Meeting ID: 921-143-141 … · 2015. 9. 27. · Monterey Pacific Inc . Biochar. Why Use of Biochar...
Transcript of Meeting ID: 921-143-141 … · 2015. 9. 27. · Monterey Pacific Inc . Biochar. Why Use of Biochar...
1
California Department of Food and Agriculture ENVIRONMENTAL FARMING ACT SCIENCE ADVISORY PANEL
MEETING AGENDA
December 19, 2014
10 AM to 4 PM
Room 133 California Department of Food and Agriculture
1220 N Street Sacramento, CA 95814
Call in information:
Please call 1-877-238-3903 Participant passcode - 6655460#
GoToMeeting Information
Meeting ID: 921-143-141 https://global.gotomeeting.com/join/921143141
Don Cameron, Member and Chair
Mark Nechodom, PhD, Member Jocelyn Gretz, MSc, Member
Mike Tollstrup, Member Jeff Dlott, PhD, Member Luana Kiger, MSc, Subject Matter Expert Doug Parker, PhD, Subject Matter Expert
1. Introductions
2. updates
Minutes from previous meetings
State Water Efficiency and Enhancement Program (SWEEP)
GEELA update
AB 32 Scoping Plan activities
Mr. Cameron Dr. Gunasekara Mrs. Cook Mr. Whatmore Mrs. Cook
3. Biochar
Speaker 1 – Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific
Speaker 2 – Jim Boyd, Clean Tech Advocates
Speaker 3 – Peter Hirst, New England Biochar LLC
Speaker 4 – Dr. Johannes Lehmann, Chairman of International Biochar Initiative (1-2 pm)
Discussion
4. Public comment
Mr. Cameron Mr. Cameron
5. Next meeting and adjournment Mr. Cameron
Amrith Gunasekara, PhD, CDFA Liaison to the Science Panel
All meeting facilities are accessible to persons with disabilities. If you require reasonable accommodation as defined by the American with Disabilities Act, or if you have questions regarding this public meeting, please contact Amrith Gunasekara at (916) 654-0433.
More information at: http://cdfa.ca.gov/Meetings.html and http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/EnvironmentalStewardship/Meetings_Presentations.html
Monterey Pacific Inc
Biochar
Why Use of Biochar is Attractive for Farming
• Increases water holding capacity of soil, increasing crop tolerance to drought by increasing the ability of soils to retain water and nutrients.
• Increases soil capacity to absorb chemicals and minerals, providing nutrients to plants rather than being lost to groundwater (eg. absorbs phosphate)
• Biochar still contains most of the nutrients in the feedstock and will release these nutrients over time
• Biochar is a relatively low density material that helps to lower the bulk density of heavy soils, increasing drainage, aeration, and root penetration.
• Biochar is a liming agent that will help off set the acidifying effects of N fertilizers, thereby reducing the need for liming.
• Soil incorporation improves resource use by soil biota, creating healthier soils
Current Drawbacks to Increased Biochar Use in Agriculture
• Limited availability • High cost (due to biochar scarcity and transport of
feedstocks) • Lack of comprehensive knowledge re biochar benefits • Similar manufacturing methods can still produce a
variable product • Farmers grow their own carbon, so are reticent to
purchase carbon as a fertilizer • Sometimes advertised as such, but not a silver bullet
How Biochar use in Ag can reduce GHG • Avoiding the emissions from biomass decomposition at land
fill sites. • Avoiding emissions from burning of ag waste
• Biochar is a stable form of carbon and will remain in the soil
for many hundreds of years (effective sequestration). • N2O and CH4 emissions from soil can be reduced by biochar
application. • Reduced emissions associated with fertilizer usage, less N and
P lost • The energy produced in the pyrolysis process is 2-4x what it
takes to make it
How to Increase Biochar Use in Ag
• Utilize abundant local sources of carbon for pyrolysis – agricultural and woody waste
• Focus on high value crops with a long-term payback • Develop biochar standards and testing (IBI) • Develop standardized trials to test feedstocks/pyrolysis
so benefits can be confirmed
• Credits of some kind for biochar use? • Bring biochar production to the local level
Solution: Mobile Pyrolysis Plant that follows the feedstock
Immediate applications for use of mobile pyrolysis
½ mile long, 80 year old eucalyptus windbreak along Hwy 101 to be removed by CALTRANS in 2015 (alongside ranch managed by MPI)
Salinas River channel removal of invasive woody weeds for improved flow and flood control 2015-?
