Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences€¦ · 32 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 33 34...

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Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 18

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Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2015 27

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Supplement 6 29

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Rome, Italy 201540

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 1 2

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Prof. Dr. Bidzina Savaneli 5 6 7

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About the Journal 42

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Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (MJSS) is a double blind peer-reviewed journal, 45

published three times a year, by Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational 46

Research. The journal publishes research papers in the fields of Mediterranean and World 47

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Editor in Chief, Bidzina Savaneli 64 65 Tbilisi State University, Georgia 66

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Editor in chief Prof. Dr. Bidzina Savaneli 4

Tbilisi State University, Georgia 5 6

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International Editorial Board 8

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10 Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot 1 University of Bordeaux, France 2 Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos 3 University of Athens, Greece 4 Sibylle Heilbrunn 5 Ruppin Academic Center, Emek-Hefer, Israel 6 Anne Cross 7 Metropolitan State University, USA 8 Werner J. Patzelt 9 University of Dresden Germany 10 Mohamed Ben Aissa 11 University of Tunis, Tunisia 12 Emanuele Santi 13 African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia 14 Arda Arikan 15 Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 16 Godfrey Baldacchino 17 University of Malta, Malta 18 Kamaruzaman Jusoff 19 Universiti Putra Malaysia 20 Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi 21 University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 22 Gabriele Natalizia 23 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 24 Francisco J. Ramos 25 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain 26 Igor Baglioni 27 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 28 Tarau Virgiliu Leon 29 Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 30 José Sánchez-Santamaría 31 University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain 32 Dorina Orzac 33 Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 34

Slavko Burzanovic 35 University of Montenegro, Montenegro 36 37 38

Aranit Shkurti 39 CIRPS Sapienza University / CIT University, 40 Albania 41 Gulap Shahzada 42 University of Science and Tecnology, Pakistan 43 Nanjunda D C 44 Universiy of Mysore, Karnataka, India 45 Nkasiobi S.Oguzor 46 Federal College of Education (Technical), 47 Omoku- Nigeria 48 Shobana Nelasco 49 Fatima College, Madurai-India 50 Jacinta A. Opara 51 Universidad Azteca, Mexico 52 Fernando A. Ferreira 53 Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, Portugal 54 Hassan Danial Aslam 55 Human Resource Management Research Society, 56 Pakistan 57 Muneerah Bader Almahasheer, 58 College of Arts, University of Dammam (UoD), 59 Saudi Arabia 60 Alice Kagoda 61 Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda 62 B.V. Toshev 63 University of Sofia, Bulgaria 64 Benedicta Egbo 65 University of Windsor, Ontario-Canada 66 Adriana Vizental 67 University Aurel Vlaicu, Romania 68 Florica Bodistean 69 University Aurel Vlaicu, Romania 70 Wei Zhang, 71 University of California, USA 72 Tutku Akter 73 Girne American University, Northern Cyprus 74 75 76

Murthy CSHN 77 Tezpur University Napaam Assam India 78 Femi Quadri 79 Federal College of Education (Technical), 80 Omoku-Nigeria 81 Fouzia Naeem Khan 82 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science 83 and Technology, Pakistan 84 Marcel Pikhart 85 University Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic 86 Luiela-Magdalena Csorba 87 University Aurel Vlaicu, Romania 88 Hamdan bin Said, 89 University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia 90 Joan Garcia Garriga 91 Institut de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució 92 Social (IPHES) / Universitat Oberta de 93 Catalunya (UOC), Spain 94 Georgios A. Antonopoulos 95 Teesside University Middlesbrough, UK 96 Vennila Gopal 97 Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India 98 Eddie Blass 99 Swinburne University of Technology, Australia 100 Hanna David 101 Tel Aviv University, Jerusalem-Israel 102 Raphael C. Njoku 103 University of Louisville, USA 104 Ali Simek 105 Anadolu University, Turkey 106 Abel Gwaka Anyien, 107 Kenyatta University, Kenya 108 MW Lumadi, 109 University of South Africa, UNISA, South Africa 110 Gerhard Berchtold 111 Universidad Azteca, Mexico 112 Samir Mohamed Alredaisy 113 University of Khartoum, Sudan 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

