Permanent [part of the
building] -‐ Not movable by any force
except for dynamic 2. Live load -‐ Temporary,
removable/movable -‐ Can be moved by force
3. Dynamic load -‐ Sudden impact on a
structure -‐ Frequent change in point of
contact and strength/magnitude8
-‐ E.g. earthquake and wind loads
-‐ Wind: horizontal direction 4. Point load [see diagram 1] -‐ Load that applies force to a
specific area For example, pushing a pin into a pin-‐board
Diagram 19 Point load as opposed to distributed load
Diagram 210 Load path diagram
Image 111 Load distribution in a stud frame structure
Dead load
Load pathways
8Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08. 9 Sim Science. “Glossary.” http://simscience.org/cracks/glossary/point_ex.gif. Accessed March 15, 2014. 10 Choo, Meghan. “Load Path Diagram”. March 16, 2014. 11 Sig Insulation. “METSEC Deep Runner-‐ Insulation Products”. Last modified 2013. http://www.siginsulation.co.uk/show_prod.asp?ProdID=1634&CatID=21&SubCatID=86. Accessed March 16, 2014.
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1.04 Tutorial activity: tower to accommodate 147 x 155 x 530 dinosaur [dimensions in mm] Meghan’s group’s tower [tower 1] Tapering from base to top Possibly because the base was only one MDF-‐wall thick This would not allow a fully built building to reach great heights, because the dead load of the structure itself would overwhelm the foundation MDF blocks, causing the structure to collapse Instability could be caused by unequal distribution of reaction and load force acting on the MDF blocks Main mode of stacking: stretcher-‐bond [refer to diagram 2]
Linden’s group’s tower [tower 2] Strong foundation, more than one layer of wall at the foundation More or less the same width from bottom to top Thicker foundation allows tower to go higher because the accumulative force of the dead load of the building will be distributed more efficiently to the ground than tower 1 Main mode of stacking, interlock-‐bond [see diagram 3]
1. Stack bond 2. Stretcher/running bond 3. Interlock bond
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WEEK TWO: STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES MYSTERY MATERIAL: FIBRO-‐CEMENT SHEET Does not absorb H2O Used for waterproofing 2.01 Structural systems
Types of systems: 1. Solid system [see image 1] -‐ Building support -‐ Materials required to be STRONG
and STIFF -‐ Normally, volumetric materials
used [brick or concrete or stone] 2. Shell/ surface system 3. Frame system/skeletal system -‐ Provides support and structure [like
skeleton for the body] -‐ Materials need to be STRONG and
STIFF -‐ Elements such as beams and other
forms of framing are used in this system
4. Membrane system -‐ Spans across wide area -‐ Therefore efficient coverage of area,
useful for hosting large, temporary events [such as weddings]
5. Hybrid system -‐ Most common nowadays -‐ Why? They incorporate ideal
functions of different systems into one
-‐ Popular material for this: EFTE [a type of plastic]
Image 112 the Arch of Constantine, Rome Materials such as brick and stone are used
-‐ Heavy appearance -‐ Solid structures a building look old, suggesting
longevity of material Image 213, The Hajj Terminal at King Abdul-‐Aziz international airport
12 Wikipedia. “Triumphal Arch”. Last modified December 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch. Accessed March 16, 2014 13 Peck, Collette. “Travel Blog: Travel Guide Ranks Best, Worst Airport Terminals”. Last modified January 19, 2012. http://www.andavotravel.com/blog/2012/01/travel-‐guide-‐ranks-‐best-‐worst-‐airport-‐terminals/. Accessed on March 17, 2014
Membrane system for the roof
Column: solid system
SHELL/SURFACE SYSTEM
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2.02 Structural joints 1. Roller joint [see diagram 1]
-‐ Most simple -‐ Loads transferred in one direction
Image 114 shows a roller joint at the foot of the bridge Roller joints enable the bridge to expand and
contract, in response to temperature fluctuations during the day. This tells me that the location of this bridge might experience drastic weather changes during the day, because roller joints allow the bridge to expand and contract easily and quickly. This also tells me that the expansion and contraction of bridges generate significant force, to be able to move joints upon which the whole vertical load [Newton, C., 2014]15 is resting stably on.