Biochar
Carbon Sequestration
Nitrogen Management
Soil Management Reduced Water Use
More Efficient Conventional and Organic Systems Biofuel Production
Biochar for Water Conservation
Environmental Farming Act Science Advisory Panel Meeting - December 19, 2014
Peter Hirst Sonoma Biochar Initiative New England Biochar LLC
Triple Adam Retort at
Living Web Farm, NC
13-Foot tall tomatoes in
second set: 22lbs per plant to date,
Nov 12, 2013
2012 US Biochar Initiative National Conference - Sonoma State University
CAFF Workshop at Santa Rosa
Junior College Shone Farm
SBI Workshop Circle Bar Ranch
Carneros
Swallow Valley Farm Valley Ford
Green String Farm Petaluma
Oak Hill Farm Glen Ellen
NASA calculates that it will take
11 trillion gallons of water to turn this red patch blue again.
“Field trials are a potentially powerful communication tool . . .”
--Field Trials as an Extension Technique: David G. Abler, Ganesh P. Rauniyar, and Frank M. Goode, 1992
Rick Green, 3d generation family
rice farmer, WIllows
Biochar compost trials finding faster rates of
maturation
CA Suppliers/Consultants • Greenleaf Energy, Scotia Biomass Plant • New England Biochar LLC, Valley Ford • Pacific Biochar, Willows • Blue Sky Biochar, Thousand Oaks • Phoenix Energy, Merced, Modesto, Cabin Creek • Cool Planet Energy, Camarillo • Charborn, Santa Barbara • BioCharm, San Rafael • Full Circle Biochar, San Francisco • Sonoma Compost, Petaluma
CA Labs- Biochar
Dr. Sanjai Parikh, Environmental Soil Chemistry, UCD Dr. David Smart, Oakville Station, UCD Frank Shields-Soil Control Lab, Watsonville reNUWit Research Center, Stanford University Dr. Gerardo Diaz, Dept. of Engineering, UC Merced
• SBI-Sonoma County Biochar Project
• Southern CA Biochar Initiative, Thousand Oaks
• Rick Green, 3d gen family rice grower, Willows
• City of Manteca & MUSD - Teaching Farm
• Steve McIntyre - Monterey Pacific
• Bob Cannard/Alice Waters- Green String Farm
• Redwood Forest Foundation Inc., Usal Forest,
Mendocino
• Randall Grahm, Bonny Doon Vineyards
• Regenerative Design Institute, Penny Livingston,
Bolinas
• Dixon Ridge Farms, Winters
"As most biochar research has been conducted at the laboratory- or bench-scale, large-scale field applications of biochar practices and technologies are needed..." Eric Byous, Physical Scientist, Water Efficiency Sustainable Infrastructure Office, USEPA, Region 9
Oglethorpe University Commencement Address
22 May 1932
Biochar Systems:Climate Mitigation and Soil Fertility Management
Johannes LehmannCornell UniversityInternational Biochar Initiative
Biochar Science over the Past Decade
CSIRO
NRDC
DEFRAEU-JRC
CAR
Biochar book(Earthscan)
Lehmann and Joseph, 2015, Earthscan
Biochar research has accelerated over the past 5 years
WB Study
CRC
WB Report
Biochar Systems
BIOCHAR SYSTEM
Biomass Source Production
Technology
Soil Application
Agricultural Waste
Urban Waste
Dedicated Feedstock
Fast/Slow Pyrolysis
Gasification
Energy Capture
Soil Characteristics
Farming System
Climate
BIOCHAR SYSTEM
Biomass Source Production
Technology
Soil Application
Agricultural Waste
Urban Waste
Dedicated Feedstock
Fast/Slow Pyrolysis
Gasification
Energy Capture
Soil Characteristics
Farming System
Climate
Biochar ≠ Biochar
Biochar system ≠ Biochar system
BIOCHAR SYSTEM
Biomass Source Production
Technology
Soil Application
Agricultural Waste
Urban Waste
Dedicated Feedstock
Fast/Slow Pyrolysis
Gasification
Energy Capture
Soil Characteristics
Farming System
Climate
BIOCHAR SYSTEM
Biomass Source Production
Technology
Soil Application
Agricultural Waste
Urban Waste
Dedicated Feedstock
Fast/Slow Pyrolysis
Gasification
Energy Capture
Soil Characteristics
Farming System
Climate
Key Biochar Properties
Persistence (MRT) weeks to years years to millenia
Water retention
Nutrient retention (after oxidation)
Plant diseases