Austin N. Nosike 126 The Granada Management Institute, Spain 127 Lawrence Ogbo Ugwuanyi 128 University of Abuja, Abuja-Nigeria 129 Ridvan Peshkopia 130 American Unievrsity of Tirana, Albania 131 George Aspridis 132 Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece 133 Talat Islam 134 University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 135 Sokol Paçukaj 136 Aleksander Moisiu University, Albania 137 Federico Niglia 138 Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi 139 Sociali (LUISS) “Guido Carli”, Italy 140 Isara Tongsamsi 141 Songkhla Rajabhat University, Thailand 142 S.E. Onuebunwa 143 Federal College of Education (Technical), 144 Omoku-Nigeria 145 Muhammad Abdul Wahid Usmani, 146 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 147 Shahram Fattahi, 148 Razi University, Iran 149 Santosh Kumar Behera, 150 Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, 151 Purulia, West Bengal 152 Newman Wadesango, 153 University of Fort Hare, South Africa 154 Nuria Rodríguez Priego, 155 European Commision, Institute for Prospective 156 Technological Studies/University of Granada, Spain 157 Prof. Ravinder Rena 158 University of the Western Cape, South Africa 159 Enkelejda Shkurti 160 University of Tirana, Albania 161

ISSN 2039-2117 (online) ISSN 2039-9340 (print)

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy

Vol 6 No 3 S6 June 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 6 7 8 9 10 Experiential Marketing as a Tool of Improvement of Competitiveness of Enterprises in the 11 Market of Bread and Bakery Products 11 12 Tatiana Litvinova, Irina Morozova, Stanislav Yatsechko 13 Marketing Mix in the Market of Agricultural Machinery: Problems and Prospects 19 14 Irina A. Morozova, Tatiana N. Litvinova, Ekaterina A. Rodina, Nikolai Y. Prosvirkin 15 Sustainable Development of Industrial Enterprises in Crisis 27 16 Tatiana Alferova, Ekaterina Ponosova 17 The Process Approach to Marketing in the Service Sector 31 18 Alina V. Chesnokova, Oksana I. Radina, Marina V. Rossinskaya, Regina I. Serdyuk, Natalya V. Klimova 19 Diversification in the Field of Furniture Retail of Russia 39 20 Tatiana L. Bezrukova, Yulia N. Stepanova, Yulia V. Busarina, Elena A. Yakovleva, Alicher Sh. Subkhonberdiev 21 Methodological Aspects of Current Statistical Survey of Population Life Quality within the 22 Unstable Regional Development Conditions 45 23 Oksana A. Khokhlova, Aleksandr V. Bezrukov, Elena V. Sibirskaya, Vladislav V. Borisov 24 Innovation Manifestations of Competition in Contemporary Concept of Marketing 53 25 Ovchinnikova T.I., Khorev A.I., Bezrukova T.L., Salikov Y.A., Byhonova N.M. 26 Various Aspects of the Multipolarity within the World Economic System 59 27 Alexey Y. Arkhipov, Alexey N. Yeletsky 28 Development and Approbation of the Technique of the Assessment of 29 Expediency and Budgetary Productivity of Introduction of the Tax Privilege 67 30 Bezrukova T.L., Sibiryatkina I.V., Ryzhkov A.O., Bryantseva L.V. 31 Building an Institutional Framework for Nanotechnology Industry in Russia 81 32 Daniil P. Frolov, Victor O. Moseiko, Sergei A. Korobov 33 Optimization of Approaches to the Management of Investment Projects in Regions of Russia 87 34 Olesya A. Stroeva, Lyudmila I. Shinkareva, Innara R. Lyapina, Elena V. Petruchina 35 Problem of the Human Capital Quality Reducing in Conditions of Educational Unification 95 36 Elena G. Popkova, Oxana S. Chechina, Sergei A. Abramov 37 Analysis of Enterprise Sustainability and Control of Efficiency of Cattle-Breeding Enterprise Functioning 101 38 B.N. Shchetkin 39 Social Aspects of Criminal Responsibility for Escape from Prison, Arrest, or Custody in the 40 Criminal Legislation of the Foreign Countries 107 41 Aleksandr L. Zhuykov, Anna V. Zakharkina 42 Development of Methodological Approach to the Reliability Analysis of 43 Commercial Banks under Changing Conditions 111 44 Irina D. Anikina, Albina V. Gukova, Marina S. Tolstel, Aleksandr V. Kirov, Eleanora S. Godgaeva 45 Tolyatti’s Innovation Prospects as Estimated by Its Residents 119 46 Tatyana N. Ivanova, Irina V. Tsvetkova, Natalya B. Gorbacheva 47 Statistical Evaluation of Middle Class in Russia 125 48 Elena Sibirskaya, Oksana Khokhlova, Nina Eldyaeva, Olga Lebedinskaya 49 Organization of Favorable Investment Climate in the Market of 50 Development and Implementation of Investment Projects 135 51 Elena Sibirskaya, Anatoly Egorov, Anastasia Safronova, Lilia Mikheykina, Tatyana Ivashkova 52




