Mediterranean lakes: lessons learned from the “new” lake Karla, Greece
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Ifigenia KagalouIfigenia KagalouProf. School of Engineering Prof. School of Engineering
Democritus University of ThraceDemocritus University of [email protected]
Mediterranean lakes: lessons Mediterranean lakes: lessons learned from the “new” lake learned from the “new” lake
Karla, GreeceKarla, Greece
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The MediterraneanThe Mediterranean Mediterranean climate, with dry sub-Mediterranean climate, with dry sub-
tropical summers, dominates regions tropical summers, dominates regions from 32from 32 to 40 to 40 latitude, north and south latitude, north and south of the Equator.of the Equator.
In Mediterranean regions there is a In Mediterranean regions there is a segregation of two well-separated segregation of two well-separated seasons, a wet winter, during which most seasons, a wet winter, during which most of the precipitation is concentrated, and of the precipitation is concentrated, and an arid summer with no precipitation an arid summer with no precipitation ((Naselli-Flores & Barone, 2005Naselli-Flores & Barone, 2005))
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21/04/2321/04/23
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pressurespressures Mediterranean regions are concentrated Mediterranean regions are concentrated
centres of both human populations ( centres of both human populations ( very very earliest settlements!!!) earliest settlements!!!) and agricultural and agricultural productionproduction
Competition for water is among the highest in Competition for water is among the highest in the world (the world (Gasith & Resh,1999Gasith & Resh,1999))
Greater demand coincides with low availabilityGreater demand coincides with low availability Unpredictable annual precipitation and limited Unpredictable annual precipitation and limited
water availability during the dry season have water availability during the dry season have resulted in extensive water infrastructure resulted in extensive water infrastructure development, which complicate efforts to development, which complicate efforts to restore and manage freshwater ecosystemsrestore and manage freshwater ecosystems
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The Mediterraneans, It is well documented It is well documented the the contrast contrast
between the Mediterranean and other between the Mediterranean and other temperate limnosystems, taking into temperate limnosystems, taking into account climatic variability , water account climatic variability , water scarcity, nutrients , demography, e.t.c.scarcity, nutrients , demography, e.t.c.
The ‘limnicity’ is quite uneven in The ‘limnicity’ is quite uneven in Europe ( in Sweden=9%, in Greece Europe ( in Sweden=9%, in Greece 0.5%) more sensitive in Meds in terms 0.5%) more sensitive in Meds in terms of eutrophication, accommodating of eutrophication, accommodating various uses.various uses.
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Mediterraneans, problems Mediterraneans, problems arisen,arisen,
There has been a growing ”concern” of “non-There has been a growing ”concern” of “non-effective” management practiceseffective” management practices
Focused, mainly, on the issue that restoration Focused, mainly, on the issue that restoration depends on a variety of factors particularly on depends on a variety of factors particularly on climate , last years “climate , last years “acts horizontallyacts horizontally””
Finally ,there has been a social and politic resistance Finally ,there has been a social and politic resistance concerning water allocation under the light of concerning water allocation under the light of protection and conservation purposes.protection and conservation purposes.
In Greece, institutional capacity often is inadequate In Greece, institutional capacity often is inadequate to develop and to develop and applyapply integrated management plans. integrated management plans.
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……,,
Concern on the so-called “ignore of the Concern on the so-called “ignore of the local people participation” and the lack of local people participation” and the lack of the traditional knowledge.the traditional knowledge.
Finally, there has been an opposition for Finally, there has been an opposition for applying “good management practices” applying “good management practices” with consequences to the ecosystem’s with consequences to the ecosystem’s preservationpreservation
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The value of freshwaters,The value of freshwaters,
Freshwaters offer diversity from small Freshwaters offer diversity from small ponds and springs to large lakes and ponds and springs to large lakes and huge floodplain systems. huge floodplain systems.
In this collection, there is a great In this collection, there is a great species diversity and also interesting species diversity and also interesting relationships amongst them and relationships amongst them and with with the local people.the local people.
Managing of the whole system means Managing of the whole system means efforts in technical, political, efforts in technical, political, legislative and ethical issues.legislative and ethical issues.
