Megacities Notes Final

8/19/2019 Megacities Notes Final

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Mega Cities Challenges Notes

AIR POLLUTION

a)Outline the challenge and explain why it occurs in Mega-Cities of the developing

world

Air pollution is a major challenge that is present in mega-cities of the developing world. Air

pollution is monitored closely in cities in developing countries, mainly due to the fact that

developing countries do not have high levels of health and sanitation to start off with. Urban

air pollution in megacities in the Asian region including Delhi, Jakarta, and Beijing has

worsened as a result of population growth, industrialisation, and increased vehicle use. This

only adds to the already poor living conditions in these developing world mega-cities. One of

the major challenges for developing world mega-cities is to clean up the pollution resulting

from years of uncontrolled, unregulated industrial production.

b)Include 5 current statistics about your challenge

1. 12.6% of the deaths in Jakarta are related to air pollution causes (World Resources

Institute, 1996)

2. Top 7 most air polluted megacities: Mexico City, Beijing, Cairo, Jakarta, Los Angeles, SaoPaulo, and Moscow. (Most from developing countries)

3. 65% of deaths in eastern Asia and 25% of deaths in India are due to air pollution

4. According to the U.N., about 3.5 million deaths a year are caused by indoor air pollution

while another 3.3 million are caused by outdoor air pollution.

5. Only 1 percent of the China’s 560 million city dwellers breath air considered safe by

European Union standards according to a World Bank study.

c)Find an article about the challenge

http://www.todayonline.com/world/clouds-suspicion-over-plan-check-delhi-pollution-data

“ Clouds of suspicion over plan to check Delhi pollution data”

-Some experts and activists in New Delhi are questioning the need for checks regarding

pollution data.

http://www.todayonline.com/world/clouds-suspicion-over-plan-check-delhi-pollution-datahttp://www.todayonline.com/world/clouds-suspicion-over-plan-check-delhi-pollution-data


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-The New Delhi government has been accused of hiding and altering data showing air

pollution to the public. Recent data shows that Delhi has exceeded Beijing’s pollution data

consistently.

-This is dangerous as it“deprives people of the opportunity to protect themselves against bad

air by limiting their time outdoors.”

-Industrialisation is a major factor in the cause of air pollution. This is why air pollution in

mega cities is such a large issue.

-“An estimated 1.5 million people die annually in India, about one-sixth of all Indian deaths,

as a result of outdoor and indoor air pollution, a problem caused in part by the widespread

use of cow dung as cooking fuel. The country has the world’s highest death rate from

chronic respiratory diseases and more deaths from asthma than any other nation, said the

World Health Organization. Air pollution also contributes to both chronic and acute heart

disease, the leading cause of death in India.”

d)One picture properly referenced


3/16

Tom Phillips; Shanghai’ s pollution problem had become“ more and more obvious”

Photo taken from

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10586296/Shanghai-considers-

arming-residents-with-anti-pollution-masks.html

e)Three questions to be answered about your challenge (can be taken from the

textbook)

1.Why is air pollution such a large problem in mega cities of the developing world?

2.From your own knowledge, what are some strategies that are being used by governments

to minimise air pollution? Do you think that it is effective?

3. How does population affect air pollution in a city?

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10586296/Shanghai-considers-arming-residents-with-anti-pollution-masks.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10586296/Shanghai-considers-arming-residents-with-anti-pollution-masks.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10586296/Shanghai-considers-arming-residents-with-anti-pollution-masks.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10586296/Shanghai-considers-arming-residents-with-anti-pollution-masks.html


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Crime Ratesa) The challenge is to combat high crime rates that are prealent in

Megacities!

The crime rate in mega cities "as more than t"ice o# the nationalaerage! The highest crime rates o# $LL crimes %&ring the 'ears (*( "as

reporte% #rom Raip&r #ollo"e% b' Agra!