Model of Innovative System of Enterprise Management 147 53 Olga Tkacheva, Natalia Arkhipova, Аnatoliy Сhistyakov, Elena Fandeeva, Aleksey Ivanov 54 Paradigm of the Common Economic Space Formation in the Context of Globalization 155 55 Innessa Efremenko, Taniana Panasenkova, Vovchenko Natalya 56 Transitions of Diverse Precedent Phenomena in the Poetic Cycle of Dmitry Bykov “Citizen Poet” 163 57 Julia Gladkikh, Natalia Khokhriakova, Svetlana Lashova 58 Constitutional and Legal Regulation of the Process of Citizen Participation in the 59 Affairs of the State in the Soviet Period 169 60 Sergei A. Shirobokov 61 Social Networks Addiction: Could Social Advertising Help? 177 62 Maria A. Mitina, Elena G. Popkova, Lilia V. Ermolina, Irina N. Sherer 63 Modeling Ecological Security of a State 185 64 Natalia Skiter, Aleksey F. Rogachev, Tamara I. Mazaeva 65 Practice of Outsourcing for Strategic Purposes by Russian and Foreign Companies 193 66 M.V. Klimovets 67 Activization of Innovative Activities of Russian Commercial Banks 201 68 Olesya A. Stroeva, Natalya V. Sukhorukova, Aleksandr A. Tsvyrko, Tatyana N. Ivashchenko 69 Childhood and the Child as a Subject of Philosophical and Cultural Reflection 211 70 Diana Ivanovna Mamycheva 71 Definition of Customs Offences in International Law 219 72 Sergey Ovchinnikov 73 Higher Education of Krasnodar Krai: Economic Aspects 225 74 Maria Vladimirovna Zelinskaya, Victoria Romeovna Mezhlumova, 75 Antonina Leonidovna Boltava, Olga Yurievna Tarasova, Elena Yurievna Gadzheiva 76 Legal Mindset as a Factor in the Study of National Law and the State in the XXI Century 235 77 Arthur Karlenovich Agamirov, Andrey Yurievich Mordovtsev, 78 Alexey Yurievich Mamychev, Igor Alekseevich Sarychev 79 Model of Integrated Estimation of Audit Risk 241 80 Sergey Arzhenovskiy, Andrey Bakhteev 81 On Peculiarities of the Virtual Economy of Modern Russia: 82 Category, Virtual Relationships, Educational Constructs 247 83 Vladimir Sergeevich Novikov, Elena Nikolaevna Klochko, 84 Elena Anatolievna Yarushkina, Boris Mihailovich Zhukov, Veronika Aleksandrovna Dianova 85 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Russia: Novels Civil - Legal Regulation 257 86 Anna Petrovna Ryabets 87 Social Constitutional State as Necessary Institutional form of Legal Freedom 263 88 Valentin Yakovlevich Lyubashits, Evgenia Yurevna Kiyashko, Alla Aleksandrovna Timofeeva 89 Socio-psychological Portrait of the User of New Media on 90 Example of Participants MMORPG "World of WarCraft and LineAge" 269 91 Evgenia Yurevna Kiyashko, Egor Borisovich Marin, Anastasiya Vladimirovna Vasyuk 92 State and Algorithms of Globalization 277 93 Valentin Yakovlevich Lyubashits, Andrey Yurievich Mordovtsev, Alexey Yurievich Mamychev 94 The Intellectual and Educational Resources as an Institutional Factor of Innovative Economy Formation 283 95 Boris Mihailovich Zhukov, Valeriy Petrovich Basenko, Aleksandr Anatolievich Romanov, 96 Yana Valerievna Babayan, Natalia Georgievna Fomichenko 97 The Legislative Process Some Features in the Pacific Rim Parliaments 295 98 Victor Afanasevich Shekhovtsov, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Evseenko 99 The Socio-Cultural Paradigm of Studies of State Authority 301 100 Valentin Yakovlevich Lyubashits, Alexey Yurievich Mamychev, 101 Andrey Yurievich Mordovtsev, Maria Vladimirovna Vronskaya 102