Diagram 1 showing a roller joint
Diagram 2 showing a pin joint Diagram 3 showing a fixed joint
2. Pin joint Common Found in truss systems [see image 1] Load can move in two directions
1. Fixed joint Bending occurs on this joint [Moment forces can be found in this joint]
Image 216 showing a truss system
14 Lowe, Jet. “Library of Congress”. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1666.photos.355729p/. Accessed March 17, 2014. 15 Newton, Clare. “Structural Joints.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be. Accessed March 18 2014 16 Macdonald, Angus. Structural Design for Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press, 1998.
Roller joint
Roller joint
Pin joint [Here, the members can rotate/swing
Fixed joint; If excessive force occurs, bending occurs at this point
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2.03 Construction process
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2.04: ESD and selecting materials
Factors to consider when building on a site 1. Orientation of the sun
Determines placement of windows, shades, etc., how to best use sunlight/heatàsun energy
2. Wind flow [e.g. site with a lot of cross-‐winds might have different building service systems from site with less cross-‐wind ventilation]
3. Embodied E in manufacture of materials to be used
ESD Strategies 1. Cradle-‐to-‐cradle approach for
materials [see diagram 1] 2. Night-‐air purging
Application of conduction, convection and radiation [air flow sciences], which are natural processes Reduces dependence on electrical services such as air-‐conditioning that are more harmful to the environment
Diagram 117 showing Cradle-‐to-‐cradle process of materials
AIM OF ESD: To make full use of what nature has to offer us, in terms of cooling and ventilation services etc., thereby reducing electrical consumption
Image 118 Ateliers at City of Arts, sustainable design
17 Packaging Design for Sustainability. http://sustainablepackdesign.com/. Accessed March 18, 2014. 18 Fabiano. Wonderful Ateliers at City of Arts. Last modified March 2, 2010. http://abduzeedo.com/wonderful-‐ateliers-‐city-‐arts. Accessed March 19, 2014.
Extensive landscaping at front of the houses allows natural cooling
Foldable screens to reduce harshness of glare and heat from sun, while still having
full access to it
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Bibliography Build Right, Inc. “Timber Wall Framing: Introduction”. http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series10/10_01/content/bcgbc4010a/11_wall_systems/01_timber_wall_framing/page_001.htm. Accessed March 15, 201 Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08. Choo, Meghan. “Load Path Diagram”. March 16, 2014. Cooper, Leon. “Force: Background Information about the Activity”. Last modified 2007. https://www.cdli.ca/courses/ep/predesign/t03/02knowledge-‐skills/act-‐03a.htm. Virtual Ink, Ltd.. Accessed March 14, 2014. 4 Fabiano. Wonderful Ateliers at City of Arts. Last modified March 2, 2010. http://abduzeedo.com/wonderful-‐ateliers-‐city-‐arts. Accessed March 19, 2014. Lowe, Jet. “Library of Congress”. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1666.photos.355729p/. Accessed March 17, 2014. Macdonald, Angus. Structural Design for Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press, 1998. Newton, Clare. “Introduction to Materials”. Last modified March 5, 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be. Accessed march 14, 2014 Newton, Clare. “Constructing Environments: Basic Structural Forces (1)”. https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf. Accessed March 14 2014. Newton, Clare. “Structural Joints.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be. Accessed March 18 2014 Packaging Design for Sustainability. http://sustainablepackdesign.com/. Accessed March 18, 2014. Peck, Collette. “Travel Blog: Travel Guide Ranks Best, Worst Airport Terminals”. Last modified January 19, 2012. http://www.andavotravel.com/blog/2012/01/travel-‐guide-‐ranks-‐best-‐worst-‐airport-‐terminals/. Accessed on March 17, 2014 Rustic Stone, Inc. “Stone Foundations-‐ Bluestone Ballaratt, Melbourne.” Last modified 2014. http://rusticstone.com.au/products/foundations. Accessed march 15, 2014
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Sim Science. “Glossary.” http://simscience.org/cracks/glossary/point_ex.gif. Accessed March 15, 2014. Stokes, Keith. “Clements Stone Arch Bridge”. Last modified 2010. http://kansastravel.org/clementsbridge.htm. Accessed March 14, 2014. Sig Insulation. “METSEC Deep Runner-‐ Insulation Products”. Last modified 2013. http://www.siginsulation.co.uk/show_prod.asp?ProdID=1634&CatID=21&SubCatID=86. Accessed March 16, 2014. The Daily Icon. “Icon: Millau Viaduct”. Last modified May 5th, 2008. http://www.dailyicon.net/2008/05/icon-‐millau-‐viaduct/. Accessed March 14, 2014. Wikipedia. “Triumphal Arch”. Last modified December 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch. Accessed March 16, 2014