The lac+ o# proper an% eno&gh in#rastr&ct&re an% p&blic serices, proper

sanitation, ho&sing, e%&cation an% healthcare to s&pport so m&ch gro"th

in Mega cities has meant more sl&ms! Urban %"ellers are also not happ'

an% both o# these lea% to high crime rates occ&rring!

b) A total o# - ./ 0(( crimes &n%er the IPC "ere reporte% in 1/ mega2cities

%&ring the 'ear (*( as compare% to -.1,/30 crimes in these cities %&ring

the 'ear (**!

These 1/ cities hae acco&nte% #or -*!04 53-36( o&t o# *, 1- /1* cases)

o# the total a&to the#t cases in the co&ntr' #ollo"e% b' (6!34 cheating

cases 5 (3,0/1 o&t o# 0-,(/ cases) an% (.!64 co&nter#eiting cases 531-

o&t o# (,/1* cases)!

In (**, there "ere *(,/16 7r&g2"ar relate% m&r%ers in Me8ico cit', one

o# the 9orl%s Mega Cities! This is the h&ge increase #rom (,**0 in (3 to

(**!

c) http:;;articles!economictimes!in%iatimes!com;(*/232*-;ne"s;/00.3..3


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e) =(: O&tline the areas "here crime rates are the "orst!

=3: >8plain ho" one Mega Cit' in the %eeloping "orl% is %ealing "ith

?8ing crime!

=6: >8plain "h' crime rates in Mega Cities o# the %eeloping "orl%

are increasing!


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@oernment Corr&ption

a) O&tline the challenge an% e8plain "h' it occ&rs in Mega2Cities o# the

%eeloping "orl%

@oernment corr&ption is a maor iss&e in man' Mega2cities, as it lea%s to iolence,

ineB&alities an% poor liing stan%ar%s! The term it can broa%l' be %e?ne% as the &se o#

po"ers b' goernment ocials #or illegitimate priate gain or an illegal act b' an

ocehol%er constit&tes political corr&ption onl' i# the act is %irectl' relate% to their

ocial %&ties, is %one &n%er color o# la" or inoles tra%ing in inD&ence!

b) Incl&%e 1 c&rrent statistics abo&t 'o&r challenge

Illicit Financial Flows, including corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion, cost developing countries US $1.26

trillion per year, which is equivalent to the economies of Switzerland, South Africa and Belgium combined.

This amount of money could lift the 1.4 billion people living on less than $1.25 a day above this threshold for at

least six years.

According to the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, an estimated €120 billion is lost to corruption each year

throughout the 27 EU member states.

According to the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, an estimated €120 billion is lost to corruption each year

throughout the 27 EU member states.

98% of crimes reportedly go unpunished in Mexico, where drug-related violence cost the lives of an estimated

40,000 people from 2006-2011.

Countries that score badly on the World Bank’s Doing Business Indicators also score badly on the Corruption

Perceptions Index, including Chad, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo, all ranking in the bottom

15 countries on both tables. This suggests that highly corrupt countries also have difficulty attracting business.

c) Ein% an article abo&t the challenge

https:;;a&!ne"s!'ahoo!com;"orl%;a;(3.(6(;increase2in2antibiotic2resistant2in#ections2lin+e%2to2goernment2corr&ption2st&%'2?n%s;

https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26728002/increase-in-antibiotic-resistant-infections-linked-to-government-corruption-study-finds/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26728002/increase-in-antibiotic-resistant-infections-linked-to-government-corruption-study-finds/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26728002/increase-in-antibiotic-resistant-infections-linked-to-government-corruption-study-finds/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26728002/increase-in-antibiotic-resistant-infections-linked-to-government-corruption-study-finds/


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d) One pict&re properl' re#erences

The Corruption Perceptions Index 2013- (Transparency International)

e) Three B&estions to be ans"ere% abo&t 'o&r challenge 5can be ta+en #rom

the te8tboo+)

9hat is a corr&pt goernmentF

9hat iss&es %oes goernment corr&ption ca&se in mega citiesF

9hat are the eGects o# these iss&esF


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Poll&tion;"aste %isposalhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-2/features/talking-heads-megacities.html

a)Outline the challenge and explain why it occurs in Mega-Cities

of the developing world

In many cities of the developing world, untreated sewage and other wastes are dumped

directly into local waterways.