Time Constant of Innovation Effects Doubling 307 103 Vladimir Fedorovich Minakov, Tatyana Evgenyevna Minakova, 104 Armen Shagenovich Galstyan, Anastasia Alexandrovna Shiyanova 105 Trends and Prospects of Transformation of the Social Structure of the Russian Scientific Community 313 106 Konstantin Viktorovich Vodenko, Svetlana Alexandrovna Tihonovskova, Olga Sergeevna Ivanchenko 107 Ways to Increase Effectiveness of Managerial Staff Training in the 108 Sphere of Public and Municipal Administration 321 109 Asya Efimovna Eroyan, Natalya Vladimirovna Andreeva, Elena Anatolievna Gorlova, 110 Tigran Levonovich Oganesyan, Levon Levonovich Oganesyan 111 Eastern Donbass Resources as Improvement Factor in the 112 Fuel and Energy Competitiveness Sector of Russia 329 113 Mikhail Mikhailovich Afanasiev, Olga Anatolievna Tkacheva, Irina Anatolievna Getmanova, 114 Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Tsurak, Olga Andreevna Pavlenko 115 Derivation and the Derivational Space in Phraseology as a Problem of the 116 Language Contemporary Development 335 117 Elena Nicolayevna Ermakova, Natalia Nikolaevna Zolnikova, Guzel Chakhvarovna Faizullina, 118 Milyausha Sakhretdinovna Khasanova, Tatiana Nikolaevna Khlyzova 119 Neurolinguistic Aspects of Verbal Activity Research of Bilingual Children with Speech Dysfunctions 341 120 Zinaida Vasilievna Polivara 121 Governance Improving of the Corporate Sector and Private Corporate Structures at 122 Various Levels of Management 347 123 Irina Olegovna Bogdanova, Anastasia Valerievna Kovaleva, Lyubov Vasilievna Irinarkhova 124 New Approaches to the Development of Methodology of Strategic Community Planning 357 125 Svetlana Gennadievna Karepova, Irina Sovetovna Karabulatova, Vladimir Sergeevich Novikov, 126 Sergey Veniaminovich Klemovitsky, Dmitry Ivanovich Stratan, Anastasia Nikolaevna Perova 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154




155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201




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Building an Institutional Framework for Nanotechnology Industry in Russia 2 3

Daniil P. Frolov 4 5

Head of Department of Marketing, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia 6 7

Victor O. Moseiko 8 9

Professor of Management Department, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia 10 11

Sergei A. Korobov 12 13

Head of management department, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia, 14 Prospekt Universitetskiy, 100, Volgograd, Russia, 400062 15

Email: [email protected] 16 17

Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s6p 18 19 Abstract 20

21 Russia is one of the most active investors in nanotech industry in the world. At the same time, formation of the Russian nano-22 industry restrains the undeveloped institutional environment and lack of an integrated approach to nano-industrial policy. In this 23 article actual problems of institutional regulation of the nanotechnological industry in Russia are considered. The main problem 24 of regulation of nano-industry is discrepancy of definitions and classifications of nanotechnologies. Russian nano-industrial 25 policy has inconsistent character, it combines elements of policy of import substitution and new industrial policy. At 26 modernization of the Program of development of nano-industry in the Russian Federation it is necessary to construct regulatory 27 policy on the principles of new industrial policy. Differentiation of methods and instruments of support of nano-industrial firms 28 and research organizations on the basis of the detailed classification of nanotechnologies is necessary. Strategy of 29 development of nanotech industry has to include a complex of the segment-focused marketing strategies of development of 30 different types of nanotechnologies and nanotechnological productions. Special value has active involvement of a wide range 31 of stakeholders of nano-industry in dialogue with the state on minimization of barriers and increase of efficiency of generation 32 and commercialization of innovations, strengthenings of requirements to safety and developments of voluntary institutional 33 initiatives. Stimulation of interdisciplinary integration and interindustrial collaboration within convergence of quickly developing 34 technologies is perspective. The complex interrelation of the directions and forms of regulation and support of nano-industry on 35 micro, meso - and macrolevels will allow to increase efficiency of its regulation and development of national innovative system 36 in general. 37 38