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The protected areasThe protected areas
Freshwater P.A. are widely perceived asFreshwater P.A. are widely perceived as ““magic bullets’ against overexploitation, magic bullets’ against overexploitation, pollution…pollution…
The main strategy (EU) for their The main strategy (EU) for their conservation is the appropriate conservation is the appropriate management to maintain essential management to maintain essential ecological processes.ecological processes.
This approach should incorporate the This approach should incorporate the sympathetic actions of the local peoplesympathetic actions of the local people
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Hydrology: does it affect all functions?Hydrology: does it affect all functions? Low water levels may enhance submerged plant biomass Low water levels may enhance submerged plant biomass
and coverage in SMLs (and coverage in SMLs (Romo et al., 2004; Fernández-Aláez et Romo et al., 2004; Fernández-Aláez et
al., 2004 ….al., 2004 ….)) Concentrations of the major ions and nutrients (nitrogen Concentrations of the major ions and nutrients (nitrogen
and phosphorus) and phosphorus) vary with water levels vary with water levels ((Talling, 2001; Talling, 2001; Nöges et al., 2003Nöges et al., 2003) )
increase of eutrophication during drought increase of eutrophication during drought periods in the periods in the Mediterranean region (Mediterranean region (Quintana et al., 1998; Kagalou et Quintana et al., 1998; Kagalou et al.,2010al.,2010))
Drought-induced decrease in water level and Drought-induced decrease in water level and increase in increase in water residence timewater residence time may provide longer contact with may provide longer contact with sediment that may enhance internal release of nutrients, sediment that may enhance internal release of nutrients, such as phosphorus (such as phosphorus (Romo et al., 2005)Romo et al., 2005)
Favor cyanobacteria over other algal taxa ( Favor cyanobacteria over other algal taxa ( toxicity toxicity risk!!)risk!!)
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……,, Increase of Increase of salinitysalinity drop in water level may cause drop in water level may cause
deterioration of spawning grounds,deterioration of spawning grounds, and and change spawning behaviour and migration change spawning behaviour and migration patterns of fishpatterns of fish
Dominance of cyprinids Dominance of cyprinids Vulnerability of other speciesVulnerability of other species Top-down control???? Top-down control???? Effective???Effective???
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What happens to Greek lakes??? What happens to Greek lakes??? (Kagalou & (Kagalou & Leonardos 2009)Leonardos 2009)
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Usesname
Fisheries Recreation Irrigation Industrial Hydro-powerMang/ment auth.
(No/Yes)
Amvrakia x x N
Voulkaria x x x N
Lysimachia x x N
Ozeros x x x x N
Trichonis x x x x N
Taka x x N
x x x x N
Tsivlou x x N
Paralimni x x x N
Yliki x x N
Kalodiki x Y
Volvi x x x Y
Koronia x x x Y
Pamvotis x x x Y
Kastoria x x x N
Doirani x x x N
Vistonis x x x x N
Ismaritis x x Y
Vegoritis x x x x Y
Zazari x x x x N
Megali Prespa x x Y
Mikri Prespa x x x Y
Petron x x N
Chimaditis x x x x N
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Driver Pressure
State
Impact Response
Agriculture & climate
-intensive agricultural practices in the catchment area ( N leaching, more water abstraction….)