As a result of population growth and GDP (Gross domestic product) waste quantities are

increasing while different waste streams are constantly appearing.

Due to the character of megacities spatial growth, the land required for waste management

(transfer stations, recycling centres, waste treatment or disposal facilities) are difficult to be

found and acquire time therefore creating a barrier to infrastructure delivery

other issues causing waste disposal:

/ac0 of dumping sites where to deposit the solid waste.

Inefficient collection methods which is mainly due to lac0 of funds to provide the necessary

machinery

1oor government attitude towards waste management. From a citi2en3s point of view it is

realise that very little money from the government is directed towards waste management

with most of it going towards industrialisation. This leads to poor purchase of collecting

e4uipment.

/ac0 of recycling facilitates in these cities

56&//7897S

Solid waste constitutes a maor source of environmental ha2ard

7nvironmental ha2ard accounts for around !%; of total burden of disease worldwide

1erception and attitude of people and governments towards waste can affect the way it is

managed

uncollected waste is dumped on the land in a more or less uncontrolled manner

The collected waste is often disposed in an uncontrolled dumping site or burnt whichcontributes to water and air pollution.

http://www.waste-management-world.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-2/features/talking-heads-megacities.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-2/features/talking-heads-megacities.html


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Most of the waste dumps are located near residential areas mar0ets farms roadsides and

cree0s.

6uman activity are close to these dumping sites.

Increase threat to public health * uncollected solid wastes are left to decay and this developsfoul odour.

Uncollected waste left to accumulate or dumped in the streets can block water drains and

channels which can cause flooding, posing significant environmental and public health risks

Ground or surface water pollution can occur when rain water combines with decomposing

waste and seep through permeable soil, finally contaminating surface and ground water with

both lethal materials and pathogenic organisms. his is extremely dangerous as ground water

is the main source of drinking water for most cities

b)Include 5 current statistics about your challenge

World’s cities produce 1.3 billion tones of MSW (Municipal solid waste)

Estimated urban food waste will increase by 44% from 2005 to 2025

About half sewerage produced in the Cairo metropolitan region is dumped, untreated,

into open drains that empty into the Nile river - same river that is a primary source of

water for irrigation + domestic use.

Less than 35% of cities in developing world have their waste water treated

In countries with economies in transition, 75% of solid wastes are disposed in open

dumps.

c)Find an article about the challenge

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Improper-biomedical-waste-

disposal-poses-risk/articleshow/46590493.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Improper-biomedical-waste-disposal-poses-risk/articleshow/46590493.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Improper-biomedical-waste-disposal-poses-risk/articleshow/46590493.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Improper-biomedical-waste-disposal-poses-risk/articleshow/46590493.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Improper-biomedical-waste-disposal-poses-risk/articleshow/46590493.cms


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d)One picture properly referenced

n/a,Mayaanjali,n/a,Improper disposal of waste-dahravi,http://mayaanjali.hubpages.com/hub/Dharavi-A-slum-beyond-comparison (Access on

15/03/15)

e)Three questions to be answered about your challenge (can be

taken from the textbook)

Explain the impact of waste disposal that affects the environmental quality in mega-cities.

Explain why mega-cities of the word experience the issue of waste disposal

Describe the scale of the problem of uncollected solid waste in the mega-cities of the

developing world.

http://mayaanjali.hubpages.com/hub/Dharavi-A-slum-beyond-comparisonhttp://mayaanjali.hubpages.com/hub/Dharavi-A-slum-beyond-comparison


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$anitationf) O&tline the challenge an% e8plain "h' it occ&rs in Mega2Cities o# the

%eeloping "orl%!