Keywords: nanotechnologies, nano-industry, institutes, regulation, nano-industrial policy. 39 40

41 Introduction 1.42

43 Nano-technologies are a conglomerate of the most rapidly developing technologies, which have the potential to be widely 44 used in various industrial sectors. Russia has been actively developing world-class nano-industry and now it takes the 4th 45 place by the volume of state allocations on nanotechnologies and is among the top 10 countries by the number of 46 research articles on nano-science. However, Russian nano-industry institutional regulation faces numerous problems, 47 which restrain its development. Some of these problems are universal (i.e. they arise in almost all countries, which put 48 special efforts into nanotechnologies’ advance), some of them are typical of a particular country. Nanotechnologies 49 institutional regulation problems analysis in Russia may be of great help for other developing countries and high-tech 50 sectors. 51

The analysis of the new technologies’ institutional environment development is usually the weak point in 52 technological evolution conception (Frolov, Ryzhkin, 2012; Frolov, 2012). Most scholars are concentrated on studying 53 science-technical progress dynamics and forms, and especially on the origin and diffusion mechanisms of big innovation 54 “clusters”. So, most scholars just don’t take into consideration the institutions’ influence. For example, according to 55 innovations paradigm conception by M. Hirooka, the diffusion of new technologies, which initiate the economy’s entrance 56 to market development and expansion, is followed by certain insignificant institutional changes (Hirooka, 2006, p. 25). 57




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According to C. Perez, economic systems’ evolution in the long-term period is the result of the technical-economic and 58 socio-institutional spheres’ connections and breakups (Perez, 2004, p. 218-219). At the same time socio-institutional 59 factors take the restraining role. As R. Nelson notes, the technological evolution institutional forms and mechanisms are 60 barely studied and their analysis bases on quite abstract understanding of what institutions are (Nelson, 2002, p. 18). 61

One of the main problems of the nanotechnologies strategic development are the institutional “deficits” (Hodge, 62 Bowman, Maynard, 2010). They appear in government regulation authorities’ infrastructural fragmentation, bad key 63 actors’ coordination and political system’s unpreparedness to implementing proactive policy on taking responsible 64 decisions in technological sphere (Roco, Williams & Alivisatos, 1999, p. 453). This situation may be caused by the inertia 65 of the technology regulating stereotypes and this inertia reflects the ‘path dependence’ effect. Modern systems of 66 technological control have been elaborated for minimizing the steam engine externalities and other “pre-computer” 67 economic technologies. These modern systems are based on the assumption that most technogenic problems are local 68 and the technologies are changing rather slowly, that’s why all difficulties connected with them will be indentified in time 69 and the regulatory measures will be of situational reactions fragmentary character. This approach doesn’t correspond to 70 modern economic challenges (Davies, 2009, p. 24). 71

Institutional reaction to the technological advance implies a wide range of possible models, beginning from a state 72 ban (like with cloning people) and ending with the absence of special legislature (like in the case of social networks and 73 domain name systems in the Internet). Numerous experts still discuss whether it is still worth considering the 74 nanotechnologies’ regulation on their developmental stages. At the same time, a big variety of flexible “nano-specific” 75 regulatory norms are essential for the sustainable and secure nano-industry’s development. These regulatory norms’ 76 degrees of freedom and control should be linked with the nanotechnologies’ life stages. 77

