Kingdom of Rome: 8th C BCE – 509 BCERoman Republic: 509 BCE – 49 BCEPunic Wars: 264-146 BCE Civil Wars: 87 BCE – 49 BCERoman Empire: 49 BCE – 476 CE

Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Gaius Marcus

Lucius Pompey

Julius Caesar Marc Antony/

Cleopatra

Octavian (Augustus)

Punic Wars: 264 -146 BCE•Fought over Sicilian grain supply•70,000 soldiers and 37 elephants crossed the Alpsinto Italy• Romans spread salt in Carthage• Rome eventually defeatsCarthage for control ofMediterranean •Hannibal drinks poisonrather than be controlled by the Romans (50,000 = slavery)

Roman Republic:509 BCE – 49 BCE

Roman Republic:509 BCE – 49 BCE

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Structure of Government

Consuls Senate• Chosen by the Senate

• 2 chosen each year

• Head of State – commanded army

• Could become Dictator for 6 months in times of need

• Veto (I forbid) power over Senate

• Main lawmaking body

• 300 Patricians appointed for life

• Controlled foreign affairs

• Selected Dictator

Tribunes• 2 to 10 Chosen by Plebeian Council

• Could Veto actions of the Consuls and the Senate

Assembly• Elected by the Plebeians

• Approved Consuls

• Later given power to pass laws

(For Adult White Male Citizens)

• Finally in 450B.C. the laws were engraved on 12 bronze tablets called the Twelve Tables. They were displayed in the Forum, so all citizens could see their rights.

• First written law code in Rome – written in 451 B.C.E.• All Free citizens had equal protection under the law.• Protected the rights of the Plebeians

A person who admits to owing money or has been adjudged to owe money must

be given 30 days to pay.

An obviously deformed child must

be put to death.

If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son shall be free of his father

Marriages between plebeians

and patricians are forbidden

Roman Law: The Twelve Tables

CincinattusConsel, then Dictator 458-439 BCE

His immediate resignation of his near-absolute authority with the end of the crisis has often been cited as an example of outstanding leadership, service to the greater good, civic duty, lack of personal ambition and modesty.

Latifundia =unfair advantage for wealthy landowners

Less wealthy landowners lost their land when they were obliged to do their military service….

SOCIAL concerns with expansion…

ECONOMIC concerns with large # of slaves (LITTLE incentive for innovation and new technologies)

# of slaves increased with expansion AND slaves needed to work on the latifundias……

Demanded fair treatment-SPARTACUS Rebellion 73 BCERoman soldiers killed 1000s, executed another 6000 by crucifixion

How did the Roman Republictreat conquered peoples?How did this change with thetransformation to empire?

Expansion of Republic w/ military threats and incentives: taxincentives/ trade privileges/ promise of citizenship/ let them govern their own affairs/ couldn’t make a military alliance with anyone else/ had to provide soldiers and military support for the empire (Private armies??)

Republic (Caesar): gave citizenship to provinces/ confiscated land from conservative aristocrats and gave to veterans and supporters/ eased the suffering of the poor

Empire (Augustus): more centralized…

Gracchi Bros?

PlebianTribunemembers

Roman Empire: 49 BCE – 476 CE

r. 1 Januaryb 49 BCE – 15 March 44 BCE

r. 49 BCE – 49 CE

“All Roads Lead to Rome”, Bridges, standardized currency, aqueducts,State courier systems, direct taxation, patron of the arts

Colosseum: 70-80 CE

Innovation: The Arch and the Dome

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Naumachia: simulated naval battles in the Colosseum

Romans: heavy use of slave labor to sustain the empire: how does a heavy reliance on slave labor discourage technological innovation?(we already know the answer)

Circus Maximus: Chariot race track 2000 ft long/ 400 ft wide: 27,000 spectators

Roman Baths

Roman Arch: Spain

Corbel Arch: Mesoamerica

Pantheon: temple of the godsRoman Road: PompeiiAt peak: Roman Roads = 54,000 miles

Roman Milestone

Roman Milestone

Christianity, based on core beliefs about the teachings and divinity of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded by his disciples, drew on Judaism and Roman and Hellenistic influences…

• Taught to observe high moral standards/ aid others

• Place faith ahead of person and family interests

• Explained the world and human history as the result of God’s purposeful activity

• Provided a framework of meaning

• Taught people to repent/ask forgiveness Paul of Tarsus? Appeals to…..

Search for tranquility…Religions of salvation…...

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Social:Development and Transformation of social structures

Pater Familias!!

Patricians/ Plebeians/ Women did have influence in domestic sphere/ one third of the population were slaves

Internal unrest: rebellions of the plebeians/ land issues/ slave revolts (Spartacus: army of 70,000 slaves)

Immigrants were attracted to Rome/

population at height= 60-100 million

Political:State-building,expansion and conflict

Monarchy>Republic:>Empire/ Punic Wars/Carthage?

Expansion of republic? /Gracchi Bros/ Sulla? Civil Wars

Julius Caesar? /”Dictator for Life” 46 BCE/ killed 44 BCE

Augustus? (Octavian) 27 BCE “monarchy disguised as a republic” died 14 CE

No private armies/ well organized army and navy

12 Tables/ “Innocent Until Proven Guilty”, right to challenge your accuser in court

Pax Romana 117 CE- approx. 323 CE

period of great expansion/ no policy for dealing with domestic unrest…..

Only “Bread and Circuses”

(Evolution of treatment of conquered peoples??)

InteractionBetween humans and the environment

Mediterranean- eventually would include are as far east as Anatolia/Armenia, south to Egypt, present day Morocco, Britain and Wales: 2.2 million square miles at its height

* Architecture: Concrete, Arch, Aqueducts, Fountains, Forum, Stadiums, Public Baths and Sewers/Postal System (greatly expanded during period of empire)

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Policies?

Patrician?Plebians?Consuls? Senate?

(Effects?)Tribune?Dictator?

Culture:Development and interaction of cultures

Polytheism: Roman deities/ many adopted from Greece/

Stoicism: adopted from the Greeks: active life, help others, scorn accumulation of wealth, live by reason according to nature

Cults: Isis

Judaism (Romans had problems w monotheism & refusal to accept state gods) Romans eventually crush Jews (66-70CE); Essenes/ Dead Sea Scrolls

Religions of Salvation:

Mithraism: no women, appealed to military, adopted from Zorastrianism and emphasized strength and courage

Christianity: moral code, divine nature of Jesus, New Testament records teachings= Romans crucify him (Paul of Tarsus??) Variation on doctrine/ rituals/ resurrection/ role of women…

Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems

Republic: agriculture/ latifundia?/ problems with land distribution/

Empire: Mare Nostrum: Navy = trade free from pirates/ economic

Specialization/ wealth of Rome fueled great urban development/ Roads, communication, mileposts, services encouraged growth of trade

Taxes and tribute collected

Great wealth encouraged conspicuous consumption/ wealth in provinces encouraged growth of cities there/ development of infrastructure there

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