Livestock& climate
-farming practices in the catchment area (sheep/goats farming, poultry farms)
Urbanization
-urban development
Tourism -touristic activity focused on the lake
Climate - All above mentioned
Construction of dikes
- In the hydrological basin
Fish stocking
-exotic herbivorous and planktivorous species
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
>800 200-800 <200
altitude (m)
sha
re o
f la
kes
(%) a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
<3 3,0-15 >15
mean depth (m)
sh
are
of
lake
s(%
)
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0,5-1 1,0-10 10-100 >100
surface area (km2)
sh
are
of
lake
s (
%)
c
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
calcareous siliceous organic
geology category
sha
re o
f la
kes
(%) d
0
10
20
30
40
50
Monomictic Dimictic Polymictic
mixing type
sha
re o
f la
kes
(%)
e
chl-a
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
high good moderate poor bad
sh
are
of
lake
s (
%)
f
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Global warming reinforces Global warming reinforces eutrophicationeutrophication
Moss et al. 2012
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0%10%20%30%40%50%
60%70%80%90%
100%A
mvr
akia
Vou
lkar
iaLy
sim
achi
aO
zero
sT
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Tak
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Tsi
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Par
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liki
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Kor
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Pam
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Kas
toria
Doi
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Vis
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Veg
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sZ
azar
iM
egal
iM
ikri
Pet
ron
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% s
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es c
ontri
butio
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Diatoms Chlorophytes Cyanophytes
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Am
vrak
ia
Vou
lkar
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Lysi
mac
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Oze
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Tric
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Tsi
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Vol
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Pam
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Kas
toria
Doi
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Vis
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Ism
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oriti
s
Zaz
ari
Meg
ali P
resp
a
Mik
ri P
resp
a
Pet
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Chi
mad
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% s
peci
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ontr
ibut
ion
Rotifers Copepods Cladocera
0
1
2
3
4
Amvr
akia
Voul
karia
Lysi
mac
hia
Oze
ros
Tric
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sTa
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Tsiv
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Para
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Kalo
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Volv
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stor
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Zaza
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egal
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him
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Mac
roph
yte
cove
rage
cat
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a
b
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Amvra
kiaVo
ulkar
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simac
hiaOz
eros
Trich
onis Taka
Lami
aTs
ivlou
Para
limni Yl
ikiKa
lodiki Vo
lviKo
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Pamv
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Kasto
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Visto
nisIsm
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Zaza
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Chim
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Numb
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spec
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Native Introduced Translocated
c
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Macrophytes?? Macrophytes?? A limiting factor A limiting factor for photosynthesisfor photosynthesis
Greek lakes Greek lakes shiftshift from the from the macrophyte dominance macrophyte dominance state to state to the algal dominance the algal dominance state since in many state since in many lakes macrophyte coverage is limited lakes macrophyte coverage is limited ((Papastergiadou et al.,2010)Papastergiadou et al.,2010)
Two lakes in Category3 ( visible plants)Two lakes in Category3 ( visible plants) Three lakes in Category2 ( sparse plants)Three lakes in Category2 ( sparse plants) All the other in Category1 ( no plants)All the other in Category1 ( no plants)
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The study area – the restored lake Karla
Surface area… 38kmSurface area… 38km22
Volume max….184x10Volume max….184x1066 m m33
Catchment area…1171kmCatchment area…1171km22
Z max…. 4.5 mZ max…. 4.5 m Z mean…..2.0 m Z mean…..2.0 m Mean annual air temperature….14.3Mean annual air temperature….14.3ooCC Mean annual precipitation…….560 mmMean annual precipitation…….560 mm
In 1962, complete drying of the lake ( 40-180 In 1962, complete drying of the lake ( 40-180 kmkm22) took place.) took place.
In 1980’s the restoration project started upIn 1980’s the restoration project started up Total budget : 245 millions EurosTotal budget : 245 millions Euros
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Lake Karla
Inflow from Pinios 67,5x 106 m3
Surface runoff 38 x 106 m3
evaporation 38 x 106m3
Recharge of aquifier
24x106 m3
Irrigation withdrawals60x106 m3
overview of annual Hydrological budget
Inflow ditch16,5 x106 m3
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Overview of the ecological features & pressures
NATURA 2000 siteNATURA 2000 site RAMSAR siteRAMSAR site Special Protected Area ( birds Directive)Special Protected Area ( birds Directive) Algal blooms (cyanotoxicity)Algal blooms (cyanotoxicity) Fish mortalitiesFish mortalities Inflows predominately drain an Inflows predominately drain an
agricultural watershed but also agricultural watershed but also rural/industrial areas.rural/industrial areas.
With a nutrient rich sedimentWith a nutrient rich sediment But still a preferable bird’s habitat But still a preferable bird’s habitat
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Regarding at Karla, Eutrophication seems to be a multistressor Eutrophication seems to be a multistressor
effect problemeffect problem Shallow lake/reservoir systems show a high Shallow lake/reservoir systems show a high
variability and the cause- effect relationship variability and the cause- effect relationship is not so clear.is not so clear.