Scientists and politicians are interested to avoid that unpleasant situation with GMO products. This is why nano-78 ethics has appeared almost at the same time with nano-science. Nano-ethics studies social, ethic, and legal aspects of 79 atom-molecular constructing. Nanotechnologies remain a “socially affecting technology”. In particular, the European 80 Parliament has banned nano-containing food in 2010 (together with the ban to produce food from cloned animals), giving 81 the following comment “until the danger for peoples’ health is eliminated) (David & Thompson, 2008). Producers and 82 regulators of nano-industry are obliged to make conclusions out of the negative biotechnologies’ use. Firstly, 83 comprehensive assessment and testing of potential risks to people’s health and environment are necessary for the 84 innovative hi-tech goods to enter the market. Secondly, nanotechnologies regulation should be based on a preventive 85 principle. Thirdly, professional and public discussion on free and obligatory nano-products labeling or their combination 86 variants is required (Mehta, 2004, p. 34-39). 87 88

Methods and Materials 2.89 90 Nano-industry is inter-industry complex of the production and service types of economic activities connected with 91 creation, sale and service of nanoproduction – the nanotechnological and nanocontaining goods, nanotechnological 92 works and services, – and also expansion of its resources (including intellectual capital, information and infrastructure). 93

The institutionalization of nano-industry is realized in four directions: 94 − formation of the nanotechnological institutions – types of economic activity connected with nanotechnologies, 95

including specialties, professions, forms of consumption and leisure (nanolevel), types of innovative business 96 (microlevel), industries and interindustry complexes (macrolevel); 97

− the statement of stakeholders, constituents and groups of influence which collective interests directly or 98 indirectly correspond to development of nanotech industry; 99

− creation of institutes of development and the bodies regulators of nano-industry providing its operated and 100 controlled evolution, and also networks of nanorelevant enterprises and organizations; 101

− development of the formal and informal institutional environment, including rules, standards, norms, values, 102 stereotypes and beliefs. 103

The research goals of this article are: to define the nanotechnology’s notion and classification; to suggest a general 104 model of nano-industrial institutional regulation; to ground Russian nanotechnological industry’s institutional environment 105 development directions. 106

Methods of research include the complex and comparative analysis of strategic documents in the field of nano-107 industry, the institutional analysis of technological development, the critical analysis of the state nanoindustrial policy. 108 109 110




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Results 3.111 112 Strict terminology and comprehensive understanding of what nanotechnologies are is necessary for efficient institutional 113 nano-industry regulation (Lim, 2009). Conventional definition of nanotechnologies by their correlation with 100 114 nanometers scale appeared in the National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA (1999) (Roco, Williams & Alivisatos, 1999), 115 however it still being criticized, although alternative definitions are only under discussion. A particle worth 99 nanometers 116 possesses barely less unique features than that of a 101 nanometer particle. That’s why various academic organizations, 117 associations and agencies suggest increasing the upper limit of the nano-scale up to 200, 300, and even 500 and 1000 118 nanometers. However the definition of nanotechs (like any global technology) is a complicated political-economic 119 process, implying multistage coordination of scientific definitions with numerous interests of hi-tech business lobbyists. 120

The inexact definition of the nano-industrial production and its classification still remain a very important problem 121 for institutional regulation. A countless number of badly structured notions, used for clarifying nano-industry’s production- 122 nano-products, nano-goods, products with nano-components, goods with nano-features, nano-industrial production, 123 nanotechnological production, nano-containing products, nano-transformed goods and etc. are widely used and their 124 classifications still remain inconcrete and eclectic. This tendency is typical of foreign science. Without the agreement on 125 defining the notions and their interpretation the classification of nano-industry’s objects, processes and products becomes 126 more and more complicated, and this in turn causes the increase of transactional costs of nano-technologies’ national 127 legislature elaboration. 128

The following classification has been introduced by the Russian Federation Government Decree (2011 г.): 129 - “A” category nano-industry production (primary nanotechnology production): goods, being nano-components 130

(such as nano-object and nano-systems), including raw materials and semi-finished products for producing 131 nano-industrial goods of “B”, “C” and “D” categories; 132

- “B” category nano-industry production (products with nano-components): goods, containing nano-components 133 (containing “A” category nano-industry production); 134

- “C” category nano-industry production: services (goods, which don’t contain nano-components), when 135 providing (producing) which nanotechnologies and/ or nano-components were used (such as “A” category 136 nano-industry production); 137