H'giene practices are generall' poor in lo"2income comm&nities, especiall' insB&atter settlements, "hich characterise man' megacities! Eacilities #or proper%isposal o# h&man "astes are rarel' aailable an% "ater #or ho&sehol% &se is

o#ten inconenient, ins&cient, an% contaminate%! This is ei%ent in man'

mega2cities as man' people come #rom r&ral areas to these cities #or "or+, b&t alot o# the time the' hae tro&ble getting "or+ an% there#ore %on’t hae an'"here

to lie!

g) Incl&%e 1 c&rrent statistics abo&t 'o&r challenge

•

In 7ha+a an% angla%esh tho&san%s o# people %ie each 'ear #rom"aterborne %iseases!

• A s&re' e8amine% *-1 cities in *( %iGerent $tates an% #o&n% that

oer .4 o# the ho&sehol%s in the anal'se% cities %on’t hae access to

toilets or a se"erage s'stem!

• >en in Maharashtra "hich is one o# the richest $tates in In%ia an%

"here the megacit' o# M&mbai is locate% less than ( cities o# (-0

hae a se"age treatment "or+s!

• In%epen%ent In%ia has not been able to improe the sit&ation,

especiall' #or the poor "ho o#ten are not able to p&t eno&gh press&re

on goernments an% %eman% better liing con%itions! $o the c'cle

becomes "orse:


12/16

• 3, chil%ren are %'ing each %a' #rom "ater2borne illnesses that co&l%

be cheapl' era%icate% is mega2cities!

h) Ein% an article abo&t the challenge

http:;;"""!theg&ar%ian!com;"orl%;((;mar;(/;%ebtrelie#!%eelopment

i) One pict&re properl' re#erence%

Richar% Carter, 5(*), 7harai, AsiaJs biggest sl&m area, in M&mbai ne8t to an

open se"er! KONLIN>! Aailable at: http:;;ph's!org;ne"s;(*2*2megacities2global2health2h&r%le2e8perts!html KAccesse% ( March *1!

j) Three B&estions to be ans"ere% abo&t 'o&r challenge 5can be ta+en #rom

the te8tboo+)*! O&tline the e8tent to "hich the mega2cities in the %eeloping "orl% are

#ailing to proi%e their inhabitants "ith access to sanitation serices!(! >8plain ho" the inhabitants o# mega2cities in the %eeloping "orl% are at a

%isa%antage beca&se o# poor sanitation!/! 7escribe the scale o# the problem o# lo" sanitation an% propose a strateg'

that the goernment co&l% &se to help sole the problem!

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/23/debtrelief.developmenthttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/23/debtrelief.development


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UN>MPLOM>NT:

a)Outline the challenge and explain why it occurs in Mega- Cities of the developing

world

Unemployment occurs when people are without work and are actively seeking work.

Mega cities in the developing world face challenges in order to provide a sufficient

amount of employment opportunities for its population.

Poverty in mega cities has increased due to the rapid increase in trend of moving

from rural to urban areas; resulting in a larger urban population consisting of

structural unemployment due to factors such as lack of education. In addition to this,

developing economies are significantly vulnerable to the volatility of the International

Business cycle (as seen in events such as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2007-

09 and the Asian crisis of 1997-98).

b) Include 5 current statistics about your challenge

-The (ILO) InternationalLabour Organisation estimates that between 20 and 25

percent of urban adults in developing world mega cities are without work.

-Of all the challenges confronting the megacities, one of the most difficult and

urgent for their stability, and for that the rest of the world, is employment. Today

there are 1.5 billion jobless people in the world.

-One billion more jobs will have to be provided in the next 25 years, a sustainable

proportion of them in mega cities as more and more young people join thelabour

market

-Currently only 50 percent of women are working, compared to 77% of men.