Nutrient additions to to
Liming effect to
Pollutant remediation to to
Other organic amendments Biochars
“Tunable”Not fully combinable (trade-offs)
Biochar Properties
Slow pyrolysis
Enders et al.,2012, Bioresource Technology 114, 644-653
Ash (% w/w)
Ash (% w/w)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
pH K
Cl
4
6
8
10
12
(b)
cow manureannual biomasswoody biomasshigh-ash waste
Arrows from lowest to highest temperature within a given feedstock
Optimum pH range
Example pH: biochars can be generated with pH above or below optimum soil pH – opportunity for tuning biochar to soil needs (within limits)
Yield Effects of Biochars
• ggggg
Jeffery et al, 2015, Earthscan
(n=60 studies)
Meta-analysis
Soil pH values
Biochar Persistence in Soil
Kuzyakov et al, 2014, SBB 70, 229-236
Mean residence time of 400 years under optimum water and temperature(calculated to 4,000 years in the field)
What happens during Pyrolysis?
Lehmann et al., 2010, in: Imperial College Press, London
H/Corg as a Proxy for Fused Aromatic C
Nguyen et al. 2010, ES&TMcBeath and Smernik, 2009, OGMcBeath et al., 2011, OG Sydney Expert meeting 2014, unpubl.
H/Corg
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
-Del
ta d
elta
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Published dataUnpublished data
Pyrolysis temperature
Biochar Persistence in Soil
H/Corg ratio
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
MR
T (y
ears
)
100
1000
10000(a)
0.48
MRT=6439 e-2.8(H/Corg)
r2=0.12n=47, p<0.05
H/Corg
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
BC
100
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100(c)
Regression:BC100=-30.1(H/Corg) +105r2=0.44n=47, p<0.01
Threshold:BC100=-73(H/Corg) +116
Lehmann et al, 2015, Earthscan
Biochars with low H/Corg ratios have high persistenceBiochars made at >500ºC from wood have H/Corg <0.48Biomass has H/Corg >1.4Very conservative, includes field and laboratory experiments
Movement ≠ Mineralization
Van Oost et al., 2007, Science 318:626-629Disaggregated from Lehmann et al., 2008, Nature Geo. 1: 832–835
BC (%C) / BC (%C) of topsoil
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dep
th (m
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
1.0
Biochar Decision System
Jeffery et al, 2015, Earthscan
Biochar Decision System
Camps et al., 2015, Earthscan
Example: Biochar from biosolids mixed with eucalyptus wood produced at 550°C
Biochar ToxinsHeavy metal in = heavy metal out, but for PAH:
PAH (mg kg-1):
Australian regulation on soil amendments: 300
Cattle manure slurries: 87−309Pig slurries: 66−339Sewage sludge: 1.7−126Compost: 0.8−2.7
Hale et al, 2012, ES&T 46, 2830−2838
16 U
S-E
PA P
AH
(mg
kg-1
)
Guidelines and Certification
World Bank Report, 2014
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions
Van Zwieten et al. 2015, Earthscan
Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions with Biochar
(n=30 studies)
Application rate in field studies : in incubation studies:
Average reduction 55%
Biochar Systems Effects on GHG
Cowie et al., 2015, Earthscan
n=16 studies with 51 scenarios
∆
Red: WB Report, 2014
ˣ
ˣ
Biochar Offset Protocols/Carbon MarketRegistry/Market
Voluntary or Compliance Market
Region of Applicability or Use
Status Notes
American Carbon Registry
Voluntary Market
N. America (registry); global applicability
ACR Internal Anonymous Peer Review Process
Undergoing 2ndround of two anonymous peer reviews
CAPCOA GHG Rx
Voluntary Market
Placer County CA; can be adopted by any CA Air Districts
Final reviewcompleted; submission to Placer County in preparation.
Anticipatedadoption by Placer County in January 2015
Verified Carbon Standard
Voluntary Market
Global Inactive No response submitted to peer reviewers
The Way Forward?
•Development of biochar platforms•Systems energy, GHG balance and economics