The “new” artificial lake Karla is a modified The “new” artificial lake Karla is a modified ecosystem ( in terms of typology, WFD) ecosystem ( in terms of typology, WFD) with no outlet ( with no outlet ( acting as a sink of acting as a sink of nutrientsnutrients!!!)!!!)
Since there are not yet pristine/reference Since there are not yet pristine/reference conditions the ecological classification conditions the ecological classification becomes more difficult becomes more difficult
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24-26 September 201324-26 September 2013 LakeAdmin in VolosLakeAdmin in Volos
SinivetikaõitsengudSinivetikaõitsengud
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evaluation…evaluation… Taking into account the WFD guidelines, OECD Taking into account the WFD guidelines, OECD
suggestions, literature data on similar case suggestions, literature data on similar case studies and our knowledge, it is quite safe to studies and our knowledge, it is quite safe to classify the water status as classify the water status as “poor” or “bad“poor” or “bad””
The possibility to obtain a “good” ecological The possibility to obtain a “good” ecological status up to 2015, is extremely weak.status up to 2015, is extremely weak.
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……,, Both nutrients (N,P) are in excess so, Both nutrients (N,P) are in excess so, who is thewho is the
limiting factor for algal biomass??limiting factor for algal biomass?? A strong reduction of the external load should be A strong reduction of the external load should be
donedone.. The improvement of light conditions , shift to clear The improvement of light conditions , shift to clear
phasephase.. Lake Karla showed a spatial homogeneity while Lake Karla showed a spatial homogeneity while
seasonal trends can be explained , mostly, by the seasonal trends can be explained , mostly, by the inputs (also inputs (also Kagalou & Laspidou 2012Kagalou & Laspidou 2012))
But, up to day, the black box is the But, up to day, the black box is the “story of “story of
sediment” ( sediment” ( i.e internal loadingi.e internal loading).). Survival of Survival of the most tolerant species the most tolerant species thus destruction thus destruction
of the microhabitatsof the microhabitats
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Taking into account that…Taking into account that…
In freshwater ecosystems the medium rather In freshwater ecosystems the medium rather the organisms determine their structurethe organisms determine their structure
The food-chain places emphasis on the system The food-chain places emphasis on the system functioning functioning
The unit of a freshwater system is not defined The unit of a freshwater system is not defined by its wetter perimeterby its wetter perimeter
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What we need?What we need? Integrated Water Resources Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) “is a process Management (IWRM) “is a process which promotes the co-ordinated which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of development and management of water, land and related resources, in water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” vital ecosystems”
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Our conservation planning Our conservation planning approachesapproaches
Should be concentrated on the system as a Should be concentrated on the system as a whole, i.ewhole, i.e Catchment managementCatchment management Restoration of the water regime in the floodplainRestoration of the water regime in the floodplain Elimination of the point and non-point pollution Elimination of the point and non-point pollution
sourcessources Internal loading ( sediment) Internal loading ( sediment) Conservation of microhabitats and patchesConservation of microhabitats and patches
Including the conservation of biodiversity rather than Including the conservation of biodiversity rather than of particular charismatic speciesof particular charismatic species
Through functional approach may be we’ll achieve Through functional approach may be we’ll achieve species conservation species conservation
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Conservation through cultural Conservation through cultural identityidentity
Highlight the value of biodiversity throughHighlight the value of biodiversity through - traditional activities- traditional activities Traditional food related to the Lake’s goodsTraditional food related to the Lake’s goods Establishment of “sign of product origin” of Establishment of “sign of product origin” of
the PP.the PP. Enhancement of ecotourism attracting not Enhancement of ecotourism attracting not
the “massive tourism” but the special target the “massive tourism” but the special target groups.groups.
Promotion of the cultural identity of the PP.Promotion of the cultural identity of the PP. Support the ethics of the local communitySupport the ethics of the local community
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Urgent !!!