-Overall, young people today are three times more likely to be unemployed than

adults

c) Find an article about the challenge

https://www.devex.com/news/ways-out-of-the-global-youth-unemployment-crisis-

85678

d) One picture referenced

https://www.devex.com/news/ways-out-of-the-global-youth-unemployment-crisis-85678https://www.devex.com/news/ways-out-of-the-global-youth-unemployment-crisis-85678https://www.devex.com/news/ways-out-of-the-global-youth-unemployment-crisis-85678https://www.devex.com/news/ways-out-of-the-global-youth-unemployment-crisis-85678


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Tradingeconomics.com,. 'Unemployment Rate - Countries - List'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3

May 2015.

e) Three questions to be answered about your challenge (can be taken from the

textbook)

1)Explain why the mega cities in the developing world have severe

unemployment problems

2)Define the term unemployment and identify trends that are occurring in

developing nations

3)Using the stimulus above, highlight which developing nations are facing the

highest level of unemployment


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9aterO&tline the challenge an% e8plain "h' it occ&rs in Mega2cities o# the%eeloping "orl%

• 9ater shortages oere8ploitation o# aB&i#ers• Poll&tion ina%eB&ate access to B&alit' "ater people are #orce%

to b&' highl'2price% "aters b&t people "ho cant aGor% this has to%rin+ the contaminate% "ater an% &n#ort&natel' people becomeer' sic+ an% some ma' %ie

• High "ater stress %&e to the rising pop&lation %eman%

Incl&%e 1 c&rrent statistics abo&t 'o&r challenge

• Aro&n% one2B&arter o# the -!6 billion people in %eeloping co&ntries

are "itho&t access to improe% so&rces o# "ater, "hile hal# o# themare "itho&t access to improe% sanitation serices

• 9orl%"i%e, * o&t o# eer' 1 %eaths o# chil%ren &n%er 1 is %&e to a"ater2relate% %isease

• 9orl%"i%e, * in 0 people %o not hae access to sa#e an% clean%rin+ing "ater

• Less than one in three people in $&b2$aharan A#rica hae access toa proper toilet

• 6-4 o# the people "ho %on’t hae access to improe% "ater, lie inr&ral areas, "here the' lie principall' thro&gh s&bsistence

agric&lt&re

Ein% an article abo&t the challenge

http:;;"""!theg&ar%ian!com;cities;(*1;#eb;(1;sao2pa&lo2brail2#ailing2megacit'2"ater2crisis2rationing

• Resi%ents in $ao Pa&lo are str&ggling, as there are "ater shortages"ith millions o# people onl' getting a #e" ho&rs o# "ater per %a',"ith man' str&ggling "ith none at all #or %a's! The "ater crisis isacco&nting #or resi%ents to presere their "ater "ith some storingtheir "ater in b&c+ets an% other %rilling homema%e "ells!

http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/25/sao-paulo-brazil-failing-megacity-water-crisis-rationinghttp://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/25/sao-paulo-brazil-failing-megacity-water-crisis-rationinghttp://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/25/sao-paulo-brazil-failing-megacity-water-crisis-rationinghttp://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/25/sao-paulo-brazil-failing-megacity-water-crisis-rationing


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Photo

Millions

o# people in %eeloping co&ntries collect their %rin+ing "ater #romcontaminate% "ater so&rces

/ B&estions:

*! >8plain "h' the mega cities o# the %eeloping "orl% e8perience a

shortage o# "ater!(! 9h' "o&l% a rising pop&lation hae an eGect to the amo&nt o# "ater

s&pplie% in %eeloping co&ntriesF/! 9hat %oes poll&tion %o to "ater so&rces an% ho" %oes it eGect the

people in %eeloping co&ntriesF

Health an% N&trition in the 7eeloping

9orl% 5$ee Rose raga P7E)

Ho&sing 5$ee ett' Hollan% P%#)

Megacities Notes Final

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