- “D” category nano-industry production: goods, being special nanotechnological equipment. 138 This exact classification of nano-industrial production is used as the basis for statistical observance of the 139

nanotechnological organizations’ and enterprises’ activity. 140 Out of all the enumerated categories, the “B” category nano-industry production (goods, containing nano-141

components ) seems to be the most inexact category. Such products can be regarded as nano-industry products only if 142 its nano-components create brand-new functional and consumer characteristics and the components themselves are 143 inseparable parts of the goods produced. However, it is still hard to define the novelty and uniqueness degree or the 144 advance of functional and/ or consumer characteristics of a nano-product. Thereby we need to elaborate a special 145 multicriteria assessment system. If we include the services, when providing (producing) which nanotechnologies and/ or 146 nano-components were used, into the range of nano-industrial services, then we’ll get broader opportunities for the 147 ungrounded overstating of nano-products production volumes (“B” category nano-industry production). 148

After having compared all existing nano-technologies’ conceptions, we came to the conclusion that all of them are 149 substantially dual. It’s worth noting that there is no general view on what nano-technologies are. This notion is used to 150 denote 2 completely different technological classes: 151

1. Turn-down nano-technologies. A turn-down nano-technology is a heterogenic complex of miniaturization 152 methods and instruments, which allow to create “endlessly small” objects with nano-metric precision. The main 153 “to cut whatever is not needed” operating principle doesn’t differ from traditional mechanic way of processing, 154 by “subtracting” the material from the half-finished product’s body. However, creating new nano-sized 155 materials promotes the increase of production and social progresss effectiveness. Microelectronics, 156 micromechanics, electronic lithograph, the production of superdispersed materials (like powders) and etc. are 157 all the examples of nano-materials. 158

2. Bottom-up nanotechnologies. A bottom-up nanotechnology is a range of means, providing purposeful 159 manipulations with separate atoms and molecular self-assembly. The main “to add whatever is needed” 160 operating principle is the basis of new additive way of production, providing a new qualitative level of resource-161 saving by radical optimization of losses, wastes ecological impact. So far, additive manufacturing (AM 162 technologies) correlates more with rapid prototyping technologies on the basis of products’ digital description. 163 In addition to it, AM technologies will cover all stages and spheres of products’ additive synthesis use, whether 164




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it is a prototype or line manufactured product. Bottom-up nano-technologies are the basis of additive 165 manufacturing way. Turn-down technologies are a transitional step on the way to bottom-up technologies. In 166 this sense, the term “nano-technologies” acts like an “umbrella brand”, covering a broad range of research and 167 elaborations, including non-pioneering research and elaborations. It is no coincidence that turn-down nano-168 technologies got close attention in the «Nano-2» report by the National Science Foundation, USA in 2010 169 (Roco, Mirkin & Hersam, 2010; Roco & Bainbridge, 2013). Thus, we consider that Nano-industry Development 170 Programme in the Russian Federation needs modernization, because now this Programme does not 171 correspond to contemporary technological development tendencies. 172

We consider it reasonable to continue further advance of the existing nano-industry production classification. First 173 of all, we should make the distinction between primary and secondary nanotechnological production. Unprocessed nano-174 materials (nano-components or “A” category production) belong to primary nanotechnological production. Semi-finished 175 products for nano-industry (nano-intermediates) belong to secondary nanotechnological production. Secondly, we should 176 distinguish nano-containing and nano-transformed production. Nano-containing production includes many products, 177 which comprise nano-components and nano-intermediates, and which can be produced without using special 178 nanotechnological equipment. Nano-transformed products are manufactured with the application of extremely 179 complicated atom manipulating and molecular modelling technologies. This classification version helps to differentiate 180 qualitatively specific nano-products types and increase the condition and dynamics’ assessment precision in nano-181 industrial economy. 182

A hierarchical model of a “regulatory pyramid” was presented in the “Regulation and standards development in 183 nanotechnologies” report in 2011. This model united 4 modes: free self-regulation (codes of responsible conduct, risk-184 management, public records), guides and standards (ISO, OECD, national, sectoral), obligatory self-regulation (obligatory 185 records and etc.) and directive regulation. This hierarchical model allows to view free self-regulation and directive 186 regulation as nano-technology institutional policy “poles”. The model’s fourth mode is more typical of Russia and it 187 provokes the whole regulation system’s instability with practically no developed free institutional initiatives. 188