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT – GOVERNANCE
Community participation (Aarhus Convention)
For the sustainability of the new lake
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ACTIONS FOCUSED ON
technical issues
Legislative issues
Ethics ( !!!!!!!)
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The role of local people/stakeholdersThe role of local people/stakeholders Local communities have important, long-Local communities have important, long-
standing relationships with the areastanding relationships with the area
These relationships These relationships embrace culture embrace culture identity, contributing to the maintenance identity, contributing to the maintenance of biological diversityof biological diversity
On the other hand, intensified human On the other hand, intensified human activities and life- style cause degradation activities and life- style cause degradation and loss of values.and loss of values.
In any-case their needs, aspirations and In any-case their needs, aspirations and attitudes should be considered in a attitudes should be considered in a management process.management process.
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Do we have the tool???Do we have the tool??? The The EU Water Framework Directive EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims at (WFD) aims at
establishing “a framework for the protection of inland establishing “a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwaters”, (Dir. 2000/60/EC, art.1) for all European groundwaters”, (Dir. 2000/60/EC, art.1) for all European Member States. Member States.
The WFD The WFD adopts a holistic approach adopts a holistic approach for water for water protection and management, to be implemented in a protection and management, to be implemented in a 15-year long process which foresees many actions 15-year long process which foresees many actions including:including:
the development of a River Basin Management Plan the development of a River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) in each European River Basin District (RBD)(RBMP) in each European River Basin District (RBD)
Competent authorities need to integrate environmental, Competent authorities need to integrate environmental, social and economic analyses and involve interested social and economic analyses and involve interested parties in the formulation of strategiesparties in the formulation of strategies
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Up till now,Up till now, Experiences show that the management Experiences show that the management
of stakeholders’ involvement is still of stakeholders’ involvement is still poorly organised and supported, and so poorly organised and supported, and so is the selection of the stakeholders to is the selection of the stakeholders to take part in the process.take part in the process.
there is a strong need for scientific and there is a strong need for scientific and technical support for the meaningful technical support for the meaningful involvement of stakeholders in planning involvement of stakeholders in planning and implementation through and implementation through participation management.participation management.
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lessons learned at technical lessons learned at technical levellevel
Water Management at catchment scale : Water Management at catchment scale : a a key issuekey issue
Multiple stressors at Meds freshwaterMultiple stressors at Meds freshwater No- linear respond to management practicesNo- linear respond to management practices Should consider ecosystem flow Should consider ecosystem flow
requirements, patterns of human demands, requirements, patterns of human demands, spatial and temporal variation of water spatial and temporal variation of water availability.availability.
Be careful to flow diversions, dam operations, Be careful to flow diversions, dam operations, interbasin transfers ( interbasin transfers ( !!!!! Thessaly!!!!! Thessaly) )
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lessons at capacity buildinglessons at capacity building
Possible strategies: Possible strategies: strengthen the role of trained professionals acting strengthen the role of trained professionals acting
as as facilitators facilitators in the participatory planning in the participatory planning processprocess
promote an extended campaign of promote an extended campaign of expertise expertise enabling policy makers to meaningful undertake enabling policy makers to meaningful undertake participatory planning (participatory planning (
increase research efforts on developing tools and increase research efforts on developing tools and methods for the use of methods for the use of mediators mediators (i.e. (i.e. consultants), who would then provide external consultants), who would then provide external support to decision makerssupport to decision makers
there is a strong need for scientific and there is a strong need for scientific and technical technical support for the meaningful involvement of stakeholders in support for the meaningful involvement of stakeholders in planning and implementation.planning and implementation.
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and “what is good and “what is good governance”??governance”??
Accountability : ability to hold decision-Accountability : ability to hold decision-makers to account for their actionsmakers to account for their actions
Transparency: availability of information to Transparency: availability of information to the public and clarity in regulations and the public and clarity in regulations and decisions.decisions.
Participation: provide all the opportunity in Participation: provide all the opportunity in decision- making either directly or through decision- making either directly or through legitimate representatives.legitimate representatives.
Prerequisite: social learning i.e learn Prerequisite: social learning i.e learn together manage together!together manage together!
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Thank youThank you