We suppose that proactive institutional regulation in nano-industrialization is what we need as well. The existing 189 control mechanisms should be adapted to specific nanotechnologies and nano-materials application problems. In 190 particular, there is a necessity for the elaboration of standards and instructions for cosmetics, food, occupational hygiene 191 and nano-industries workers protection, ecological safety, medical devices, pharmaceutical products and etc. 192 Additionally, the point of unifying nano-production’s measurement units, standardization and metrology, nano-materials 193 and nano-products typology and classification is under discussion. Providing information on the products’ safety (marking, 194 certifying and creating nano-materials’ and products’, containing nano-materials database) is an inalienable part of 195 modernizing institutional regulation as well. Solving all these problems is in priority, however the point of nano-products’ 196 safety requires urgent attention. 197

Russian Federation nano-industrialization regulation policy is considered to be reoriented at the following 198 principles: focusing on the formation of innovative ecosystem, stimulating national and foreign regions’ cooperation, 199 macro- and microregulation principles, methods and tools priority coordination. Approaches to regulating nano-industry by 200 the state have to be reconsidered, the state should provide the transition from subject to network, from object to the 201 environment and from project to process regulation. This will mean the evolutionary transition of nano-industry state 202 regulation priorities to stimulating network forms of self-organization (including cluster initiative), national innovation 203 activity support environment, increasing the significance of long-term evolutionary processes of various nano-204 technological activities’ institutionalization. 205

Russian nano-industrial policy is currently a contradictory combination of instruments and measures of the import 206 substitution measures (dating back to 1960-1970) and the so-called new industrial policy, based on flexible, interactive 207 and dynamic regulation methods. Thus, the Nano-industry Development Programme in the Russian Federation up to 208 2015 includes a range of goals, connected with production and export volumes and world market share. This Programme 209 is full of general and rather ambitious goal and lack flexible approach to the strategic process. The Programme is 210 obviously focused on microregulation (creating stimuli from the bottom), namely nanotechnological infrastructure subjects 211 formation and new works’ enhanced financing. At the same time we can observe a big “gap” in this Programme of 212 speaking about the macroeconomic policy and geopolitical decisions, which increase the costs of cooperation with foreign 213 partners and retarger national nano-industry at the domestic market, where the demand for innovations is rather low. 214

The main problems of the nano-industry regulatory policy in Russia are the bad use of successful projects scaling 215 technique in the spheres of small and medium businesses and insufficient implementation of the world’s best experience. 216 Besides, autnonomized nano-industry prevails over the intersectoral interaction of rapidly developing technologies’ 217 subjects. As a consequence, the proportion of R&D private capital expenses in Russian Federation made up 5:1 (2013) 218




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and 1:2 in the USA and Italy, 1:4 in France, 1:5 in Switzerland, 2:3 in Japan and 4:3 in Germany in the same year 219 (OECD, 2013). In the Russian Bio-Technologies Complex Development Programme adopted in 2012 and up to 2020, 220 nano-industry is just slightly mentioned among the priority investment spheres and at the same time there is nothing said 221 about the mechanisms of providing interaction of the nano-industry and bio-technologies. 222 223

Conclusions 4.224 225 Establishing a hi-tech industry in Russia is a very ambitious image mega-project with local external effects which 226 emphasize that there is no industrial and or science-technological system in Russia so far. When modernizing the Nano-227 industry Development Programme in the Russian Federation, it essential to create basic regulatory policy on the 228 principles of new industrial policy, which would imply: the differentiation of support methods and tools on the basis of 229 nano-technologies’ detailed classification; the elaboration of a complex of segment-oriented various nano-technologies 230 and nano-production’s market development strategies; involving a wide range of nano-industry stakeholders into the 231 dialogue with the state on minimizing the barriers and increasing innovations’ generation and commercialization, on 232 enhancing safety requirements and on the elaboration od free institutional initiatives; stimulating inter-disciplinary 233 integration and inter-sectoral collaboration in the flow of rapidly developing technologies convergence; providing complex 234 interconnection between the regulation forms and nano-industry support on micro-, meso- and macro-levels. 235 236

Acknowledgements 5.237 238 This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (projects 13-32-01033 and 15-12-34012). 239 240 References 241 242 David, K. and P.B. Thompson (eds.). (2008). What Can Nanotechnology Learn from Biotechnology? Social and Ethical Lessons for 243

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